End Show Slide 1 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology CHAPTER 24 Fish Fish.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show

Slide 1 of 62

Biology

CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24

FishFish FishFish


End Show

Slide 2 of 62

Ch.24 Fish

Interesting Fish Facts:Interesting Fish Facts:Gills are efficient at extracting Gills are efficient at extracting oxygen from water that has oxygen from water that has 1/20 the 1/20 the oxygen of airoxygen of airLateral line system detects water Lateral line system detects water currents and vibrations, a sense of currents and vibrations, a sense of “distant touch”“distant touch”Adapted to live in medium Adapted to live in medium 800 times 800 times denser than airdenser than airCan adjust to the salt and water Can adjust to the salt and water balance of their environmentbalance of their environment““Fish”Fish” refers to one or more refers to one or more individuals of one speciesindividuals of one species““Fishes”Fishes” refers to more than one refers to more than one speciesspecies


End Show

Slide 3 of 62


End Show

Slide 4 of 62

History of FishHistory of FishDescended from an unknown free-swimming Descended from an unknown free-swimming protochordate (tunicates) ancestor about 550 protochordate (tunicates) ancestor about 550 million years agomillion years agoEarliest fish-like vertebrates: Group of Earliest fish-like vertebrates: Group of agnathan fishesagnathan fishesAgnathans (Jawless)Agnathans (Jawless)

Include extinct ostracoderms and living hagfishes Include extinct ostracoderms and living hagfishes and lampreysand lampreys

HagfishesHagfishes lack vertebrae lack vertebrae Lampreys Lampreys have primitive vertebraehave primitive vertebrae

Gnathostomes (Jawed)Gnathostomes (Jawed)Appear after Agnathans in fossil record with fully Appear after Agnathans in fossil record with fully formed jawsformed jaws


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 5 of 62

Types of Fish Ch. 24Ch. 24


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 6 of 62

What Is a Fish?

What are the basic characteristics of fishes?

Ch. 24Ch. 24


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 7 of 62

What Is a Fish?

What Is a Fish?

Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.

Anal fin

Eye

Mouth

Dorsal fin Caudal fin

Operculum (gill cover- bony fish)

Pelvic fin Pectoral fin

Lateral line

Scales


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 8 of 62

Evolution of Fishes

What were the important developments during the evolution of fishes?

Evolution of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 9 of 62

Evolution of Fishes

Evolution of Fishes

The evolution of jaws and the evolution of paired fins were important developments during the rise of fishes.

Evolution of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 10 of 62

Evolution of Fishes

The First Fishes

The earliest fishes to appear in the fossil record lived about 510 million years ago.

These fishes were jawless and had bodies covered with bony plates.

Evolution of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 11 of 62

Evolution of Fishes

The Arrival of Jaws and Paired Fins

The evolution of jaws in fish was extremely useful.

Jaws with muscles and teeth made it possible for fish to eat a wider variety of foods.

Animals with jaws can also defend themselves by biting.

Evolution of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 12 of 62

Evolution of Fishes

Fishes evolved paired pectoral and pelvic fins.

These fins were attached to girdles—structures of cartilage or bone that support the fins.

Cartilage is a strong tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone.

Paired fins gave fishes more control of body movement.

Tail fins and powerful muscles gave fishes greater thrust when swimming.

Evolution of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 13 of 62

Evolution of FishesEvolution of Fishes

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Hagfish - only caudal finHagfish - only caudal fin



Shark - many single and paired finsShark - many single and paired fins


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 14 of 62

Evolution of Fishes

The Rise of Modern Fishes

Early jawed fishes soon disappeared, but left behind two major groups that continued to evolve and still survive today.

One group—the ancestors of modern sharks and rays—evolved a skeleton made of strong, resilient cartilage. Chondrichthyes

The other group evolved skeletons made of true bone. Osteichthyes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 15 of 62

How are fishes adapted for life in water?

