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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The International System of Units

>

WELCOME BACK!

Hi…My Name is Hi…My Name is

Dr. PDr. PMEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENTSSCIENCE & SCIENCE &

PHYSICSPHYSICS

UNIT 1UNIT 1

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> Using and Expressing Measurements

measurement: a quantity with both a number and a unit.

Measurements are super important for experimental sciences.

We must be able to make measurements accurately and precisely.

3.1

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a really big number like 100,000,000,000,000(atoms in a cell)

or really small number like 0.00000000001 meter(size of an atom)

can be written without zeroesby using powers of 10.

ScientificNotation

3.1

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100,000,000,000,000 = 1 x 1014 atoms (atoms in a cell)

0.00000000001 meter = 1 x 10-11 meters (size of an atom)

ScientificNotation

3.1

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> Accuracy, Precision, and Error

Accuracy:how close a measurement is

to the actual or true value.

Precision:how close the measurements are

to each anothereach another.

Accuracy, Precision, and Error

3.1

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> ACCURACY vs. PRECISION

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> Accuracy, Precision, and Error3.1

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> Quick Quiz!

1. Which of the following expressions has NOT been correctly changed to sci. not.?

A. 0.00456 = 4.56 10–3

B. 0.0000254 = 2.54 10–5

C. 8,426,000 = 8.426 106

D. 45,200 = 4.52 103

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> Quick Quiz

2. Which set of measurements of a 2.00-g object is the most precise?

A. 2.00 g, 2.03 g, 1.98 g

B. 2.10 g, 2.00 g, 2.20 g

C. 2.05 g, 2.04 g, 2.05 g

D. 1.50 g, 2.00 g, 2.50 g

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> Significant Figures in Measurements

3.1

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>

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These signs show distances as numbers with no units.

Without the units, it is impossible to communicate the measurement to others. When you make a measurement, you must assign the correct units to the numerical value.

3.2-3.3

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> Units and Quantities

Measuring with SI Units

Length (m) meter

Volume (L) Liter

Mass (g) gram

Temp (K) Kelvin or (0C) Celsius

3.2-3.3

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The volume of 20 drops of liquid from a medicine dropper is approximately 1 mL.

3.2-3.3

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A sugar cube has a volume of 1 cm3.

1 mL = 1 cm3

3.2-3.3

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A gallon of milk has about twice the volume of a 2-L bottle of soda.

1 gal = 3.8 L

3.2-3.3

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A 250 lb. person would weigh 113 kg

1 kg = 2.2 lb

3.2-3.3

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Units of Temperature

Temperature is a measure of

average kinetic energy (heat) of particles.

3.2-3.3

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>

no KE

373 K

273 K

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Converting from K to 0C and back is easy.

You simply add or subtract 273

3.2-3.3

K = oC + 273


SAMPLE PROBLEM

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Use the equation K = oC + 273

= 37 + 273

= 310 K


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Quick Quiz

1. Which of the following is the SI unit for mass?

a. meter

b. gram

c. liter

d. mole


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Quick Quiz

2. A temperature of 30 0C is equal to

a. 303 K.

b. 300 K.

c. 243 K.

d. 247 K.

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> Converting Between Units

Converting between units is EASY!

Just use the…

The Decimal Mover Trick

Metric Conversions

3.2-3.3

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> 1.3 Metric Conversions

k - - d c m

The Decimal Mover Trick

mLg

3.2-3.3

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>

Convert each of the following.

1. 15 cm = ___ m

2. 7.38 kg = ___ g

3. 607 mL = ___ L

4. 94.5 g = ___ kg

3.2-3.3


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1. How many mL in 2 L?

a. 200 mL

b. 0.200 mL

c. 0.002 mL

d. 2000 mL

Quick Quiz!


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2. How many mg are in 1.34 g?

a. 1.34 10–3

b. 13.4

c. 134

d. 1340

Quick Quiz


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a. Density: the ratio of an object’sb. mass to volume.

m vd =

d

m

v


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Density depends only the substance, not the size of the sample.

1 piece Aluminumd = 2.70 g/cm3

2 pieces Aluminumd = ??? g/cm3


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d = 3.1 g 0.35 cm3

d = 8.9 g/cm3

Calculating DensityA copper penny has a mass of 3.1 g,and a volume of 0.35 cm3.What is the density copper?

m vd =

d

m

v


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d = 158 g 100 mL

d = 1.58 g/mL

Calculating DensityA cup of slime has a volume of 100 mL,and a mass of 158 g.What is the density of the slime?

m vd =

d

m

v


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Quick Quiz!

