Extinct species of Animals from india

Group seminar79:-Introduction75:-Meaning of the topic72:-causes and reason80:-where extinct species found71:-list of extinct species74:-conservation effect in national level73:-conservation effect in international level78:-disadvantage’s of extinct species76:-conclusion

Roll no. are:-

IntroductionEndangeredEndangered

The extinction of species has always been a natural part of evolution. The fossil record shows that since life originated about four billion years ago the vast majority of species that have existed are now extinct. Extinct species outnumber living ones by a factor of perhaps a thousand to one.

Sciencegnus:-- Scientists have identified five extinction events in Earth's

history, with some so severe that more than 90 percent of all life forms were killed off. The last and most famous extinction was the Cretaceous-Tertiary event some 63 million years ago that killed off the dinosaurs and allowed the rise of mammals. It is thought to have been caused by an asteroid hitting Earth.

Meaning of the topic

A species is extinct when the last existing member dies. Extinction therefore becomes a certainty when there are no surviving individuals that can reproduce and create a new generation. A species may become functionally extinct when only a handful of individuals survive, which cannot reproduce due to poor health, age, sparse distribution over a large range, a lack of individuals of both sexes (in sexually reproducing species), or other reasons.

Endangered Means There’s Still Time

V Pinpointing the extinction of a species requires a clear definition of that species. If it is to be declared extinct, the species in question must be uniquely distinguishable from any ancestor or daughter species, and from any other closely related species. Extinction of a species (or replacement by a daughter species) plays a key role in the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis of Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

Causes and Reasons

The species are extinct or have reduced stocks for several reasons, but the main cause is the destruction of habitat due to human activities. As species evolve, most of them are adapted to specific habitat or environment that best meets their needs for survival. Without this particular habitat, the species cannot survive.

1. Loss of habitat is one of the primary reasons for the endangerment of species. Today, human intervention plays a major role in the destruction of the natural landscape. Human activities like removal of trees that provide both food and shelter for innumerable number of species, mining and agriculture.

2. Over hunting and poaching has a very destructive and catastrophic effect on the number of animals and fishes all over the world.

3. Pollution like air pollution, water pollution and waste pollution, especially in the form of plastic plays a very dominant role in the endangerment of animal species. Pollution not only causes health hazards for humans, but it affects the animals also.

4. In a robust and hearty environment there is always an accurate balance between the number of predators and their prey animals. The predators who are natural enemies of their prey animals choose the old and sick preys as they cannot keep up with their group. But the problems become more apparent when the predators wander in such an area where they will get only a few numbers of their prey animals.

Extinct Animals

where extinct species found The importance of biodiversity in maintaining a stable

ecosystem implies that we need to avoid species extinction, and there are a number of practices that can be employed to help conserve our marine species.

One of the important approaches to protect marine ecosystems that has been widely applied is Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). MPAs are established in order to protect the richness of marine life and the environment. Moreover, these designated areas help to protect depleted, threatened, rare or endangered species and populations, as well as to preserve habitats of critical species. MPAs differ (e.g sandbank, mudflat, lagoon and reef) and so the protected different assemblages of species (e.g. Lamprey, Bottlenose Dolphin and Loggerhead Turtle), based on the needs and natural states in different countries. Currently there are several areas in Europe have been chosen as potential MPAs area, such as Dogger Bank, West Water of Amrum / Sylt, and Western Irish Sea.

An example of MPAs application is through fishery closures where a sea area is closed to a certain fishing gear or vessel size, or for a certain target species. The closure to fishing activities help to avoid species extinction since it can increase the species richness. Additionally, it can also be a powerful economic tool helping fisheries remain productive and profitable

list of extinct species Zanzibar Leopard:-

One of several subspecies of leopard, the Zanzibar leopard made its home on the Zanzibar archipelago of Tanzania. It's still unclear whether this large cat is technically extinct — there are occasional unconfirmed sightings.

