ENDE avours - Geography and You

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POLARPOLARPOLARPOLARPOLARPOLARPOLARPOLARIndIa’s

E N D E a v o u r s

▀ Th in ice of The h imalaya

▀ i nd ia and The arcT ic

▀ i nd ia’s Polar sc ience research

▀ souThern ocean PersPecT ives

▀ anTarcT ic lake sed imenTs

POLARPOLARSpecial iSSue

In BrIef1 Content; 2 Editor’s Note; 3 Guest Editor’s Note

IndIa’s polar endeavours6 In Sync with the World: India’s PolarScience Research

India is now widely viewed as an emergent power, warranting multi-disciplinary international collaborative programmes.

Cheryl A. Noronha-D’Mello & Rahul Mohan

14 Process Studies in the Southern Ocean: An Overview & Future Perspectives

Southern Ocean expeditions are key to understanding global carbon sequestration and climate variability.

N Anilkumar, S C Tripathy & R K Mishra

24 The Vulnerable Ice Shelves of Antarctic The stability of thick Antarctic ice shelves is crucial to the understanding of

Antarctic’s contribution to global sea-level rise. Thamban Meloth & MADICE Project Team

28 Antarctic Lake Sediments: Unraveling Earth’sClimate History

Sea-level change for the last 3 million years can be reconstructed from sediments present in the lakes of Antarctica.

Mahesh B S & Rahul Mohan

GeoGraphy and youVol. 19 Issue 16 No. 127 February 16-28, 2019

A Development AnD environment fortnightly

CONTENTS

In Conversat Ion wIth

Research vehicles on their way to the research station, Maitri, in Antarctica.

Third Pole on Thin Ice 34Changing climate is threatening the health of Himalayan Glaciers, increasing hazards like GLOF, avalanches and landslides.Thamban Meloth & Parmanand Sharma

India and the Arctic 40Arctic holds special importance for India as the Indian monsoon and Arctic processes are intricately connected.K P Krishnan

Towards Polar Research: Enthusing India’s 44Young Minds Inspiring the younger generation, educators and the citizens to take an active interest in Polar research will help build a scientific temperament.Swati Nagar, Avinash Kumar & Rahul Mohan

opInIonThe Making of the Polar Centre in Goa 4P C Pandey

Keeping Pace with the Broadening Mandate 5S Rajan

12 21M N Rajeevan

Secretary,Ministry of Earth

Sciences.

M RavichandranDirector, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research.

Collaboration is the essence of science

NCPOR: India’s gateway to Polar RegionsPARLIAMENTARY & ADMINISTRATIVE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Joint International Course (New Delhi + London + Edinburgh) on

Officers from 75 Central Ministries/Autonomous Bodies/PSUs and State Assemblies have received training so far

LIGHTS, Research FoundationAn Educational Not-for-Profit organisation

604, Bhikaji Cama Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi -110066Tel: +91-11-40159058, 46014233, Please contact: Amit Kumar, Mobile: 7678491255

Website: www.pariparliament.org | E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

For officers working in the Scientific Ministries/Departments/Institutions under Government of India

Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, Department of Space, National Aluminium Company (NALCO), National Buildings Construction

Corporation (NBCC), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited(BHEL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC), Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), Western

Coalfields Limited (WCL), Deptt. of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Indian Bank, RITES Limited, Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL), ONGC, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, CSIR - Central Electrochemical

Research Institute , Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM), India Meteorological Department (IMD), Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health, Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), National Biodiversity Authority (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS (New Delhi), Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Ircon International Limited, Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited (CMPDI), National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Institute for Plasma Research, Office of the Controller General of Defence Accounts, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (NCPSL), Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, NPC, IIFT, NSDC, IOCL, Ministry of Communication (Department of Posts), National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj,

Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Secretariat, Punjab Vidhan Sabha Secretariat, Central Institute of Himalayan Culture Studies (CIHCS), Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Sikkim Legislative Assembly Secretariat, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi; National Council of Science Museums, Kolkata, West Bengal; Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat; Central

Council For Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Bharat Petroleum, Mumbai, Maharashtra; Children’s Film Society India, Mumbai, Maharashtra; Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra; National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (ni-msme), Hyderabad, Telangana; National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Bangalore, Karnataka; Mizoram Legislative

Assembly Secretariat, Aizwal, Mizoram; Ministry of Personnel P.G. and Pensions, Department of Pension & Pensioners Welfare, New Delhi; All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan; Ministry of Personnel P.G. and Pensions, Department of

Personnel & Training, New Delhi ; National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), New Delhi; Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, N.D.; Ministry of Shipping, New Delhi; Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, New Delhi

P A R IStrengthening Democracy

NEW DELHI, INDIA

“Science Administration in Parliamentary Democracy”

LONDON, The U. K.

