ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

MODERN OPTICS Editor-in-Chief ROBERT D. GUENTHER

Editors DUNCAN G. STEEL LEOPOLD BAYVEL

ACADEMIC PRESS

Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London NewYork Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo

CONTENTS xxiii

Contents

Volume 1

ALL-OPTICAL SIGNAL REGENERATION O Ledere

B

BABINET'S PRINCIPLE BD Guenther 11

CHAOS IN NONLINEAR OPTICS RG Harrison, W Lu

AJ de Mello, JB Edel, EK Hill DR Worrall, SL Williams

S Ito, Y Hosokawa, H Masuhara

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF LASERS Detection of Single Molecules in Liquids Difmse-Reflectance Laser Flash Photolysis Laser Manipulation in Polymer Science Nonlinear Spectroscopies SR Meech Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer AJ MacRobert, T Theodossiou Pump and Probe Studies of Femtosecond Kinetics GD Scholes Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting A Beeby Transient Holographie Gräting Techniques in Chemical Dynamics E Vauthey

CHIRPED PULSE AMPLIFICATION GA Mourou

COHERENCE Overview A Sharma, AK Ghatak, HC Kandpal Coherence and Imaging / van der Gracht Speckle and Coherence G Häusler

COHERENT CONTROL Theory H Rabitz Experimental RJ Levis Applications in Semiconductors HM van Driel, JE Sipe

COHERENT LIGHTWAVE SYSTEMS MJ Connelly

COHERENT TRANSIENTS Coherent Transient Spectroscopy in Atomic and Molecular Vapors PR Berman,

RG Bretver Foundations of Coherent Transients in Semiconductors T Meier, SW Koch Ultrafast Studies of Semiconductors / Shah

COLOR AND THE WORLD GN Rao

15

21 31 38 46 53 62 68 73

83

84 99

114

123 133 137

144

154 163 173

179

DETECTION Fiber Sensors Heterodyning

MJ Connelly T-C Poon

191 201

xxiv CONTENTS

Image Post-Processing and Electronic Distribution KM Iftekharuddin, F Ahmed 206

Smart Pixel Arrays P Seitz 219

DIFFRACTION Diffraction Grätings / Turunen, T Vallius 229 Fraunhofer Diffraction BD Guenther 239 Fresnel Diffraction BD Guenther 257

DIFFRACTIVE SYSTEMS Aberration Correction with Diffractive Elements N Lindlein 271 Applications of Diffractive and Micro-Optics in Lithography V Kettunen,

HP Herzig 281 Design and Fabrication of Diffractive Optical Elements DW Prather, T Dillon,

A Sure, X Gao, JN Mait 290 Diffractive Laser Resonators UD Zeitner, F Wyrowski 298 Diffractives in Animals AR Parker 305 Microstructure Fibers RS Windeler 316 Omnidirectional Surfaces and Fibers S Hart, G Benoit, Y Fink 327 Wave Optical Modeling and Design F Wyrowski 340

DISPERSION MANAGEMENT AE Willner, Y-W Song, J Mcgeehan, Z Pan, B Hoanca 353

DISPLAYS RL Donofrio 366

ELECTROMAGNETICALLYINDUCED TRANSPARENCY JP Marangos 377

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS Doppler Lidar RM Hardesty 385 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Land and the Atmosphere

WH Farrand 395 Laser Detection of Atmospheric Gases EV Browell, WB Grant,

S Ismail 403 Optical Transmission and Scatter of the Atmosphere SM Adler-Golden,

A Berk 416

FIBER AND GUIDED WAVE OPTICS Overview A Mickelson 425 Dispersion L Thevenaz 432 Fabrication of Optical Fiber D Hewak 440 Light Propagation FG Omenetto 446 Measuring Fiber Characteristics A Girard 449 Nonlinear Effects (Basics) G Millot, P Tchofo-Dinda 467 Nonlinear Optics K Thyagarajan, AK Ghatak 472 Optical Fiber Cables G Galliano 487 Passive Optical Components D Suino 494

FIBER GRÄTINGS PS Westbrook, BJ Eggleton 501

FOURIER OPTICS S Jutamulia 513

CONTENTS xxv

Volume 2

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS Lenses and Mirrors A Nussbaum 1 Aberrations A Nussbaum 11 Prisms A Nussbaum 19