Baiji River Dolphin:-

The Baiji River Dolphin have been considered critically endangered since 1996. Conservationists have made efforts to save these beautiful river dolphins, but have been unsuccessful. The last confirmed sighting of this freshwater river dolphin was in 2001. Since then, researchers have scanned the Yangtze River in China — the Baiji River Dolphins’ only habitat — in search of any survivors and have found none.

In 2006, researchers declared the species had likely joined the long list of animals that are extinct, and stated that if there happened to be any survivors, they likely would not survive.

 Bharattherium bonapartei :-

Bharattherium molariforms are high, curved teeth, with a height of 6 to 8.5 millimetres (0.24 to 0.33 in). In a number of teeth tentatively identified as fourth lower molariforms (mf4), there is a large furrow on one side and a deep cavity (infundibulum) in the middle of the tooth. Another tooth, perhaps a third lower molariform, has two furrows on one side and three infundibula on the other. The tooth enamel has traits that have been interpreted as protecting against cracks in the teeth. 

Syrian Wild Ass:-

The Syrian Wild Ass was likely extinct when the last known captive animal died at the Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna, Austria, in 1928. It once had a wide range throughout Mesopotamia, where reports were common of large herds which used to roam wildly in the mountains and desert steppes of the Middle East.Although already threatened beforehand, it is said that the Syrian Wild Ass completely collapsed during World War I, when their habitat was overrun with heavily armed Turkish and British troops. One account remarked that ”it could not resist the power of the modern guns in the hands of the Anazeh and Shammar nomads, and its speed, great as it may have been, was not sufficient always to escape from the velocity of the modern motor car which more and more is replacing the Old Testament Camel-Caravan.”

Indian cheetah

Conservation effect in national level

There was a time when India was home for some of the most beautiful wild animals, Due to excessive hunting and poaching for sport

and body parts by man, these wild animals have become extinction. Some of the wild species are on the brink of extinction and some of them are already

extinction such as Dangs Giant Squirrel and Aldabra banded snail. Critically endangered species in India are the Great cats,one Horne rhinoceros

,Ganges river dolphins,Purple frog,birds species such as Himalayan Quail,Great Indian Bustard and Indian Horn-bill and many small mammals.

The Indian government is planning a re-wilding project for Cheetahs.

Indian Cheetah: Indian Cheetah also known as Asiatic Cheetah have been known to exist in India for a very long time. Due to access hunting,

Deforestation and habitat loss,the fastest land animal on earth become extinct in India. The Asiatic Cheetah is a rare and critically endangered

species of Big Cats family,now found today only in Iran so also known as the Iranian Cheetah, world’s last few are occasional sightings in

neighbor countries of India. Indian Cheetah was found in semi-desert areas of Rajasthann and Gujarat and other open habitats where prey is available.

Conservation effect in international level

In Australia, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) describes

lists of threatened species, ecological communities and threatening processes. The categories resemble those of the 1994 I

UCN Red List Categories & Criteria (version 2.3). Prior to the EPBC Act, a simpler classification system was

used by the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992. State governments also have differing systems.

In Belgium, the Flemish Research Institute for Nature and Forest publishes an online set of more than 150 nature indicators in Dutch.[5]

In Canada, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) is a group of experts that assesses and designates

which wild species are in some danger of disappearing from Canada.[6] Under the Species at Risk Act (SARA), it is up to the federal

government, which is politically accountable, to legally protect species assessed by COSEWIC.

In China, the State, provinces and some counties have determined their key protected wildlife species. There is the China red data book.

In Finland, a large number of species are protected under the Nature Conservation Act, and through the EU Habitats Directive and EU Birds Directive.[7]

In Germany, the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation publishes "red lists of endangered species".

India has the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, Amended 2003 and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

In Japan, the Ministry of Environment publishes a Threatened Wildlife of Japan Red Data Book.

