Enclosing Super Framed Structures

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ENCLOSING FRAMEDSUPERSTRUCTURES


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WHY THE FRAMEWORK IS ENCOSED

Our starting point in a building framework of

wood, steel or concrete. The framework is by itselfis of very little value. It needs to be enclosed with

an exterior skin that will keep out sun, rain, snow,

wind, heat, cold, and air pollutants such as dust

and smoke.

ENCLOSING FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURES


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WHY THE FRAMEWORK IS ENCOSED

Building such as house, school, or an office

building requires some additional features to make

them useful and attractive. The features which

enclose the inside of the building are floors, ceilings,

partitions, and the insides of exteriors walls. This

features permit control of the temperature,

humidity, light, and noise inside the building. It alsoimprove the appearance by hiding utility lines and

by providing attractive textures, colors, and

decorative details.



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WHO ENCLOSES THE FRAMEWORK?

The architect usually selects the methods and

materials for enclosing the framework of a building.He makes selections based on appearance,

economy, and the purpose for which the rooms will

be used, and upon the recommendations of a

structural engineer who may design the frame in a

large building.



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WHO ENCLOSES THE FRAMEWORK?

The general contractor is responsible for

enclosing the building although he may

subcontract parts of the job such as roofing ,tilework, and painting to specialty sub-contractors.

Many different types of craftsmen are

employed. There are carpenters, masons roofer,sheet metal workers, glaziers (who install glass),

laborers, painters, tile setters, cement finishers,

paperhangers, and ironworkers.



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ROOFING


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As a top cover of a building, the roof protects

the inside from damage by wind, rain, and snow. A

roof may also add to the appearance or character ofa building.

ROOFING

A roof is a watertight skin which coversthe top of a building. The roof is usually put on

before exterior walls are started and before

floors are laid.


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TYPES OF ROOF

FLAT ROOF

A flat roof is seldom really level. Usually it

has a very slight lope or slant. It is used mostly in

commercial or industrial construction.

ROOFING

Flat roofs are those slope is less than 1 in 4

and use waterproof membranes (also called Low

Slope)


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PITCHED ROOF

A pitched roof has a much greater slant or slope

than a flat roof. It is most often used for houses, but itmay be applied to other structures to achieve a

pleasing architectural effect. Also, some buildings have

a straight or curved sloping roof. An example might be

a church or a large auditorium.

ROOFING

TYPES OF ROOF

Pitched roofs have slopes of 1 in 4 or greater and

generally use shingles


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Pitched Roof: Clay Tiles


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Metal Roofing


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ADVANTAGE OF FLAT ROOFS

The biggest advantage of a flat roof is that the

space directly underneath is completely usable.

A flat roof offers several cost advantages. It has the

least amount of floor space covered. It uses the

cheapest materials. The roofing operation can be

done by the most modern mechanized equipment.

ROOFING


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ADVANTAGE OF FLAT ROOFS

Sometimes a flat roof requires a heavier

framework than does a pitch roof. However, thecost advantages of a flat roof nearly always

outweigh this disadvantage. Accordingly, flat roofs

are most common for large buildings unless a

specific architectural effect is desired for the sakeof appearance or utility.

ROOFING


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SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK

A roof is supported by the framework of a

building. The part of the framework that lies directly

under the roof is a system of concrete, steel, orwooden rafters, beams, trusses, or reinforced

concrete slab.

ROOFING


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DECK

On top of the supporting framework, the roof deck

is laid. The deck supports many things:

1. Weight of the roof,2. The snow or rain,

3. Roof-top equipment such as air conditioning

units, and

4. Equipment used by the roofer.

ROOFING


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DECK

The deck may be made of steel, prestressed

concrete, plywood, gypsum, vermiculite, shredded

wood fibers, or fiberboard. Roofs usually cover

large areas and are subjected to wide variations in

temperature, Therefore, roof decks are

constructed with expansion joints. The decking islaid by a roof-deck contractor or by a general

contractor.

ROOFING


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INSULATION

The outside of the building consists of the

exterior walls and the roof. On a modern one-story

factory, the roof area may be as much as 95% of the

total surface. It is important that the roof be

properly insulated to prevent the loss of heat in the

winter and cooled air in the summer.

ROOFING


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BUILT-UP ROOFING MATERIALS

90% of all flat roofs are of the built-up type. Three

kinds of materials re combined in a built-up roof:

roofing felt, bitumen (asphalt or tar), and gravel (orslag)

Roofing felt is a mat of fiber which has been

soaked (at the factory) in bitumen. It comes in rolls

36 wide and in a number of weights

ROOFING


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The bitumen is a thin liquid when heated,

and it is easy to apply. However, when it cools, it

becomes a soft and flexible solid. It seals againstthe passage of water.

ROOFING


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The gravel or sag consists of pieces about he size of a

pea. It has many uses:To protect the roof against foot traffic

To help the roof resist uplift (Blowing of the wind)

To protect the bitumen from the direct rays of the

sun, andTo reflect and absorb the heat of the sun, thus

keeping the roof cooler.

ROOFING


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LAYING A BUILT-UP ROOF

In laying a built-up roof, the bitumen is

heated and spread, or mopped on top of the

insulation. A roll of felt is laid in the hot bitumen,

and more bitumen is mopped over three-fourths

of its width. On top of the bitumen, another strip

of felt is laid so that it laps over three-fourths of

the with of the previous strip of felt.

On top of the last layer of felt is spread a heavier layer of bitumen called

flood coat. The gravel or slag is spread evenly and embedded in the flood

coat while it is still hot. A smooth surface on a roof is simply finished with

a flood coat. No gravel or slag is used.

ROOFING


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LAYING A BUILT-UP ROOF

On top of the last layer of felt is spread a

heavier layer of bitumen called flood coat. The

gravel or slag is spread evenly and embedded in

the flood coat while it is still hot. A smooth

surface on a roof is simply finished with a flood

coat. No gravel or slag is used.

ROOFING


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FLASHINGS

Flashing are strips of materials which seal

the joint between roofing and anything else that

projects or rises above it. Flashing are needed atthe edges of built-up roofing, around pipes, vents,

and chimneys, and at expansion joints.

ROOFING


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A significant environmental improvement to roofingapplications has been the invention or adoption of

green roof practices.

Green roofs are installed over a modified version of more

conventional flat roofs, and are normally comprised of a

system that is sold by several green roof manufacturers

(like Soprema)

These roofs have been used widely in Europe for many years

Two main types:

intensive(thicker growth medium required for larger plants)

extensive(thinner, lighter growth medium required for smaller

plants) - this one is more popular

GREEN ROOFS


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Mountain Equipment Coop, Toronto:

This environmentally conscious retailer has chosen to usegreen building practices on their buildings.


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Vancouver Public Library:

The green roof on VPL is not accessible to the public (has no guard

rails at the edge) and is planted with grasses. The idea being to

reduce urban heat island while providing a nice view for taller

buildings adjacent


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YMCA Environmental Learning Centre:

This building illustrates the ability to install a green roof ina sloped situation


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Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver:


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Green Roof Benefits:

Planting reduces urban heat island effects

planting can be used to absorb rain water

and decrease water that must be processedby the urban storm sewer system

visually pleasing

additional insulation


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Green Roof Drawbacks:

Why not do a green roof?

Additional first expense

additional structure required to support

roof

plants must be hardy and not needwatering (over the long term)

watering essential during the first 2 or soyears until roots become established


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Roof and membrane failures are the most

often litigated parts of a building

good detailing is paramount

never use materials or systems that have

not been approved or tested by areputable agency

Enclosing Super Framed Structures

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