Upcoming BatchesBatch I 3rd to 12th June 2019 | Batch II 9th to 18th September 2019

Last date for Nomination along with feesBatch I 20 April 2019 | Batch II 1st July 2019

Sulagna ChattopadhyayFounder-Editor, Geography and You,New Delhi

Editor’s note

Guest editorRasik RavindRa

editorsulagna Chattopadhyay

LeGaL advisor Krishnendu datta

Cover PHotoscientists in the Madice

prograMMe studying the dronning Maud Land,

antarctica. photo by stein tronstad

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GeoGraphy and you

Global cooperation forearth’s cryosphereThe world is a strange place. We take our bright tropical sunlight and tall green trees for granted. Imagine living in a cold, barren and dark place, veiled in blinding mists and devoid of even a single blade of grass—let alone trees. I remember talking to a Scandinavian scientist once, working in the High-Arctic—“I even find your arid Rajasthan so green”, she said. Today, we have indeed come a long way and can proudly claim to be well-heeled in undertaking Polar research. This issue of G’nY is thus dedicated to the celebration of India’s heightened competency.

Closer home however, the glaciated realms of the Hindukush-Himalayan region, the third pole, calls for greater cooperation and concerted global action. Spanning eight countries and supporting a vast population, the region is increasingly witnessing tragic hydrological disasters. Avalanches, cloudburst and landslides are taking a constant toll on hapless victims. In fact, the past five to six decades have shown a rising trend of extreme warm events1. The region is also the source of Asia’s ten major rivers which provides water, food, energy for almost 1.9 billion people1. It is fairly astonishing that despite its importance, the Hindukush-Himalayan region is not represented by any multi-country scientific forum, where relevant observations and climate change mitigative ideas are exchanged. The needs and concerns of the Hindukush-Himalayan region transcend borders. Interestingly, China alone houses 49 per cent2 of the region’s glaciers.

India’s interests now span tripolar realms. Of the very few things that makes us proud of modern India, this definitely takes the cake. G’nY thus endeavours to delight you with this very special issue of the newly rechristened, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Region, Goa.

Happy reading!

1 Wester P., A.Mishra, A.Mukherji and A.B. Shrestha, 2019. The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment, Springer. Available at: https://bit.ly/2XePfwA.

2 Singh S. P., I. B. K. Bhaskar, B. S. Karky, E. Sharma, 2011. Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas-The State of Current Knowledge, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Available at: https://bit.ly/2uFv8dQ.

GeoGraphy and you February 16-28 2019 3

The cherished moments of success in the history of NCPORWith its domain and mandate spread over the three Polar regions—Arctic, Antarctic and Himalaya and the oceans around, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) has grown into a formidable and prominent Polar institute in the world in just about two decades. Way back in 1987 when I was deputed to Antarctica for the first time as a geologist, I was awestruck by the splendour of the icy continent, its vast emptiness and the magnitude of the multifaceted science being studied by institutes world over. Little did I realise at that time that I would be given the responsibility of coordinating the scientific and logistic operations of the Indian Antarctic programme one day. My tenure as director of National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (now NCPOR) from 2006 to 2012 was indeed satisfying as during this period, the centre firmly established itself as a pioneer in polar research, gained international visibility by taking key roles in Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS) etc., and hosted the 30th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) where India obtained approval of the Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP) of Antarctic Treaty System for building a third permanent station (Bharati) in Antarctica. Bharati, commissioned in 2012, is now recognised as a world class research base in Antarctica, managed meticulously by the Logistic Division of NCPOR.

Coming up of Himadri, the research station at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, submission of India’s partial claim for extended continental shelf to UN Commission on limits of Continental Shelf (CLCS) and India’s first successful expedition to South Pole in 2010-11 to mark the centenary of man’s landing at South Pole, will remain some of the most cherished events in the history of NCPOR.

