ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. STRUCTURES Group of ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the...
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Transcript of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. STRUCTURES Group of ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the...
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
STRUCTURES
Group of ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood stream.
Substances are known as hormones Hormones are substances that are frequently referred to as
“chemical messengers” that stimulate many functions through out the body.
Functions include: Stimulate exocrine glands, stimulate other endocrine glands, Regulate growth and development, Regulate metabolism, Maintain fluid and chemical balance, Control various sex processes
STRUCTURES
Pituitary Gland Often called master gland because it produces many hormones
that affect other glands.
Located at the base of the brain
Separated into two lobes both secrete different hormones Anterior Lobe: Somatotropin-Growth Hormone, Follicle
Stimulating/Luteinizing- Ovulation/Sperm production, Prolactin-production of milk, Melanocyte Stimulating- Stimulates production and dispersion of melanin pigment in the skin
Posterior Lobe-Vasopressin-antidiuretic, promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys and constricts vessels, Oxytocin-Causes contraction of uterus during childbirth, stimulates milk flow from the breast
PITUITARY GLAND
STRUCTURES
Thyroid Gland Sits on anterior aspect of trachea
Secretes: Thyroxine-stimulates metabolic rate, physical and mental growth, regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, Calcitonin- absorption of calcium by the bones and lowers blood calcium levels
THYROID GLAND
STRUCTURES
Parathyroid Gland Sits on top of thyroid gland
Secretes-Parathormone-Regulates the amount of calcium and phosphate in the blood, stimulates kidneys to conserve blood calcium, stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine
PARATHYROID GLAND
STRUCTURES
Adrenal Gland Sits on top of both kidneys
Secretes-Mineralocorticoids-reabsorption of sodium, potassium and water in the kidneys, Glucocorticoids-metabolism of nutrients, increase blood glucose levels, reduce stress and anti-inflammatory, Gonadocorticoids-stimulates either male or female sexual characteristics, Epinephrine-stimulates sympathetic nervous system, fight or flight response, Norepinephrine- Fight or flight response
ADRENAL GLAND
STRUCTURES
Pancreas Sits below stomach in upper left quadrant
Secretes: Insulin-Metabolism of glucose, promotes fatty and amino acid transport into cells, Glucagon-Maintains blood level of glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glycogen
PANCREAS
STRUCTURES
Ovaries Found in women sit deep inside the body cavity at the top of the
uterus
Secrete: Estrogen-promotes growth and development of sex organs, Progesterone-Maintains lining of the uterus
OVARIES
STRUCTURES
Testes Found in males located in the scrotum that hangs from the body
Secretes: Testosterone-Stimulates growth of male sex organs and maturation of sperm
TESTES
STRUCTURES
Thymus Sits center of chest in children
Disappears during puberty
Secretes: Thymosin-stimulates production of lymphocytes and antibodies in early life
THYMUS
STRUCTURES
Pineal Located in brain
Secretes: Melatonin-may delay puberty by inhibiting gonadotropin, may regulate sleep/wake cycles, Serotonin-may prevent vasoconstriction in the brain, inhibits gastric secreations
PINEAL GLAND
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Acromegaly
Over secretion of somatotropin causes a benign tumor on the pituitary gland.
Bones of the hands, feet and face enlarge, skin and tongue thickens causing slurred speech
Treatment is surgical removal of tumor or radiation, however tumor usually returns
Shortens life expectancy
DISEASE AND CONDITIONS
Gigantism Over secretion of somatotropin
before puberty
Excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Diabetes Insipidus Decreased secretion of
vasopressin
Results in water failing to be reabsorbed by the kidneys
Increases urination, excessive thirst, dehydration, weakness, constipation and dry skin
Administer ADH to correct
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Dwarfism Under secretion of somatotropin
and can be causes by a tumor, infection genetic factors or injury
Small body size, short extremities, lack of sexual development
Can be treated if caught early with injections.
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Goiter Enlargement of the Thyroid Gland
Causes: hyperactive thyroid, iodine deficiency, tumor, over secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland
Thyroid enlargement, difficulty swallowing, cough, choking sensation
Treatment is to eliminate the cause
DISEASES OR CONDITIONS
Hyperthyroidism Over activity of the thyroid gland
which increases BMR
Symptoms: extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, excessive sweating, heat intolerance
Treatment: radiation or surgical intervention
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Hypothyroidism Under activity of the thyroid gland
Two types Cretinism or Myxedema
Symptoms: course dry skin, slow mental function, fatigue, weakness, intolerance to cold, weight gain, edema, puffy eyes, slow pulse
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Graves Disease Extreme form of hyperthyroidism
More common in women than men
Symptoms include: strained tense facial expressions, protruding eyeballs, goiter, emotional instability, tachycardia, tremendous appetite with weight loss
Treatment: medication, radiation and surgical removal
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Hyperparathyroidism-over production of parathormone due most often to tumor
Symptoms: excessive calcium in blood, kidney stones, lethargy, gastrointestinal issues, calcium deposits in vessels and organs
Treatment: Removal of tumor, removal of glands, diuretics, low calcium diet
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Hypoparathyroidism-Underactivity of the parathyroid, causes low levels of calcium in the blood.
Symptoms: Constant contraction of muscles, hyperirritability of nervous system, twitching possible death
Treatment: Supplement calcium and vitamin d, surgical removal of parathyroid glands
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Addison’s Disease-decreased secretion of aldosterone by adrenal glands, interferes with reabsorption of sodium and water resulting in high potassium levels in the blood
Symptoms: dehydration, diarrhea, fatigue, hypotension, mental lethargy, weight loss, excessive pigmentation (bronzing of the skin)
Treatment: corticosteroids, control sodium intake, fluid regulation
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Cushing’s Disease-Over secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands, caused by tumor or pituitary gland defect
Symptoms: hyperglycemia, hypertension, excessive hair growth, poor wound healing, A “moon” face, obesity
Treatment: removal of tumor/glands, hormone replacement therapy
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Treatment: None for Type 1, just manage symptoms through insulin, Type 2 is about weight control and exercise as well as diet corrections
Diabetes Mellitus-chronic disease caused by decreased secretion of insulin
Two types: Type 1 (insulin dependent) occurs early in life, more severe and requires insulin, Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) occurs later in life, not a severe, diet restriction
Symptoms: hyperglycemia, frequent urination, excessive thirst, sugar in urine, weight loss, slow healing skin infections, vision changes