End-User Applications in Electronic and Mobile Water Governance Key technological developments for...
-
Upload
jeffry-parsons -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of End-User Applications in Electronic and Mobile Water Governance Key technological developments for...
End-User Applications in Electronic and Mobile Water Governance
Key technological developments for efficiency, accountability & public participation
Sarah Boone, MSc.Cap-Tec UNDP Expert Meeting, March 26-27th 2015, UNESCO-IHE, Delft
Sarah Boone, MSc. – [email protected]
What is e-gov / m-gov?
• A tool for governments & utilities •monitoring, data collection, billing
• A resource for end users • information, convenient payment options, conservation messaging, engagement
Why develop end-user apps?
• Promote two-way dialogue with consumers
• Improve user efficiency/conservation
• Improve cost recovery & data collection
• Manage expectations of utility
• Promote integrity through transparency
• Prevent conflict through participation
MW4D & MPesa: Meeting Rural WASH Needs
• Mobile technology in hand pump sends technicians updates on performance
• Users can send SMS to ask for repairs
• Water paid for from mobile phones
(Hope et al 2012, Krolikowski et al 2013)
UAE FEWA: Municipal Water Management
• Easy online payment
• Easy reporting of issues (broken water mains, contamination etc.)
• Provides information to consumer, water related news and public announcements
• Provides data to utility on households
WaterSmart Software: Urban Water Demand Management
Image Source: Copyright 2015, WaterSmart Software.
• Utilizes social norms to decrease demand
• Provides tailored conservation messaging
• Measured success: 5% reduction in water use
Would m-gov work in Oman? Evaluating Capacity Development
Conservation Potential
• Current water use exceeds basic needs
• Significant potential for water savings
• Reductions in domestic water use will not reduce quality of life
Technological Feasibility
• Data availability
• Government or utility must have technical capabilities
• User's mobile app and internet connectivity must be high
Social Acceptability
• Must be appropriate for user demographics
• Users should be pre-disposed to conservation
• Trust in e-governance
(Boone 2013, 2014)
Significant potential for success!
Conservation Potential
• Current water use exceeds basic needs
• Significant potential for water savings
• Reductions in domestic water use will not reduce quality of life
Technological Feasibility
• Data available
• Government has technical capabilities
• High Connectivity: Mobile subscription penetration at 180%
Social Acceptability
• Bulk of population in key demographic: 20-45 yrs old
• Cultural predisposition to conservation
• Growing trust in e-governance
✓
✓
✓
✓✓✓
?
?✓
(Boone 2013, 2014)
Needed guidance in e/m-gov capacity development
• Inform governments/utilities of the options
• Provide open-source code that utilities can tailor
• Train utility employees to manage e-gov/m-gov solutions
• Support public agencies currently developing solutions
• Support technology for data collection: meters, databases etc.
Thank you!Please feel free to ask questions and get in touch!
Sarah [email protected]
+1 (206) 330 6401
References
• Alkhunaizan, A. and Love, S. (2013) Predicting Consumer Decisions to Adopt Mobile Commerce in Saudi Arabia. Americas Conference on Information Systems; Hyperconnected World: Anything, anywhere, anytime.Red Hook, N.Y.: Curran Associates Inc., pp. 2767.
• Al-Sobhi, F., Weerakkody, V. and El-Haddadeh, R. (2011) The Relative Importance of Intermediaries in eGovernment Adoption: A study of Saudi Arabia. Electronic Government (6846), eds. M. Janssen, H.J. Scholl, M.A. Wimmer & Y. Tan, Heidelberg: Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Springer, pp. 62.
• Belwal, R.andBelwal, S. (2009) Mobile Phone Usage Behavior of University Students in Oman.
• Boone, S. (2014) ‘Reviving Ancient Wisdom: Using mobile technology to re-build social norms for water conservation in Oman,’ paper presented at the WSTA 11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, October 20-22. (See for extended reference list)
• Boone, S. (2013) Substance and Symbol: The Ethics of Water Use and Development in Oman. Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington.
• Boxall, B. (03/03/14) Use less water than your neighbors? You get a smiley face. latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-behavioral-water-efficiency-20140303,0,2306355.story: Los Angeles Times.
References
• Brent, D., Cook, J. and Olsen, S. (2013) Heterogeneous Responses to Social Norms for Water Conservation. Working Paper ed. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
• Donner, J. (2008) Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature. The Information Society, 24 (3), pp. 140-159.
• Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975) Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
• Hope, R., Foster, T., Money, A. and Rouse, M. (2012) Harnessing mobile communications innovations for water security. Global Policy, 3 (4), pp. 433-442.
• Krolikowski, A., Fu, X. and Hope, R. (2013) Improving Public Service Delivery with Mobile Payment Solutions. Policy Brief, April 2013. Oxford University, UK.
• Manochehri, N.-.andAlHinai, Y. (2006) Mobile phone users attitude towards Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) and Mobile Services in Oman.
• Mitchell, D. & M. Cubed (2013) Evaluation of East Bay Municipal Utility District’s Pilot of WaterSmart Home Water Reports.
WaterSmart Software: Urban Water Demand Management
• Data collection to improve service delivery and messaging
Image Source: Copyright 2015, WaterSmart Software.
Historical norms and recent increase in urban water use in Oman
Data: Oman Ministry of Information, Statistical Yearbooks
Assessing Criteria: Conservation Potential
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Water in Muscat
Total Production Total Consumption
WASH standards are now very high in city, but demand continues to drive increased supply
Per capita demand doubled between 1995 and 2010
Qualitative evidence suggests that Muscat residents use more water than they need
o But good scientific evidence is scarce
Data: Oman Ministry of Information, Statistical Yearbooks
Assessing Criteria: Technological Feasibility
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
ICT Penetration in Oman
Mobile Subscriptions Landline PhonesInternet Users Personal Computers
Improving data availability
Good technological capability in utility
Excellent user connectivity over mobile phones
Data: Data: UNSD MDG 2012, DevInfo