H

HOLOGRAPHY, APPLICATIONS Art Holography A Pepper 25 High-Resolution Holographie Imaging and Subsea Holography / Watson 37 Holographie Recording Materials and Their Processing HI Bjelkhagen 47

HOLOGRAPHY, TECHNIQUES Overview C Shakher, AK Ghatak 58 Color Holography HI Bjelkhagen 64 Computer-Generated Holograms WJ Dallas, AW Lohmann 72 Digital Holography W Osten 79 Holographie Interferometry P Rastogi 88 Sandwich Holography and Light in Flight N Abramson 99

I

IMAGING Information Theory in Imaging FO Huck, CL Fales 107 Inverse Problems and Computational Imaging M Bertero, P Boccacci 118 Adaptive Optics C Pernechele 127 Hyperspectral Imaging ML Huebschman, RA Schultz, HR Garner 134 Imaging Through Scattering Media AC Boccara 143 Infrared Imaging K Krapels, RG Driggers 152 Interferometric Imaging DL Marks 164 Lidar ML Simpson, DP Hutchinson 169 Multiplex Imaging A Lacourt 178 Photon Density Wave Imaging V Toronov 185 Three-Dimensional Field Transformations R Piestun 191 Volume Holographie Imaging G Barbastathis 195 Wavefront Sensors and Control (Imaging Through Turbulence) CL Matson 200

INCOHERENT SOURCES Lamps V Roberts 208 Synchrotrons R Clarke 217

INFORMATION PROCESSING All-Optical Multiplexing/Demultiplexing Z Ghassemlooy, G Swift 224 Coherent Analog Optical Processors HH Arsenault, S Roy, D Lefebvre 237 Free-Space Optical Computing AAS Awwal, M Arif 247 Incoherent Analog Optical Processors S Jutamulia 257 Optical Bit-Serial Computing AD McAulay 263 Optical Digital Image Processing BL Shoop 266 Optical Neural Networks HJ Caulfield 275

xxvi CONTENTS

INSTRUMENTATION Astronomical Instrumentation J Allington-Smith 281 Ellipsometry JN Hilfiker, JA Woollam 297 Photometry / Schanda 307 Scatterometry JC Stover 317 Spectrometers KA More 324 Telescopes MM Roth 336

INTERFEROMETRY Overview JC Wyant 351 Gravity Wave Detection N Christensen 357 Phase-Measurement Interferometry K Creath, J Schmit 364 White Light Interferometry / Schmit 375

LASERS Carbon Dioxide Laser CR Chatwin 389 Dye Lasers FJ Duarte, A Costela 400 Edge Emitters / / Coleman 414 Excimer Lasers JJ Ewing 421 Free Electron Lasers A Gover 431 Metal Vapor Lasers DW Coutts 460 Noble Gas Ion Lasers WB Bridges 467 Optical Fiber Lasers GE Town, NN Akhmediev 475 Organic Semiconductors and Polymers GA Turnbull 485 Planar Waveguide Lasers 5 Bhandarkar 493 Semiconductor Lasers SW Koch, MR Hofmann 502 Up-Conversion Lasers A Brenier 508

LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE OF OPTICAL MATERIALS AJ Glass, AH Guenther 519

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES / Schanda 522

Volume 3

M

MAGNETO-OPTICS Faraday Rotation, CARS, ODMR, ODSR, Optical Pumping H Pascher 1 Interband Magnetoabsorption, Cyclotron Resonance, Spin Flip Raman Scattering

CR Pidgeon 10

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES X(2) RCEckardt 15 *<3) PP Banerjee 25

MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS Liquid Crystals for NLO IC Khoo 33 Organic Nonlinear Materials F Kajzar, I Rau 42

CONTENTS xxvii

MICROSCOPY Overview CJR Sheppard 61 Confocal Microscopy T Wilson 69 Imaging Multiple Photon Fluorescence Microscopy M Previte 77 Interference Microscopy E Novak 84 Nonlinear Microscopy S Leveque-Fort, P Georges 92 Phase Contrast Microscopy CJR Sheppard 103

MODULATORS Acousto-Optics M Gottlieb, D Suhre 111 Electro-Optics LR Dalton 121 Modulation and Demodulation of Optical Signals RA Minasian 129