Form and Function in FishesForm and Function in Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 16 of 62

Form and Function in Fishes


Adaptations to aquatic life include various modes of feeding, specialized structures for gas exchange, and paired fins for locomotion.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 17 of 62


Feeding

Every mode of feeding is seen in fishes.

A single fish may exhibit several modes of feeding, depending on the type of food available.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 18 of 62


Food passes through the mouth and esophagus, into the stomach.

In the stomach, the food is partially broken down.

Mouth

Esophagus Stomach



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 19 of 62


In many fishes, the food is further processed in fingerlike pouches called pyloric ceca.

The pyloric ceca secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients from the digested food.

Pyloric cecum



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 20 of 62


The liver and pancreas add enzymes and other digestive chemicals to the food as it moves through the digestive tract.

Liver

Pancreas



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 21 of 62


The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.

Intestine

Only show “Intestine” label on this slide.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 22 of 62


Undigested material is eliminated through the anus.

Anus



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 23 of 62


Respiration

Most fishes exchange gases using gills located on either side of the pharynx.

Gills



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 24 of 62


Fishes use their gills to exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water in through their mouths, pumping it over their gill filaments, and pushing oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx.

Gills



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 25 of 62


Circulation

Fishes have closed circulatory systems with a heart that pumps blood around the body in a single loop from the heart to the gills, from the gills to the rest of the body, and then back to the heart.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 26 of 62


In most fishes, the heart has four parts:

• the sinus venosus - chamber that receives bloods and forces into atrium

• the atrium - received oxygen deprived blood

• the ventricle - pumps to force blood to gills/lungs

• the bulbus arteriosis - chamber that receives blood from ventricle before heading throughout body thru aorta.

• Blood flows from heart to gills to body and back




Bulbus ArteriosisBulbus Arteriosis


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 27 of 62


Body muscle circulation

Brain and head circulation

Heart Digestive system circulation

Gills Circulation in a Fish



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 28 of 62


Excretion

Fishes eliminate nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia.

Some wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 29 of 62


Others wastes are removed by kidneys.

The kidneys of marine fishes concentrate wastes and return water to the body.

Kidney



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 30 of 62


The kidneys of freshwater fishes pump out dilute urine. (High water content, low salt)

The kidneys of saltwater fish, pump out concentrated urine.(Low water content, high salt)

Kidney



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 31 of 62


Response

Fishes have well-developed nervous systems organized around a brain.

Brain



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 32 of 62


The olfactory bulbs are involved with the sense of smell, or olfaction.

Olfactory bulb



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 33 of 62


In most vertebrates, the cerebrum is responsible for all the voluntary activities of the body.

In fishes, however, the cerebrum primarily processes the sense of smell.

Cerebrum



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 34 of 62


The optic lobes process information from the eyes.

Optic lobe



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 35 of 62


The cerebellum coordinates body movements.

Cerebellum



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 36 of 62


The medulla oblongata controls the functioning of many internal organs.

Medulla oblongata



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 37 of 62


Almost all fishes that are active in daylight have well-developed eyes and color vision.

Many fishes have extraordinary senses of taste and smell.

Most fishes have ears but may not hear sounds well.

Fishes use the lateral line system to sense the motion of other fishes or prey swimming nearby.

Some fishes can detect low levels of electric current.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 38 of 62

Form and Function in FishesForm and Function in Fishes





Lateral Line in ScalesLateral Line in Scales

Lateral Line in a sharkLateral Line in a shark


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 39 of 62


Many bony fishes have an internal, gas-filled organ called a swim bladder

(or air-bladder) that adjusts their buoyancy.

Gases are pulled out of circulatory system and into the bladder to increase buoyancy. Controlled by pressure of water

Swim bladder



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 40 of 62


Movement

Most fishes move by contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone.

A series of S-shaped curves move down the fish’s body.

The force and the action of the fins propels the fish forward.