However, a single volume of limited pages cannot do justice to the wide spectrum of science varying from glaciology to solid earth geology, geophysics, atmospheric science, climatology, oceanography, remote sensing, microbiology and technological management being conducted in NCPOR. The task of selecting a few articles from a large number of papers submitted was a difficult task. Considering the limitations articles of contemporary public interest were awarded priority. Papers on Polar biology, satellite based study of sea-ice extent, geological study of Prytz Bay and studies on the extent of continental shelf will be included as a continuing programme in the forthcoming issues of GnY.

Melting of ice in the Polar regions, including the Himalaya, has been a major concern world over. The Antarctic ice shelves play a prominent role in arresting the free flow of continental ice to the Southern Ocean. Two articles cover the present status in this regard. The sediments of the coastal Antarctic lakes serve as a proxy for reconstruction of palaeoclimatic history of the Icy continent especially since last Glacial Maxima. The transformation of lake systems as a consequence of shifting sea level, monitoring physico-chemical parameters of complex Kongsfjorden in Arctic and the biodiversity and system processes of interacting water masses of Southern Ocean have formed the subject of three other papers. The contributions of NCPOR in advancing outreach, capacity building and fostering international cooperation have been highlighted. The icing on the cake are the conversations with secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and the director, NCPOR together with reflections of two former directors of the then NCAOR that takes one down the memory lane.

I am sure this issue of G’nY will be for keeps.

Rasik RavindraGeologist and Former Director, National Centre for Antarctic and Oceanic Research, Goa

Guest Editor

12 February 16-28 2019 GeoGraphy and you vol 19, issue 16

India hopes to collaborate

with nations and states

like Denmark, Alaska (US)

and Canada to establish

another Arctic station,

expanding India’s

research interests.

calls for the participation of nearly 400 international officials from various Antarctic Treaty partners and Observers. The process to set it up is in place and the submission for consent to the ATCM would be completed by 2020-21.

G’nY. Most of the Antarctic state parties have enacted laws for safety of their personnel and activities in Antarctic waters and land. Where does India stand in drafting an Antarctic legislation? India is well ahead into the preparation of an Antarctic legislation. A high level quasi-legal committee has been constituted for the task and the legislation will be soon placed for action. At present, the initial drafts are being circulated to other ministries for vetting. Once this is over, a formal cabinet note for approval will be sought before tabling it in the Parliament. The legislation also mandates a formal nod of the law ministry before it is passed and enacted. Due care has been taken in the Indian Antarctic Legislation to encompass safety regulations for Indian citizens in the Antarctic area.

G’nY. India’s turn to host the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) is drawing close. How prepared are we?India successfully hosted XXX-ATCM in New Delhi in 2007 at Vigyan Bhavan. The nation would be hosting the ATCM meeting a second time, five years from now in 2024. ATCM is a prestigious global event that

I n c on v er s at I on

fabricated. The Ministry is hopeful that requisite funds will soon follow. As for the oceanographic research vessel (ORV) Sagar Kanya, it has been serving India for nearly three decades and is the platform for the basic oceanographic research. The vessel has sustained research and has proved its worthiness beyond its time. It needs to be currently replaced with a suitable ORV. The process to acquire three new ORVs have been put in place, which will hugely augment oceanographic research in the country.

G’nY. What are India’s plans as far as setting up of an observational network in the glaciers of the Himalaya is concerned?With the successful commissioning of our first year round station at Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh at an elevation of 4115 m, the Ministry can now collect year round weather information along with annual measurements of mass balance, hydrological and glacialogical data of key glaciers such as Sutri Dhaka, Bara Shigri, Batal, Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath (between 4000 and 6000 m). These measurements are being carried out since 2013 in continuum, which will help

In conversation with M N Rajeevan, a leading atmospheric scientist and Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India.

Collaboration is the essence of scienceincreasing the opportunity to work extensively

G’nY. India needs a Polar research vessel (PRV) as well as replacement of aging ORV Sagar Kanya. Where do we stand in this respect?Efforts to procure a PRV, which will provide the required impetus for Polar research, has been ongoing for a while now. The Indian Government however, has recently given a nod to the project, igniting all round interest in the scientific community. At present a yard is being selected in the country where the ship can be


understand the glacier dynamics and their response to the changing climate. The Himalaya being one of the longest mountain ranges in the world is marked by thousands of glaciers. Though logistically a difficult task, we are identifying key locations where observational stations can be set up. We also look forward to involve other national institutes/ universities which are working in similar fields to strengthen the Himalayan programme, which is indeed crucial for the well-being of the populace of the Indian sub-continent.