N

NONCLASSICAL LIGHT H Walther 139

NONLINEAR OPTICS AT THE CRITICAL FIELD LIMIT GA Mourou 145

NONLINEAR OPTICS, APPLICATIONS Phase Matching AV Smith 153 Pulse Compression via Nonlinear Optics MFS Ferreira 163 Raman Lasers M Santagiustina 168 Self-Focusing and Related Effects (Solitons and Multiphoton Absorption) RL Sutherland 176 Three-Dimensional Microfabrication SM Kuebler, M Rumi 189

NONLINEAR OPTICS, BASICS Cascading G Assanto, Gl Stegeman 207 ^<2,-Harmonic Generation RC Eckardt 213 y3)-Third-Harmonic Generation BY Soon, JW Haus 223 Four-Wave Mixing L Canioni, L Sarger 228 Kramers-Krönig Relations in Nonlinear Optics M Sheik-Bahae 234 Nomenclature and Units MP Hasselbeck 240 Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation BY Zeldovich 247 Photorefraction M Cronin-Golomb, B Kippelen 251 Ultrafast and Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics AL Gaeta, RW Boyd 258

NONLINEAR SOURCES Harmonie Generation in Gases P Villoresi 262

OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS Basic Concepts MFS Ferreira 271 Erbrium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Lightwave Systems P Bollond IIS Optical Amplifiers in Long-Haul Transmission Systems BM Desthieux 285 Raman, Brillouin and Parametric Amplifiers MFS Ferreira 297 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers MJ Connelly 308

OPTICAL COATINGS Anti-Counterfeiting and Decorative Coatings RW Phillips, RL Bonkowski 316 Diamond Optical Devices and Coatings DM Aslant 331 Laser Damage in Thin Film Coatings D Ristau 339 Optical Black Surfaces SM Pompea, SH McCall 349 Thin Film Optical Coatings D Ristau 360 X-Ray Coatings P Dhez 369

xxviii CONTENTS

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Basic Concepts S Lee, AE Willner 376 Historical Development G Keiser 387 Architectures of Optical Fiber Communication Systems G Keiser 394 Free Space Optical Communications R Martini 402 Lightwave Transmitters JG Mclnerney 409 Local Area Networks E Wong 415 Optical Time Division Multiplexing LP Barry 425 Wavelength Division Multiplexing / Bowers, HF Chou 433

OPTICAL MATERIALS Color Filter and Absorption Glasses JE Shelby 440 Heterogeneous Materials U Kreibig, M Quinten 446 Lightweight Mirrors JW Bilbro 460 Measurement of Optical Properties of Solids P Lucas 466 Optical Glasses JE Shelby 474 Plastics T Bauer 480

Volume 4

OPTICAL MATERIALS Sculptured Thin Films K Robbie 1 Smart Optical Materials PM Martin 9 Sol-Gel Materials Lisa C Klein 16

OPTICAL MICROLENSES H Ottevaere, H Thienpont 21

OPTICAL PARAMETRIC DEVICES Overview BJ Orr 43 Optical Parametric Oscillators (Continuous Wave) S Schiller 51 Optical Parametric Oscillators (Pulsed) H dessen, XP Zhang 61

OPTICAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS D Arbel, NS Kopeika 69

OPTICAL TWEEZERS A Gajraj, /C Meiners 78

PHASE CONTROL Phase Conjugation and Image Correction EN Leith 87 Wavefront Coding WT Cathey, ER Dowski 93

PHOTON PICTURE OF LIGHT SJ Bentley 106

PHOTONIC CRYSTALS Atomic Physics G Kurizki, AG Kofman, D Petrosyan 113 Electromagnetic Theory SG Johnson, JD Joannopoulos 120 Microwave Photonic Crystals DF Sievenpiper 128 Nonlinear Optics in Photonic Crystal Fibers JE Sharping, P Kumar 139 Photonic Crystal Lasers, Cavities and Waveguides / O'Brien, W Kuang 146 Self-Assembled and Functionalized Photonic Crystals S Bhandarkar 155

PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS OF LASERS Free-Electron Lasers in Physics T Dekorsy 164 Industrial Applications LP Mercer 169 Sum-Frequency Generation at Surfaces MB Raschke, YR Shen 184

