End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.
-
Upload
ariel-daniels -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
0
Transcript of End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.
![Page 1: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance
Jiang Li
Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman
![Page 2: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations & Experiments
• Future work
![Page 3: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Multicast
• Efficient One-to-Many Data Distribution– Unicast: one copy for EACH receiver– Multicast: one copy for ALL receivers
Unicast Multicast
Source
Receiver 1 Receiver 2 Receiver 1 Receiver 2
Source
Router Router
![Page 4: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
When / Where to Use Multicast?• Whenever / wherever efficient one-to-many delivery
of same data is needed• Applications:
– News/sports/stock/weather updates– Distance learning– Configuration, routing updates, service location– Teleconferencing (audio, video, shared whiteboard, text
editor)– Distributed interactive gaming or simulations– Email distribution lists– Content distribution; Software distribution– Web-cache updates – Database replication
![Page 5: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Research on Multicast
• Routing
• Reliable transmission
• Congestion management
• Security
• Address allocation
• And more
![Page 6: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Multicast Congestion Management
• Adapt sending rate to available bandwidth– Single-rate– Multi-rate
Receiver 1 Receiver 2
Source
Router
1Mbps 2Mbps
1Mbps 1Mbps2Mbps
![Page 7: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Challenges
• Multiple paths– Complex congestion pattern– Heterogeneous bandwidth
• Dynamically changing
…
Bottlenecks
Source
Receivers
Router
`0.5Mbps
1Mbps
2Mbps
![Page 8: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Potential Problems
• Drop-to-Zero– React to congestion more than necessary
0 Mbps
Sending rate
Congestion !Cut rate
Congestion !Cut rate
Congestion !Cut rate
Rate increase
Congestion !Cut rate
Congestion !Cut rate
4Mbps3Mbps
2Mbps1Mbps
2Mbps
1Mbps 0 Mbps
Source
Router
btnk1 btnk3btnk2
![Page 9: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Potential Problems (cont’d)
• Feedback implosion
…
Source
Receivers
Router
![Page 10: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Potential Problems (cont’d)
• Large number of states and large computation complexity– O(1) number of states wanted– O(1) computation time wanted
• Unfriendliness to other existent congestion control protocols (e.g. TCP)– Break others or be broken by others
![Page 11: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
End-to-end
Solution Categories
• End-to-end vs. third-party assisted– End: source, receiver– Third-party: router, proxy etc
Router
Proxy (uncontrollable by end users)
Source
Receiver
Receiver
(Third party)
(Third party)
(End)
(End)
(End)
Easy to deploy. Our choice.
Network
![Page 12: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Congestion Control vs. Congestion Avoidance
• Congestion control– Reactive– Congestion is managed
when packets are lost
• Congestion avoidance– Proactive– Congestion is managed
when queue is being built up at bottlenecks– Low avg. queue length, high b/w utilization
Queue length
Buffer size
Time
Cong. Avoid. Cong. Ctrl
Packet drop begins
t0
![Page 13: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A Series of Solutions
• LE-SBCC (single-rate congestion control)– Purely source-based, compatible with many
multicast transport protocols
• ORMCC (single-rate congestion control)– O(1) state and computation complexity– Scalable to large groups
• GMCC (multi-rate congestion control)– Adaptive to receiver heterogeneity
• MCA+ (single-rate congestion avoidance)– Responsive to incipient congestion
![Page 14: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations
• Future work
![Page 15: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LE-SBCC
• Loss-Event Oriented Source-Based Multicast Congestion Control
• Motivations– Compatible with all multicast transport
protocols (e.g. RMTP, PGM)– Easiest deployment
• Trade-offs– For small to medium sessions– Single-rate
![Page 16: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Characteristics
• Based on source– Source does most of the work, e.g.
• Filtering feedback packets• Adjusting sending rate
• Minimum receiver support– Single-bit feedback
• Can be piggybacked by ACK or NAK• Commonly available in transport protocols
Can be deployed by upgrading source only
![Page 17: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Problem
• How to react to congestion?