In the Netherlands, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality publishes a list of threatened species, and conservation is enforced by the Nature Conservation Act 1998. Species are also protected through the Wild Birds and Habitats Directives.

In New Zealand, the Department of Conservation publishes the New Zealand Threat Classification System lists. Under this system threatened

species or subspecies are assigned one of seven categories: Nationally Critical, Nationally Endangered, Nationally Vulnerable, Serious Decline,

Gradual Decline, Sparse, or Range Restricted.

Disease The spread of disease may be both a natural and human factor behind extinction.

Naturally occurring diseases that afflict specific plant or animal taxa may be inadvertently spread by humans with disastrous consequences, for example, Dutch elm disease, which is a fungal disease of elm trees spread by the elm bark beetle. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced into North America and Europe, where it has devastated native populations of elms which had not had the opportunity to evolve resistance.

Red tide

Disadvantage’s of extinct species

Pollution may be a natural or human cause of extinction, and can take many forms. Natural pollution events may result from cataclysmic geographic processes (volcanic eruptions, floods, earthquakes, etc.), or from over-population of ecosystems by specific species (red tide) or other processes. natural pollution events commonly cause local extinction events, but rarely are sufficiently wide scale to cause complete extinction of significant numbers of plant and animal taxa.

particularly those that are endemic to a small geographic area, or have a small or slow-regenerating population overall. Pollution may impact entire ecosystems, including humans

for example the pesticide DDT, which was used against arthropods up until the 1970s, but causes catastrophic impacts at all ecological levels.

volcanic eruptions

1. International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Founded in 1969, the International Fund for Animal Welfare is currently one

of the largest animal welfare and conservation charities in the world. All over the world, they save and rescue individual animals, protects entire animal populations (such as working to stop the illegal killing of elephants and trading of their ivory), and preserves precious habitat. From dogs, cats and farm animals to wildlife and sea creatures, IFAW is there when animals require assistance, have been affected by natural disasters, or need an advocate against cruelty.

2. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Based in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, Wa., the Sea Shepherd

Conservation Society was established in 1977 in the United States as an international non-profit, marine conservation organization. Their mission is to conserve and protect ecosystems and marine species, to end the destruction of habitat and slaughter, poaching, of wildlife in the world’s oceans by using direct action tactics to protect marine life.

3. Defenders of Wildlife Defenders of Wildlife was founded in 1947 with the belief that wildlife and

nature brings unmeasurable value and therefore must be protected. They are a national conservation organization dedicated to the protection of all native animal and plant species in their natural communities throughout North America, and are focused solely on wildlife and habitat conservation and the safeguarding of biodiversity. This means not only protecting wildlife, but also the land and water sources they use in order to thrive.

conclusion About one quarter of the species found as fossils in the caves are

totally extinct. Of these species, most died out during the Pleistocene, 40 to 50 thousand years ago, while others became extinct following European settlement. The group to suffer the most dramatic decline were the medium to large sized marsupials (those with a body weight greater than 5 kg), with almost 80% of those found in the fossil deposits now totally extinct.

The largest of these are called the Megafauna, and include animals greater than 40 kg in weight. They ranged from the wallaby-sized leaf-eating kangaroo Simosthenurus occidentalis to the enormous 2.5 tonne Diprotodon australis. Examples of these and other extinct animals are included in the Wonambi Fossil Centre diorama.

Since the evolution of human beings, the existence of the life forms around them begins to change with a considerable effect. Human beings are currently causing the greatest mass extinction of species since the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Researches shows that in another 100 years half of the animal species present right now will be extinct if there are no measures taken to protect them.

It would be a result of the uncontrolled habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. A majority of the world’s biologist had come to a conclusion that a mass extinction of animals is underway in the next century to come, yet most of us are not aware of this circumstance.

The last two centuries witnessed accelerated rates of animal extinction and endangerment which took place alongside industrial progress and rapid growth of the human population.

Thank

you