1. If 50.0 mL of yellow llama snot have a mass of 275 g, then the density of yellow llama snot is

A. 0.182 g/mL.

B. 0.727 g/mL.

C. 1.37 g/mL.

D. 5.50 g/mL.

d

m

v


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2. Green llama snot has a density of 10 g/mL. What is the mass (in grams) of 1 Liter of green llama snot?

A. 10 g

B. 0.10 g

C. 1 x 10-2 g

D. 1 x 104 g

Quick Quiz!

d

m

v


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What is Science?

Scientia (Latin) – meaning knowledge

Observation and Experimentation

Science is a way of knowing based on testable claims supported by…

leading to Empirical Knowledge


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What is NOT Science?

Non-science: cannot be verified empirically. (obs. & exp.)

Non-science and Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience: claims to be science, but cannot be verified empirically.

(obs. & exp.)

astrology, phrenologynumerology

feeling, authorityemotion, religion


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Science is the study of nature’s rules.

Physics is the most basic science.

Science & Physics


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You can understand other sciences much better if you first understand physics.

• Biology is about complex matter that is alive. • Chemistry is about matter and how it changes. • PHYSICSPHYSICS is the most basic of all the sciences.

Physics is about basics like motion, Physics is about basics like motion, forces, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, forces, energy, matter, heat, sound, light,

and the composition of atomsand the composition of atoms. .


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Why StudyWhy StudyPhysics?Physics?

What are three general reasons to study Physics?


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Explain the Natural World(understand how things work)

Table Salt

Water


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Prepare For a Career


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Be an Informed Citizen

a. Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.


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The Process of Science

How do you DO science?

(are there any steps?)


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a. The process of science is a logical, organized approach to solving a scientific problem.

b. Steps include:

Ask QuestionObserveHypothesisExperimentTheoryCommunicate Results

(explain)(test)

(conclusion)


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SCIENTIFIC METHOD


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Make Observationsa. Observation:b. using your

senses to obtain information

Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it doesn’t light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?


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Form a Hypothesis

a. Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for an observation.

b. You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries based on previous observations. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is correct.


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a. Design an Experiment

b. Experiment: test of a hypothesis

c. Variables (can change)

- independent: you change it.

- dependent: you observe it. (it depends on what you changed)

- control: you leave it unchanged. (to compare it with the results)


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Develop a Theory

a. Once a hypothesis is supported by repeated experimentation, it may become a theory.

Theory: a well-tested explanation for a set of observations

A theory may need to be revised to explain new observations or results


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Communicate Results

It’s important to share a new theory through collaboration and communication. (sharing)

peer-reviewed journal or conferencework with others

Why?

review & question datafind errors in: data, conclusion, experiment revise theory


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Scientific Lawsscientific law: summarizes the results of many

observations and experiments.

Theories do NOT become laws!

A scientific law doesn’t try to explain.

Law of Gravity vs. Theory of Gravity summarizes explains how work


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Steps in the Process of Science


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Scientific Facts

assumed to be true, but might be refuted (or changed) at some point.

A scientific theory is based on observations, and is always open to being revised or replaced by a better theory if new evidence is presented.


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Scientific “Facts” that have ChangedScientific “Facts” that have Changed

Pluto is a planet.

The elements are earth, air, fire, and water.

Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.


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1. Knowledge would NOT be considered scientific knowledge if…

a. it’s based on experimental data

b. it’s theoretical

c. it’s not empirically testable

d. it’s easy to understand

Quick Quiz.


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2. Chemistry is the study of ___________ and how it reacts.

a. anything with mass

b. anything that takes up space

c. matter

d. a, b, and c

Quick Quiz.


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3. Informed citizens are most likely to

a. provide funds for scientific research.

b. determine which areas of research are valid.

c. decide who is qualified to do research.

d. make decisions for a better society.

Quick Quiz.


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4. What is one reason to study chemistry?

a. to pass the test

b. you need it before driver’s ed

c. to win at chemistry jeopardy

d. to explain the natural world around you

Quick Quiz.


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Quick Quiz.