Source
Router
Rcvr 1 Rcvr 2 Rcvr 3 Rcvr 4 Rcvr 5
![Page 18: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Idea
• React to the most congested receiver
Source
Router
Rcvr 1 Rcvr 2 Rcvr 3 Rcvr 4 Rcvr 5
7050 30 60 40
Reacts to 70 feedback packets
• React to a number of feedback packets approx. equal to those from the most congested receiver.
![Page 19: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Feedback Filter Cascade
RateadaptationLI2LE MaxLPRF ATFFeedback
packets
Source
Router
Rcvr 1 Rcvr 2 Rcvr 3 Rcvr 4 Rcvr 5
7050 30 60 40
RTT (Round Trip Time):biased towards the most
congested receiver
RTTEstimator
![Page 20: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Filter 1: LI2LE
• Pass at most one feedback packet per RTT per receiver• Loss indication (LI): an original feedback packet• Loss event (LE): a packet passing the filter
RTT
Filtering receiver 1’sfeedback
LI LE
Filtering receiver 2’sfeedback RTT
LI LE
t0t1
< RTT
![Page 21: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Filter 2: Max-LPRF
• Passes every LE with the probability:
i
i
i
X
Xp
maxSource
Router
Rcvr 1 Rcvr 2 Rcvr 3 Rcvr 4 Rcvr 5
X1=70
X2=50 X3=30 X4=60 X5=40
250
705
1
1
i
iX
Xp
Approx. 70 LEs
![Page 22: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Filter 3: ATF
• Enforce at most one rate cut per RTT.
RTT Time
Loss events
Sendingrate
Ignored
Rate cut
t0 t0+RTT
Accepted for rate cut
![Page 23: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rate Adaptation
• AIMD (additive increase/multiplicative decrease)
• Other (e.g. TFRC, binomial)
RTT RTT RTT RTT RTT RTT
Time
Sending rate
s/RTT
s: packet size
V
V/2
![Page 24: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations & Experiments
• Future work
![Page 25: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ORMCC
• LE-SBCC– O(N) state at the source (N: # receivers)– Subject to feedback implosion
• ORMCC– O(1) state and computation complexity– Statistics-based feedback suppression– Proprietary support required from receivers
![Page 26: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Source Functions
• Dynamically maintains a congestion representative (CR) (the slowest receiver)– Using TRAC (Throughput Rate At Congestio
n)• Receiving rate during congestion epochs
– Slowest receiver has the lowest average TRAC
• Only accepts CR’s input for rate adaptation (AIMD)
• Detect & recover from loss of CR– Omitted here
![Page 27: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Receiver Functions
• Measures TRAC– Only during congestion epochs– Average over several packets or a short perio
d to avoid oscillation
• Sends feedback with TRAC– Suppresses if its average TRAC < average C
R TRAC – σ• σ : std. deviation of CR TRAC• Average CR TRAC andσare multicast by the sourc
e
![Page 28: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations & Experiments
• Future work
![Page 29: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
GMCC (Generalized Multicast Congestion Control)
• LE-SBCC & ORMCC– Single-rate
• GMCC: A multi-rate scheme– Various receivers receive data at
different rates. – Can run in single-rate mode– Leverage ORMCC and greatly simplify the
scheme
Receiver 1 Receiver 2
Source
Router
1Mbps 2Mbps
1Mbps 1Mbps2Mbps
![Page 30: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Previous Multi-Rate Schemes• Receiver-based schemes
– The source sends data in each layer without regarding to network situation
– Receivers increase/decrease their receiving rates by constantly join/leave layers
• Coarse control, heavy router burden
Join interval
Leave
Leave intervalReceiverSource
Data
Layer 1Layer 2Layer 3Layer 4
~
Join
1 layer = 1 multicast group
(Very short) (Very short)
![Page 31: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Previous Multi-Rate Schemes (cont’d)
• SMCC– Source adaptation– Static layering (pre-defined maximum rate for
each layer)
ReceiverSource Join interval Leave interval
~
Data
Layer 1Layer 2Layer 3Layer 4
(Dynamic) (Dynamic)
Join Leave
single-ratesingle-ratesingle-ratesingle-rate
![Page 32: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
GMCC
• Independent single-rate congestion control in each layer
• Dynamic layering (no rate limit for each layer)
Join interval Leave intervalSource Receiver
Data
Layer 1Layer 2
Layer 3Layer 4
(Dynamic) (Dynamic)
Join Leave
~
![Page 33: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Key Ideas
• “Unsatisfied” receivers join a new layer.
