Л \ \ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

Physical Science AND Technology

THIRD EDITION

Phot-Pol Volume 12

Editor-in-Chief

Robert A. Meyers, Ramtech, Inc.

ЛЙ ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company

San Diego San Francisco Boston New York London Sydney Tokyo

Contents

Foreword ix

Preface xiii Guide to the Encyclopedia xv

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 1 Konka Veeranjaneyulu and Roger M. Leblanc

Photochemistry by VUV Photons 15 Michael N. R. Ashfold and Phillip A. Cook

Photochemistry, Molecular 29 Curt Wittig

Photochromic Glasses 49 R. J. Araujo

Photoelectron Spectroscopy 57 G. Hohlneicher and A. Gildenpfennig

Photographic Processes and Materials P. S. Vincett and M. R. V. Sahyun

Photonic Bandgap Materials 133 Sajeev John, Ovidiu Toader, and Kurt Busch

91

Photovoltaic System Design 147 John P. Thornton

Physical Chemistry 159 Douglas J. Henderson and Charles T. Rettner

Physical Oceanography, Oceanic Adjustment 177 Ping Chang

Physical Oceanography, Thermal Structure

and General Circulation 189 Anand Gnanadesikan and Robert Hallberg

Physical Organic Chemistry 211 Charles L. Perrin

Planetary Atmospheres 245 Joel S. Levine

Planetary Geology 275 Raymond E. Arvidson

Planetary Radar Astronomy 295 Steven J. Ostro

Planetary Satellites, Natural 329 Bonnie J. Buratti

Planetary Waves (Atmospheric Dynamics) 357 Murry L. Salby

VII

VIII

Plasma Confinement 373 Allen H. Boozer

Plasma Diagnostic Techniques 391 Clifford W. Mendel, Jr. and Edl Schamiloglu

Plasma Science and Engineering 401 J. L. Shohet

Plasticity (Engineering) 425 Jules L. Routbort

Plasticizers 441 B. L. Wadey

Plastics Engineering 457 R. J. Crawford

Plate Tectonics 475 William R. Dickinson

Plutonic Geology 491 Colin H. Donaldson, R. John Reavy, and Michael John O'Mahony

Pneumatic Transport 509 George E. Klinzing

Polarization and Polarimetry 521 Kent Rochford

Pollution, Air 539 Roy M. Harrison and Rob P. Kinnersley

Pollution Control 557 Arthur С Stern

Contents

Pollution, Environmental 573 M. E. Baur

Pollution Prevention from Chemical Processes 593

Kenneth L. Mulholland and Michael R. Overcash

Polymer Processing 611 Donald G. Baird

Polymers, Electronic Properties 645 J. Mort

Polymers, Ferroelectric 659 T. C. Mike Chung and A. Petchsuk

Polymers, Inorganic and Organometallic 675 Martel Zeldin

Polymers, Mechanical Behavior 697 Garth L. Wilkes

Polymers, Photoresponsive (in Electronic Applications) 723

Elsa Reichmanis, Omkaram Nalamasu, and Francis Houlihan

Polymers, Recycling 745 Richard S. Stein

Polymers, Synthesis 751 Timothy E. Long and James E. McGrath

Polymers, Thermally Stable 775 J. P. Critchley