G’nY. Indian cooperation in the science and technology with Norway is growing at an encouraging speed. Are we thinking about expanding this cooperation with other Arctic nations too?The Indo-Norwegian history of cooperation dates back to the early 1950s where Norway provided research and development aid to Kerala. This aid was also Norway’s first development project with India which focused on modernisation of fisheries along the dimensions of health, sanitation and water supply. Over the last six decades, India and Norway have launched an array of projects in various fields, strengthened the relations leading to the establishment of India’s own research base ‘Himadri’ at Svalbard, Norway. On the other end, we already have a long-standing collaboration with Russia, not only in Arctic but in the Antarctica as well. There is a large scope for further collaborations with other Arctic nations such as Denmark, with a great potential to work in the Greenland; and, Alaska (USA) where there is a possibility of establishing another Arctic research station to expand India’s research interests. India is also engaged in initial talks with the Canadian government for engaging in collaborative research. India plan to use the Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS) umbrella with Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) to send our researchers onboard the Korean vessel Araon this year. Collaborations are the essence of science. It gives us an opportunity to work extensively in the Arctic Ocean where we can document the influence of Arctic climate teleconnections on the Indian monsoon.

Due care is being taken in the Indian Antarctic Legislation to encompass safety regulations for Indian citizens and protection/conservation of the pristine Antarctic environment.


In conversation with the leading oceonographer and multi-faceted scientist, M Ravichandran, Director, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa.

NCPOR: India’s gateway to Polar Regions

NCPOR is India’s premier institute mandated to cover scientific studies in all the three poles. The institute is one amongst a few in the world to have bi-polar presence, and pehraps the only one that covers the third pole - Himalaya, and the world oceans in addition to Arctic and Antarctic.

I n c on v er s at I on


By N Anilkumar, S C Tripathy & R K Mishra

NCP OR S P eC i a l

An overview & future perspectives

Process studies in the southern ocean

the southern ocean plays a major role in the global carbon sequestration and cycling, strongly influencing the global climate pattern. since 2004, ten successful scientific expeditions to the indian sector of southern ocean have been carried out to understand its complexities and role in carbon sequestration, biodiversity and other earth system processes.

The authors are scientists at the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, [email protected] . The article should be cited as Kumar A, S. C. Tripathy and R. K. Mishra, 2019. Process studies in the Southern Ocean: An overview & future perspective, Geography and You, 19(16): 14-20


G’nY. NCPOR has changed its name several times to justify its reorientation to changing roles. How would you define these rechristening? The first Indian expedition to Antarctica was launched from National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa. Soon after the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) came into existence. With an increasing awareness of Antarctica, DOD soon realised that it needs a dedicated centre for Antarctic Expeditions. In 1998 the Antarctic Study Centre was formed—a unit mandated to take care of Indian Antarctic expeditions. On April 5, 2000, the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) emerged from it as a structured autonomous arm of DOD. The word ‘Ocean’ was incorporated in NCAOR as it was felt that Southern Ocean research was an important component. Following the launch of the first Southern Ocean expedition in 2004, NCAOR began to increase its footprint into niche research programmes such as exclusive economic zone survey, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) programme, International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) with a focus on geosciences of the Indian Ocean. The beginning of this decade also saw NCAOR launching its first full-fledged expedition to the Arctic and then initiate the Himalayan or Third Pole research. A hydrothermal sulphide programme and an Indian Ocean Geoid Low programme commenced during the last five years. Thus, NCAOR became the only institute in India mandated to cover all the three poles along with research in the Indian and Southern

to explore the Polar regions and its link to the tropics on various timescales, especially to the Indian monsoon and second, to explore the non-living resources in the Indian Ocean. The recent increase in anthropogenic activities causing an unprecedented melting of ice at the Poles is a grim pointer to a possible shift in climate. The Poles help unravel climate change imprints, which have a direct bearing on the current ecosystem. India now happens to be one of the prime global players in Polar policy making. Interestingly, we are one of the few countries to have launched Antarctic expeditions since 1981 without a single break—a rare feat indeed. The present Antarctic Treaty understands the need of cohesive coordinated peaceful coexistence in the continent. Antarctica finds more and more nations joining together in a need to conserve its pristine status with myriad marine protected areas now in place. In fact, the 2016 Paris Agreement with 185 signatories helps strengthen conservation of sensitive realms such as the Polar regions, propelling the importance of reducing human induced global warming. G’nY. NCPOR has recently entered the field of cryosphere study in the Himalaya and established a Research Station at the base of a glacier. There being more than 10,000 glaciers in Himalaya, and distributed from west to east, do you have plans for building more such stations in future?Himalaya is one of the highest and most glacierised areas outside the polar region. Understanding the behaviour