The fins of fishes are used to keep on course and adjust direction.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 41 of 62


Reproduction

The eggs of fishes are fertilized either externally or internally, depending on the species.

Fishes whose embryos in the eggs develop and hatch outside the mother's body are oviparous.

The embryos of oviparous fishes obtain food from the yolk in the egg.

Male banded jawfish: Retrieves famales eggs Male banded jawfish: Retrieves famales eggs and incubates until they hatch.and incubates until they hatch.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 42 of 62


In ovoviviparous species, the eggs stay in the mother's body after internal fertilization.

Each embryo develops inside its egg, using the yolk for nourishment.

The young are “born alive” like most mammals.

Rainbow surfperch:Rainbow surfperch:Giving birthGiving birth



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 43 of 62


In viviparous animals, the embryos stay in the mother's body after internal fertilization.

These embryos obtain the substances they need from the mother's body (not from material in an egg).

The young of viviparous species are “born alive.”



Bull shark give Bull shark give live birth to up to live birth to up to 13 young.13 young.


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 44 of 62

Groups of Fishes

What are the three main groups of fishes?


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 45 of 62

Groups of Fishes

All living fishes can be classified into three groups: jawless fishes (agnathan), and Chondrichthyes fish and Osteichthyes fishe (gnathostomes).

Chondrichthyes = cartilage skeleton (sharks)

Osteichthyes = bony fishray-finned (most) or lobe-finned (gave rise to tetrapods)

Groups of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 46 of 62

Jawless Fishes- Agnathan

Jawless fishes have no true teeth or jaws.

Their skeletons are made of fibers and cartilage.

They lack vertebrae, and keep their notochords as adults.

Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 47 of 62

Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes: lampreys and hagfishes.

Lamprey



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 48 of 62

Lampreys are typically filter feeders as larvae and parasites as adults.

Adult lampreys attach themselves to fishes, whales, and dolphins.

They scrape away at the skin with small toothlike structures.

The lamprey sucks up the tissues and body fluids of its host.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 49 of 62

Hagfishes have pinkish gray, wormlike bodies and four or six short tentacles around their mouths.

They lack eyes, but have light-detecting sensors scattered around their bodies.

They feed on dead and dying fish by using a toothed tongue to scrape a hole into the fish’s side.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 50 of 62

Hagfishes - Jawless fish

Hagfish use teeth to grasp foodHagfish use teeth to grasp food

Hagfish knotting, to help tear fleshHagfish knotting, to help tear fleshfrom preyfrom prey


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 51 of 62

Lamprey - Jawless fish - feeding on fish


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 52 of 62

Lamprey - Jawless fish - Life Cycle


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 53 of 62

Sharks and Their Relatives - Chondrichthyes

The class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras.

The skeletons of these fishes are built entirely of cartilage.

Many sharks have thousands of teeth arranged in several rows, new teeth develop internally, and those on the external rows are shed.

Most species of sharks do not attack people.

Sharks do not have a swim bladder, instead they rely on their liver which produces oil (less dense).

Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 54 of 62

Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of FishesSharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes

Male SpinyMale Spiny

Dogfish SharkDogfish Shark


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 55 of 62


In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a clasperclasper used in copulation used in copulationLateral eyes are lidlessLateral eyes are lidlessBehind each eye is a Behind each eye is a spiraclespiracle

Remnant of the first gill slitRemnant of the first gill slitTough, leathery skin with Tough, leathery skin with placoid scales placoid scales

Reduce water turbulenceReduce water turbulencePaired nostrils are anterior to mouthPaired nostrils are anterior to mouthDetect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to Detect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to one part per 10 billionone part per 10 billionPrey may also be located from long distances sensing low Prey may also be located from long distances sensing low frequency vibrations in the frequency vibrations in the lateral linelateral lineElectroreceptors, Electroreceptors, the ampullae of Lorenzini,the ampullae of Lorenzini, are located on the are located on the shark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of preyshark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of prey


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 56 of 62


Sensory Canals and ReceptorsSensory Canals and Receptors


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 57 of 62

Some skates and rays feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.

