ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Mt. San Antonio Collegefaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/21...

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Human Anatomy Unit 4

Transcript of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Mt. San Antonio Collegefaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/21...

Page 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Mt. San Antonio Collegefaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/21 Anat...Funcons • Works in tandem with the nervous system to regulate body processes

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 

Human Anatomy 

Unit 4 

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Func0ons 

•  Works in tandem with the nervous system to regulate body processes 

•  Both are extrinsic control mechanisms of metabolism (most oBen) –  Nervous system is quick –  Endocrine system is longer las0ng 

•  Mechanism of ac0on: secre0on of hormones 

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The Pituitary Gland  •  Inferior to the 

hypothalamus of the brain •  supported by the sella 

turcica •  surrounded by arteries of 

the Circle of Willis •  3 parts 

–  Anterior, posterior, pars intermedia 

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The Pituitary Gland 

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Anterior Pituitary 

•  Adenohypophysis or pars distalis •  Glandular 0ssue   •  secretes many hormones 

–  TSH, FSH/LH, GH, PRL, ACTH •  bordered posteriorly by the pars tuberalis 

–  thin epithelial extension in contact with the infundibulum. 

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Anterior Pituitary 

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Hypothalamopituitary portal vessel  

•  Blood supply to the anterior pituitary is a portal circuit 

•  Releasing hormones from hypothalamus into the first capillary bed (median eminence) 

•  venous drainage transports these neurohormones to a second capillary bed supplying the anterior pituitary 

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Hypothalamopituitary portal vessel  

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Pars Intermedia •  Poorly developed in humans •  in most animals cells line vesicles filled with colloid  

– MSH (melanocyte s0mula0ng hormone) –  Beta (β) endorphins 

•  Infundibulum –  stalk of neuron fibers and minute neuroglial cells (pituicytes) 

–  Connects the pituitary to the brain –  Directly connected to the posterior pituitary (axons secrete hormones) 

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Posterior Pituitary 

•  Neurohypophysis  •  contains axon terminals from the hypothalamus 

•  Hormones – ADH:  blood volume regula0on – Oxytocin:  uterine contrac0ons 

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The Thyroid Gland 

•  Loca1on –  anterior aspect of the neck –  inferior to the larynx 

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•  Structure –  buXerfly shaped –  2 lateral lobes and a medial isthmus 

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Histology of the Thyroid 

•  Thyroid follicles –  Secrete thyroxin (T4) –  Primary determinant of metabolic rate 

•  parafollicular cells –  secrete calcitonin –  Encourages deposi0on of Ca++ into bone 

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Parathyroid Glands (4): 

•  Loca0on –  posterior aspect of the thyroid 

•  Size –  3‐8mm  

–  yellow‐brown glands 

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Histology of Parathyroid Gland 

•  principal cells and oxyphil (storage) cells –  Secrete parathyroid hormone 

•  Func0on –  raises the level of calcium in blood 

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Adrenal Glands 

•  Loca0on –   superior aspect of the kidneys  

•  Structure –  Two regions 

•  Cortex •  Medulla 

–  pyramid shaped 

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Regions of adrenal cortex 

•  Zona glomerulosa 

•  Zona fasiculata •  Zona re0cularis 

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Hormones of adrenal cortex 

•  Glomerulosa  – Mineralocor0coids (aldosterone) –  controls blood potassium, salt, volume 

•  Fasciculata –  Glucocor0coids (cor0sol, cor0sone) –  suppresses immune func0on, raises blood glucose 

•  Re0cularis  –  Gonadocor0coids –  promotes development of male secondary sex characteris0cs 

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Hormones of the adrenal medulla  

•  Medulla  – Modified Sympathe0c Ganglion 

–  involved in “fight or flight” 

–  Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine 

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The Pancreas 

•  Contains a head, body and tail 

•  Exocrine and endocrine func0ons  

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Pancreas 

•  Exocrine –  acinar cells form rings of 0ssue = acini –  secretes diges0ve enzymes and bicarbonate into the pancrea0c duct 

•  Endocrine –  Islets of Langerhans  –  minute endocrine glands –  2 cell types  

•  Alpha secrete glucagon •  Beta secrete insulin 

•  Maintain blood sugar levels 

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