End Show 123 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Roles of...
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End Show 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Roles of RNA and DNA The Roles of RNA and DNA The cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints.” The DNA stays in the nucleus. The RNA molecules go to the protein building sites in the cytoplasm—the ribosomes.
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End Show 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Proteins The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Codon mRNA Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide Single strand of DNA
Transcript of End Show 123 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Roles of...
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 1 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Roles of RNA and DNA
The Roles of RNA and DNA
The cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints.” The DNA stays in the nucleus.
The RNA molecules go to the protein building sites in the cytoplasm—the ribosomes.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 2 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Genes and Proteins
Genes and Proteins
Genes contain instructions for assembling proteins.
Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.
Proteins are each specifically designed to build or operate a component of a living cell.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 3 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Genes and Proteins
The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA.
The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
CodonCodon Codon
Codon Codon Codon
mRNA
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide
Single strand of DNA
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Slide 4 of 39
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12–3
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Slide 5 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule?
a. messenger RNA
b. DNA
c. transfer RNA
d. ribosomal RNA
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Slide 6 of 39
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12–3
A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is
a. thymine.
b. uracil.
c. cytosine.
d. adenine.
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Slide 7 of 39
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12–3
The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is
a. transfer RNA.
b. DNA.
c. messenger RNA.
d. ribosomal RNA.
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A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an)
a. single base pair in RNA.
b. single amino acid.
c. entire protein.
d. single base pair in DNA.
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12-4
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What happens when there is a problem with the DNA sequence?
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12-4 Mutations
12–4 Mutations
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12–4 Mutations
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12-4 Mutations
What are mutations?
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12–4 Mutations
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12-4 Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic material.
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Kinds of Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Gene Mutations
Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic.
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called frameshift mutations.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
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12–4 Mutations
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Kinds of Mutations
Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.
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Kinds of Mutations
Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
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12–4 Mutations
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Significance of Mutations
Significance of Mutations
Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression.
Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders.
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A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an)
a. duplication.
b. deletion.
c. inversion.
d. point mutation.
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A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an)
a. frameshift mutation.
b. point mutation.
c. chromosomal mutation.
d. inversion.
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Slide 29 of 24
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A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an)
a. deletion.
b. inversion.
c. duplication.
d. point mutation.
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The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called
a. a deletion.
b. a frameshift mutation.
c. an insertion.
d. a substitution.
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When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an)
a. inversion.
b. deletion.
c. substitution.
d. translocation.
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It’s ragning cats and dogs outnide
Substitution of g instead of i in raining
Substitution of n instead of s in outside.
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It’s raining cats and frogs dogs outside
Insertion of the word frogs
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It’s raining raining cats and dogs outside
Insertion (duplication) of the word raining a second time
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It’s raining dogs outside.
Deletion of the word cats and the word and.
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It’s raining edistuo sgod dna stac.
Inversion of the phrase cats and dogs outside.
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It’s raining cats anfrogsd dogs outside.
Insertion of the word frogs in the middle of the word and.
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