Receiver 1 Receiver 2
Source
Router
1Mbps 2Mbps
1Mbps1Mbps
1Mbps=2Mbps
Unsatisfied: much less congested than the most congested one (in a laye
r)
![Page 34: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Key Ideas (cont’d)
• No receiver is allowed to be the most congested in more than one layer.
Receiver 1 Receiver 2
Source
Router
1Mbps 2Mbps
1Mbps1Mbps
0.5Mbps0.5Mbps
0.33Mbps0.33Mbps
0.33Mbps0.5Mbps0.33Mbps
![Page 35: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Receiver Operations
• Join– A receiver joins a higher layer if it sees much
less congestion than CR in its top joined layer.
• CR: The most congested receiver
• Leave– A receiver leaves its top joined layer if it is the
most congested in more than one layers.
JoinLess congested
Most congested
Leave
Layer 1Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 3Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 3Layer 2
Layer 1Layer 2
![Page 36: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Source Operations
• Control on and off of each layer– Only the top layer can be deactivated– A previously unnoticed problem
• Do single-rate multicast congestion control in each layer– Very similar to ORMCC
Layer 1
Layer 3Layer 2
Receivers
![Page 37: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations & Experiments
• Future work
![Page 38: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
MCA+
• Multicast congestion avoidance with feedback suppression
• MCA+ = ORMCC + incipient congestion detection– Using accumulation to detect incipient
congestion
![Page 39: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
MCA+: Accumulation• A flow’s accumulation is a time-shifted,
distributed sum of the queued bits in all nodes along its path.
• Can be measured end-to-end– Showed theoretically by colleague’s work
Accumulations:
Red flow: 5 packets
Blue flow: 4 packets
Yellow flow: 9 packets
Routers
Packets in queues
t1
t2 t3 t4
Data
![Page 40: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
MCA+: Accumulation Measurement
• Use control packets as pivot points• (λ: input rate, μ: output rate)tt
Time
PropagationDelay
CP0
CP0
CPi
CPi
N packets sent (λt)
M packets received (μt)Accumulation
(N – M packets)
Sender side
Receiver side
![Page 41: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
MCA+: Accumulation & Congestion
• Accumulation ≥ 2 packets → congestion– By receivers.– Possible one packet accumulation even when
underloaded– More noise, higher threshold– Accumulation ≤ 1 packet, synchronize (begin
another measurement period).
• Feedback and rate adaptation– Very similar to ORMCC
![Page 42: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations & Experiments
• Future work
![Page 43: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Problems to Solve -- Review
• Drop-to-Zero
• TCP-friendliness
• State and computation complexity
• Feedback implosion
![Page 44: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Simulations: Drop-to-Zero Avoidance Test
…Bottlenecks
Source
Receivers
Router
`
• Topology
![Page 45: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Drop-to-Zero Avoidance Test (cont’d)
Multicast flow rateThroughput rates of two randomly chosen
unicast flows
• LE-SBCC, using ns-2 – Multicast rate ≈ Unicast rate
![Page 46: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Simulations: Drop-to-Zero Avoidance Test (cont’d)
• ORMCC, 10000 receivers, using ROSS
Multicast ORMCC
Unicast ORMCC
![Page 47: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Simulations: Drop-to-Zero Avoidance Test (cont’d)
• ORMCC vs PGMCC & TFMCC, 500 receivers, using ROSS
ORMCC
PGMCCTFMCC
Unicast PGMCC
![Page 48: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Simulations: Drop-to-Zero Avoidance Test (cont’d)
• MCA+
![Page 49: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Bottleneck Utilization Improvement of MCA+
• Average queue length
![Page 50: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Bottleneck Utilization Improvement of MCA+
• Bandwidth utilization
![Page 51: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Throughput Improvement of GMCC
![Page 52: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Throughput Improvement of GMCC(cont’d)
• 6 groups of bottlenecks: 0.2 Mbps ~ 1.2Mbps
![Page 53: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Outline
