End of WWI- McDowell
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Transcript of End of WWI- McDowell
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End of the WarEnd of the War
Class Notes 7:8Class Notes 7:8
Modern World History, by Dan McDowell. Teaching Point, ©2004
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StalemateStalemate
• By 1917 both sides fighting defensive war
• Neither could put together a massive attack
• Defeatism in England, France
• Mutinies in French, British armies
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RussiaRussia
• Terrible military defeats
• Czar’s leadership lacking
• November Revolution put Lenin and Bolsheviks in power
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Russia . . .Russia . . .
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk got Russia out of war with Germany
• Russia gave up massive amounts of land
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Germany Breaks DownGermany Breaks Down
• Shortage of food, supplies
• Final offensive fails at the 2nd Battle of the Marne
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Armistice Day
November 11, 1918
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ArmisticeArmistice
• An agreement to stop fighting before a formal treaty is reached
• Germany agrees to surrender if United States President Wilson used his Fourteen Points to negotiate peace treaty
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Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points
• Outline measures to maintain peace after WWI
• No secret alliances• Freedom of the seas
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points . . .Wilson’s Fourteen Points . . .
• Free trade• Sovereignty for
Belgium, former states of Russia and Austria-Hungary
• Creation of a League of Nations the seas
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Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference
• “The Big Four”: United States of America (Woodrow Wilson), Great Britain (David Lloyd George), Italy (Vittorio Orlando), and France (Georges Clemenceau)
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Paris Peace Conference . . .Paris Peace Conference . . .
• Russia, Germany, and German allies not represented at the conference
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Paris Peace Conference . . .Paris Peace Conference . . .
• Pre-conference vision of peace:– France = revenge,
security
– Great Britain = balance of power
– Italy = territorial gains
– United States = Fourteen Points, League of Nations
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Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
• Signed June 28, 1919• Germany forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in
reparations over thirty years• Article 231 (“war guilt” clause) = sole
responsibility for the war is placed on Germany’s shoulders
• Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France; French border extended to west bank of Rhine River
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Treaty of Versailles . . .Treaty of Versailles . . .
• Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific
• Germany is – forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air
force– prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons
or war material– limited in the size of its army
• Creation of a League of Nations to settle international disputes
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ResultsResults
• Map of Europe is radically changed
1914 1919
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Results . . .Results . . .
• Germany, Italy, Russian and Japan feel cheated by terms of final peace
• United States of America turns away from international affairs (isolationism), refuses to join the League of Nations
• Dissatisfaction with the treaty and worldwide depression in the 1930s sets the stage for a second World War