CONTENTS xxix

POLARIZATION Introduction JM Bennett 190 Matrix Analysis BD Guenther 205

Q

QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS Quantum Theory of the Electromagnetic Field I Bialynicki-Birula,

Z Bialynicka-Birula 211 Cavity QED H Waltber 218 Cavity QED in Semiconductors M Kira, W Hoyer, SW Koch, G Khitrova,

HM Gibbs 224

QUANTUM OPTICS Atom Optics AD Cronin, DE Pritchard 232 Atomic Coherence Effects A Belyanin, GR Welch, MO Scully 247 Entanglement and Quantum Information PG Kwiat, DFV James 256 Laser Cooling of Ions H Walther 264 Quantum Computing with Atoms SF Huelga 272 Squeezed Phonons in Solids AV Bragas, R Merlin 280

R

RELATIVISTIC NONLINEAR OPTICS DP Umstadter 289

SCATTERING Raman Scattering F Kannari 309 Scattering from Surfaces and Thin Films A Duparre 314 Scattering Phenomena in Optical Fibers P Tchofo-Dinda, G Millot 321 Scattering Theory YA Eremin 326 Stimulated Scattering M Bashkansky, J Reintjes 330

SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS Amorphous Semiconductors JIB Wilson 341 Band Structure Engineering CR Pidgeon 347 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors RR Gatazka 352 GaAs Based Compounds / / Finley, JPR David 358 Group FV Semiconductors, Si/SiGe DJ Paul 364 III-Nitrides KP O'Donnell 372 Large Gap II-VI Semiconductors JF Donegan 377 Lead Salts G Bauer, G Springholz 385 Mercury Cadmium Telluride MB Reine 392 Modulation Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Microstructures

Y-S Huang, FH Pollak 403 Quantum Dots RJ Warburton 408 Type-II Quantum Wells and Superlattices I Vurgaftman, JR Meyer 417

SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS Outline of Basic Electronic Properties CR Pidgeon 426 Band Structure and Optical Properties W Zawadzki 432 Excitons / Galbraith 438

xxx CONTENTS

Impurities and Defects KA Prior 442 Infrared Lattice Properties TJ Parker, SRP Smith 450 Light Scattering M Balkanski 460

Volume 5

SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS Polarons JT Devreese 1 Quantum Wells and GaAs-Based Structures P Blood 9 Recombination Processes PT Landsberg 21 Spin Transport and Relaxation in Semiconductors; Spintronics ME Platte,

DD Awschalom 29 Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy of Semiconductors L Kronik, Y Shapira 36

SOLITONS Bright Spatial Solitons C Conti, G Assanto 43 Optical Fiber Solitons, Physical Origin and Properties G Millot, P Tchofo-Dinda 56 Soliton Communication Systems M Karlsson, P Andrekson 65 Temporal Solitons S Trillo, A Tonello 72

SPECTROSCOPY Absolute Optical Frequency Metrology ST Cundiff, L Hollberg 82 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy T Fromherz 90 Hadamard Spectroscopy and Imaging RA DeVerse, RM Hammaker, WG Fateley,

FB Geshwind, AC Coppi 100 Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy P Ewart 109 Raman Spectroscopy RWithnall 119 Second-Harmonic Spectroscopy / / Dadap, TF Heinz 134 Single Molecule Spectroscopy X Michalet, S Weiss 147

TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY Coherent Terahertz Sources L Wang 163 Terahertz Physics of Semiconductor Heterostructures R Bratschitsch, K Unterrainer 168

TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE Laser Applications B Valeur 176 Measurements in Polymer Science TA Smith 184

TOMOGRAPHY Optical Coherence Tomography SA Boppart 193 Tomography and Optical Imaging Z Chen 206

u ULTRAFAST LASER TECHNIQUES

Generation of Femtosecond Pulses DT Reid 219 Pulse Characterization Techniques DJ Kane 227

ULTRAFAST TECHNOLOGY Femtosecond Chemical Dynamics: Gas-Phase M Dantus, EJ Brown 240 Femtosecond Condensed Phase Spectroscopy: Structural Dynamics ET] Nibbering 253 Ultrafast Illumination and Processing Y Fainman, DM Marom 264

CONTENTS xxxi

Color Plate Sections Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5

between pages 236 and 237 between pages 256 and 257 between pages 240 and 241 between pages 224 and 225 between pages 192 and 193

Index 275

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