• Overview of multicast and multicast congestion management
• Solution series– LE-SBCC – ORMCC– GMCC– MCA+
• Simulations & Experiments
• Future work
![Page 54: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Future Work
• Application of GMCC to multicast video streaming
• Application of GMCC to bulk data transmission
• Multi-rate application layer multicast congestion control
![Page 55: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Thank you
&
![Page 56: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Estimated # of Multicast Receivers on the Internet
![Page 57: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
ORMCCDetect/Recover from CR Loss
• Recover from CR absence– Measure response time (TR)
since hypothetical bottleneck queue build-up (tq)
• If no feedback from CR for TR since tq
– Claim CR absence– Requests feedback from all
receivers
Buffer size
Queuelength
Packet loss begins
Time
Time
Rate
TRAC
TR
tq
Feedback from
CR arrives
![Page 58: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
GMCCCompare Degree of Congestion
• Throughput Attenuation Factor (TAF)– A: Individual throughput attenuation factor
• 1 - (output/input) ( )• Severity of congestion
– B: Congestion occurrence rate• Number of packet loss epochs / Total sent pack
ets• Frequency of congestion
– TAF = A • B. Higher TAF, more congested
Input
Output
Input - output
Packets sent
Packets arrived 10
2
at congestion
Epoch 1 Epoch 2
![Page 59: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Probabilistic Inter-layer Bandwidth Switching
• Hidden bandwidth problem
2Mbps
1Mbps10
Mbps
10Mbps
Receivers
Rcvr 1 Rcvr 2 Rcvr 3
Source
![Page 60: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Probabilistic Inter-layer Bandwidth Switching (cont’d)
Layer 2traffic volume
Layer 1traffic volume
2Mbps
1Mbps10
Mbps
10Mbps
Receivers
Rcvr 1 Rcvr 2 Rcvr 3
Source
Test period
• No change to total traffic volume
• Difference in test period
Posttest
period
![Page 61: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Simulations: TCP-Friendliness Test
• Topology
…
…
TCP
Multicast
![Page 62: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Simulations: TCP-Friendliness Test (cont’d)
• LE-SBCC
![Page 63: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Simulations: TCP-Friendliness Test (cont’d)
• ORMCC
![Page 64: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Effect of Feedback Packet Loss• ORMCC, 5% loss
![Page 65: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
CR Switch Test
• ORMCC, every CR stops response after 20 seconds
![Page 66: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Linux Experiment (ORMCC)
• Topology
![Page 67: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Linux Experiment (ORMCC)
• Result
![Page 68: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Effectiveness of Layering
Source1Mbps
GMCC receiver 1
GMCC receiver 2
Unicast receivers
5Mbps
![Page 69: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Layering & Throughput Rate (1)
Throughput rate of receiver 2Receiver 2 joined layer 0
Receiver 2 stayed in layer 1Receiver 2 joined layer 1
![Page 70: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Effectiveness of Layering (cont’d)
Source1Mbps
GMCC receiver 1
GMCC receiver 2
Unicast receivers
10Mbps
![Page 71: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Layering & Throughput Rate (2)
Throughput rate of receiver 2
Receiver 2 joined layer 0
Receiver 2 stayed in layer 1Receiver 2 joined layer 1
![Page 72: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
GMCC’s Response to Dynamic Traffic
• Topology
![Page 73: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
GMCC’s Response to Dynamic Traffic (cont’d)
• Throughput dynamics
![Page 74: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
GMCC PIBS Test
• Topology
![Page 75: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
GMCC PIBS Test Result
![Page 76: End-to-End Multicast Congestion Control and Avoidance Jiang Li Advisor: Shivkumar Kalyanaraman.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8fa7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Related Research
• End-to-end single-rate– DeLucia’s scheme, PGMCC, TFMCC, MDP-C
C
• End-to-end multi-rate– MLDA, HALM– RLM,RLC,PLM,FLID-DL,FGLM,STAIR etc
• Third-party assisted– Single-rate: e.g. Chiu’s work– Multi-rate: e.g. Kar’s work