5. What is a hypothesis?

a. information obtained from the senses.

b. a proposed explanation for observations.

c. a thoroughly tested explanation for a broad set of observations.

d. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments.

Observation

Theory

Law


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Quick Quiz.

6. What are two steps in the process of science?

a. ask questions and make up answers.

b. observe and experiment.

c. ask a question and propose a theory.

d. test a hypothesis and prove it is true.


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7. What is true about the process of science?7. What is true about the process of science?

A. guaranteed to lead to scientific discoveries

B. one of many ways that scientific discoveries are made

C. steps must be followed in order

D. once complete, it should not be repeated

Quick Quiz.


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8. What is a hypothesis?

A. information from the senses

B. a proposed explanationfor observations

C.a thoroughly tested explanationfor a broad set of observations

D.a concise statement thatsummarizes the results ofmany of experiments

Quick Quiz.

Observation

Theory

Law


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9. Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?9. Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?

A. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.

B. The universe is surrounded by a second universe, the existence of which cannot be detected by scientists.

C.Albert Einstein was the greatest physicist of the 1900s.

Quick Quiz.

(there is a test for its wrongness)


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10. When someone says, “That’s only a theory,” 10. When someone says, “That’s only a theory,” that person doesn’t know that a scientific that person doesn’t know that a scientific theory is _____ theory is _____ ??

A. a guess that involves a bunch of facts

B. a type of hypothesis

C.a product of well-tested hypotheses

D.an untested explanation

Quick Quiz.


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NAME Date Quiz 1 Pd __

1) 6) 2) 7)

3) 10 8)4) 9)5) 10)

#correct#correct

QUIZ 1 – For a GradeQUIZ 1 – For a Grade


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1. A physical reflex occurs in approximately 3.00 x 10–3 s. What is standard notation?

A) 0.000300s B) 0.00300sC) 300s D) 3000s

2. The average distance between the Sun and the Earth is 150,000,000 km. What’s the value expressed in scientific notation?

A) 1.5 x 109 km B) 1.5 x 108 km C) 1.5 x 10-8 km D) 1.5 x 10-9 km


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3. A small piece of metal was weighed three times by four different students. Which student has the most precise group of measurements?

Measurement #: #1 #2 #3A. Student A: 2.0 g, 3.0 g, 4.0 gB. Student B: 3.1 g, 3.0 g, 2.9 gC. Student C: 2.8 g, 4.5 g, 3.7 gD. Student D: 3 g, 4 g, 2 g


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4. After a chemical reaction, the mass of the products was measured three times & recorded in Data Table 1. The true mass of products from the reaction is 5.54 g. How should measurements in Table below be described?

A. accurate, but not preciseB. precise, but not accurateC. both accurate and preciseD. neither accurate nor precise

Measure # Mass (g)

1 2.02 g

2 1.98 g

3 2.03 g


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5.5. Which unit would be most appropriate to Which unit would be most appropriate to measure the length of average-sized ant?measure the length of average-sized ant?

A) dm B) m C) km D) mm

6.6. Order the following mass units by Order the following mass units by increasing size from increasing size from smallest to largestsmallest to largest..

kgkg gg cgcg mgmg

A) mg < g < cg < kg B) mg < cg < g < / kg

C)kg < mg < cg < g D) kg < g < cg < mg


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7. Express the quantity 0.75 cm in mm.7. Express the quantity 0.75 cm in mm.A. 0.0075 mm B. 0.75 mmC. 7.5 mm D. 75 mm

8. Express the quantity 987 g in kg.8. Express the quantity 987 g in kg.

A) 987,000 kg B) 9.87 kg C) 0.987 kg D) 0.000987 kg

9.9.The slope of a straight line graph is The slope of a straight line graph is calculated by the “rise _______ the run.”calculated by the “rise _______ the run.”

A) added to B) subtracted from C) multiplied by D) divided by


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10.10. The equation of a line is y = mx + b,The equation of a line is y = mx + b,the m-value represents the ____ , and thethe m-value represents the ____ , and the b-value represents the__________.b-value represents the__________. A) x-intercept; y-interceptB) a point on the line; x-interceptC) slope; y value of the y-interceptD) x-coordinate of a point on the line; slope


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NAME Date Quiz 1 Pd __

1) 6)2) 7)

3) 10 8)4) 9)5) 10)

#correct#correct

QUIZ 1QUIZ 1

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