substantial impetus to the global purview. From launching the Antarctic expedition from the Antarctic Study Centre to NCPOR, our institute has come a long way. G’nY. Since its inception, the Centre has grown steadfastly into a leading institution for Polar regions. How do you see its future role in changing geopolitical scenario, especially in context of Arctic and Antarctic?Our main objectives are two fold—first,

There is a need to

understand differential

response to glaciers

across the Himalayas and

to what extent they will

affect water security.

Ocean. This made it truly a trans-hemispheric research institute. With the increasing importance of Arctic due to the rapid decline of sea ice, it became pertinent to rechristen the center to National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) in order to provide


of the Himalayan glaciers and their contribution to the sustainable supply of water is a challenge, especially in the context of over a billion people dependant on the freshwater resource. Indian Himalayan cryosphere is least studied due to the paucity of observational systems, remoteness, challenging field conditions and limited annual window for conducting research. Systematic long term scientific investigations of the Himalayan glaciers are necessary to understand their complex behaviour towards the observed and future changes.

With an increasing concern about receding glaciers NCPOR initiated studies on six benchmark glaciers of Western Himalaya with state-of-the-art research infrastructure. In the Chandra basin, a research station ‘Himansh’ was established that generated quality data on mass balance and hydrological and energy budget in the basin. Based on the results this effort will be expanded to other areas either through an observational network or through modelling. Essentially, we would like to address the following questions in the years to come—first, why are there different glacier responses across the Himalayan region and what are the driving forces?; second, what are the dynamics that control snow cover changes in the Himalaya?; and, finally, what is the response of Himalayan cryosphere to climate change/variability and what are the associated hydrological impacts? G’nY. NCPOR has lately demonstrated excellent research output through its publications in highly ranked

international journals. How do you intend to keep young scientists motivated?Science is all about perseverance and dedication. It is a penance, as you need patience with your analysis and results. To keep young scientists motivated we have, from 2017-2018, started the best paper award at NCPOR which is handed over each year on the Foundation Day, April 5. More and more youngsters are encouraged to participate in international forums and forge collaborations both nationally and

internationally. This trend will continue in the years to come. G’nY. Maitri station has contributed immensely towards generating the scientific data for central Dronning Maud Land. How advanced are we in rebuilding this base as Maitri is believed to have outlived its stipulated age?India’s Antarctic base ‘Maitri’ was constructed at the Schirmacher Oasis by the Indian Army in 1989. It has

withstood the test of time and resisted countless blizzards in the hostile continent. However, 38 years is a very long time. We are in the process of constructing a new state-of-the art station at the Schirmacher Oasis, bigger and better than the Bharati at Larsemann Hills in 2012. The Indian expedition members have identified a site for the new construction and advanced maps have been generated with elevation models. We have received the go ahead from the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and are in the process of selecting the best design for the station. Q6. Have you been able to match the need for increasing budgetary requirements for NCPOR- from the Government considering that there is manifold increase in the domain of work?Yes, we are happy with the budgetary allocation from the MoES. All the projects are being taken up by a workforce ably supported by a large pool of young researchers, who are on tenure positions. Efforts are underway to increase the manpower for undertaking polar and ocean research. G’nY. How can young researchers benefit from NCPOR?I would like to invite young researchers who have a passion for advanced research to our Polar progammes. At NCPOR we can give researchers a platform to engage in studies for a place only a miniscule per cent of the global population can even think of going. NCPOR is therefore, in the true sense, ‘where the poles meet’.

The present Antarctic

Treaty understands

the need of cohesive

coordinated peaceful

coexistence in the

continent with more and

more nations opting for

conservation.


NCP OR S P eC i a l

Towards Polar researcHEnthusing india’s young minds

RNI No. DELENG/2001/5002

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