The largest rays eat floating plankton.

Skates and rays glide through the sea with their large, winglike pectoral fins.

Many skates and rays cover themselves with sand and rest on the ocean floor.

Some “Electric” Rays produce a high-amp current from electric organs. Voltage = 50 , Output = 1 kilowatt

During Egyptian times Rays were used to treat arthritis.

Feed on mollusks, crustaceans, small fish

Groups of FishesRays (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 58 of 62

Groups of FishesRays (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes

Contain cells called electrocytes:Contain cells called electrocytes:When discharged simultaneously, When discharged simultaneously, a high amperage current flows into the a high amperage current flows into the surrounding water to stun prey or surrounding water to stun prey or discourage predators. This is controlled discourage predators. This is controlled by the Cerebellum.by the Cerebellum.


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 59 of 62

Bony Fishes - Osteichthyes

Bony fishes make up the class Osteichthyes.

Their skeletons are made of bone.

Almost all living bony fishes are ray-finned fishes.

“Ray-finned” refers to the slender bony spines, or rays, that are connected by a thin layer of skin to form the fins.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 60 of 62


Ray-Finned FishRay-Finned FishClass ActinopterygiiClass Actinopterygii


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 61 of 62

Only seven living species of bony fishes are not classified as ray-finned fishes.

These are the lobe-finned fishes, a subclass that includes lungfishes.

The fleshy fins of lobe-finned fishes have support bones.

Some of these bones are jointed.



End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 62 of 62


Lobe-Finned fish - Class SarcopterygiiLobe-Finned fish - Class Sarcopterygii

Ancestors to the tetrapods: Ancestors to the tetrapods: have lungs and gillshave lungs and gills


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 63 of 62

Ecology of Fishes

Some fishes spend most of their lives in the ocean but migrate to fresh water to breed. These fish are called anadromous.

Salmon are anadromous.


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 64 of 62

Ecology of Fishes

Spawning Spawning SalmonSalmon


End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 65 of 62

Ecology of Fishes

Some eels spend most of their lives in freshwater but migrate to the sea to breed. These fish are called catadromous.

The American Eel is catadromous.




End Show

30-2 Fishes

Slide 66 of 62

Ecology of Fishes - Eel Migration

Young travel up stream to develop, Young travel up stream to develop, adults swim to oceans to breed and die.adults swim to oceans to breed and die.


End Show

- or -Continue to: Click to Launch:

Slide 67 of 62

30-2


End Show

Slide 68 of 62

30-2

A characteristic of almost all fish is (not catfish and eel)

a. a notocord as an adult.

b. the presence of scales.

c. a skeleton made of cartilage.

d. the lack of jaws.


End Show

Slide 69 of 62

30-2

Fishes whose eggs hatch outside the mother’s body are

a. ovoviviparous.

b. oviparous.

c. viviparous.

d. parous.


End Show

Slide 70 of 62

30-2

Salmon are anadromous fishes that

a. spend their lives in the sea.

b. spend their lives in rivers or streams.

c. migrate to the sea in order to spawn.

d. migrate to rivers and streams to spawn.


End Show

Slide 71 of 62

30-2

An example of a fish that is a filter feeder as a larva and a parasite as an adult is a

a. shark.

b. skate.

c. lamprey.

d. lungfish.


End Show

Slide 72 of 62

30-2

Most members of the class containing sharks and rays are characterized by

a. a cartilaginous skeleton.

b. a bony skeleton.

c. a single operculum over the gills.

d. swim bladder.

END OF SECTION

End Show Slide 1 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology CHAPTER 24 Fish Fish.

Documents

Transcript of End Show Slide 1 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology CHAPTER 24 Fish Fish.