Enbe town proposal - SELPUTARIA


Lim Joe Onn | 0318679

FNBE APR 2014 | Taylor’s University

Contents:

NO TITLE PAGE

1 Introduction 3

2 The City/Town - Investigation on Better Townships, Guidelines and Issues

4

3 Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient Cities/Towns

13

4 Investigation & Data Collection: Present Cities/Towns

19

5 Investigation & Data Collection: The Future of Towns and Better Towns

24

6 The New “X” Town – SELPUTARIA 29

7 Conclusion 39

8 References list 40

9 Appendix 41



1. Introduction

First, I have to learn from history by investigating ancient cities. Next, I have to study about modern towns and understand the traits of an ideal township. Furthermore, I have to think of solutions to solve problems of towns nowadays. Subsequently, I need come out with a proposal for a new town in Malaysia. The citizens must be Malaysian and I have to settle 80,000 – 200,000 people in a limited amount of land. The knowledge gained through researching will assist me in planning the town. Throughout this process, I have to make an A4 report and a three-minute video about my town.

Eventually, one of the proposed towns in my group will be selected. My group and I will need to create a model of the chosen town using recycled materials and give a verbal presentation. Moreover, we have to prepare A2 presentation boards that contain contents about the town.



2. The City/Town

2.1 The Definition Of City And Town A city A town

A city is actually large town. It only differs with towns in terms of its size. There is no specific agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town as a town of a country might have a greater population than a city of another country.

A town is a large and permanent human settlement. It is a built-up area with a name and boundaries. It is larger than a village yet smaller than a city. Towns have particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law. They have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing and transportation. Concentration of the development of a town facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties.

Cities and towns have associated suburbs, resulting in numerous business commuters travelling to urban centres on a regular basis for employment. Towns also must have sufficient supplies of raw

materials to support trade and large populations.

2.2 Brief History

Millions of years ago during the Palaeolithic Era, humans lived like nomads. Whenever a



place ran out of resources, they move to other places. During the Neolithic Era, humans start to live in groups and settle permanently beside a water source. They plant crops and rear animals. The Neolithic Revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible. Farming activities encouraged hunters to abandon nomadic lifestyles and live near to settle near others.

During the Bronze and Iron Ages, they invented tools out of metal, which enabled them to build many houses and rafts. Trading activities became popular. More and more people settled in places with a water source and fertile land. They used tools to build irrigation systems and ports. As more people settled in the same place, a governing body is required to ensure that things run smoothly. A complex society is formed.

As villages grow larger, they become towns. As towns grow larger, they become cities. Ancient cities such as Babylon and Mohenjo-Daro sprung out in ancient kingdoms. These cities have education systems, entertainment, sports, city walls, specific places for religious obligations, military systems, a massive library for knowledge and burial places for their leaders.

Since the Industrial Revolution and the rapid boost of human population, the modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban development and migration of city dwellers to the edge of the cities due to growth in population builds many townships. Some towns were built due to agricultural purposes, mining activities and as a point of interchange between trading routes.

2.3 What Makes A City / Town

Cities and towns typically provide a variety of services to their inhabitants, including:

Sanitation Roads



Transportation Water supply

Electrical supply Food distribution

Cities and towns do not produce their own raw materials and rely on specialized craftsmen to build the city and keep it functioning. Towns on the other hand might produce their own raw materials as they are smaller scaled.

If a village gets developed and more densely populated, it turns into a town. Apart from that, towns or cities can be either developed from the combination of multiple villages or directly from a master plan. Usually, towns formed from the combination process are less systematic compared to towns formed from master plans as the villages that form the town are not segregated from one another.

Also, cities and towns serve as centres of communication. New technology and ideas usually originate from these places and spread to other places in the nation. Cities and towns have religious elements such as cathedrals, mosques and temples that represent the local belief systems. Moreover, cities and towns have monuments, plazas or any other landmarks that gives the place a special identity.



Cities and towns tend to have a denser population than the surrounding environment, with a population that does not grow its own food. They usually pay taxes, often to support the activities of the cities and the creation of public buildings. The creation of art, literature and science is often centred within cities. This is due to the fact that cities have a concentration of a variety of talents and different mixtures of people. Cities provide a conducive environment for the evolution of human culture.

2.4 What Makes A Good Town/ Township

A healthy city criteria set by World health Organization (WHO)

• Clean and safe environment • Meet basic needs of inhabitant • Involve community in local government • Easy access to health service

Cities and towns are the centres of economic growth, technological advances, source of income of the nation and production. However, the rapid growth of cities and towns brought problems due to their huge populations such as overcrowding, poverty, crime, pollution and traffic congestion. A good town must eliminate all these problems and be sustainable for its inhabitants.

A good township fulfils all requirements of its citizens and provides a safe and conducive environment for their activities. A good township provides structures, systems, spaces and networks



for its inhabitants to do their tasks efficiently with the least amount of cost. Good towns have good safety, good management and good maintenance. Thus, people of different age groups and backgrounds can live happily in this township.

The following criteria provides a guide for a good township:

1. Has a variety of functional attributes that contribute to a resident's day-to-day living (residential, commercial, or mixed-uses).

2. Accommodates multi-modal transportation (pedestrians, bicyclists, drivers).3. Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting.4. Encourages human contact and social activities.5. Promotes community involvement and maintains a secure environment. 6. Promotes sustainability and responds to climatic demands.7. Has a memorable character.8. Neighbourhood fits well to its natural setting and the surrounding environment.9. Good walkability.10. Good access to all places.11. Accommodates cyclists and pedestrians well. (Trails, designated bike lanes, share-the-road

signage, etc.). 12. Foster social interaction and promote human contact. Creates sense of community and

neighbourliness.

13. Zero crime.

14. Buildings proportionate to one another.

15. Good interactivity between citizens and public spaces and infrastructure.

16. Art and inspiration can be found anywhere. Gives people a sense of adventure.

17. Has abundant services that cater the needs of residents.

A good town has these vital support systems:


Transportation – Easy access to every corner of the city by walking, cycling or public transport

Recreational Areas – Provides a space of activity and relaxation

Agriculture – High unit production per unit area to overcome high demand

Security, Welfare and Emergency Relief – Special units catered for emergency situations (accidents, robbery)

Solid Waste Management – Minimizing pollution caused by waste

Natural Environment – Gives residents a close-to-nature experience


A good town must have a good structure. These structures include: Grid - A formation where the streets

intersect each other in specific angles. Grid plans facilitate development because developers can subdivide and auction off large parcels of land. The geometry yields

regular lots that maximize use and minimize boundary disputes.

Concentric Ring (Multiple rings expanding from a point) - Urban residents naturally sort themselves into appropriate rings depending on class and cultural assimilation. The innermost ring represents the Central Business District surrounded by another ring that contains industry and poorer-quality housing while the outermost ring represents the suburbs.

Sectorial (Wedged-shaped sectors) - Certain areas of a town are more attractive for various activities, such as industrial or recreational. As these activities flourish and expand outward, they form wedges, becoming city sectors.

Multiple nuclei - This formation is designed for increased car ownership because places in the urban areas are easily reached by car. Used in Paris and Tokyo.



Examples of town grids:

Square/Rectangular GridCommonly used in developed countries such as the United States. Easy for commuters to navigate around the city. Efficient and minimizes boundary disputes between land owners but the long straight roads make vehicles move too fast.

Radial GridUsed in Moscow. Extends from the city centre to the suburbs at all angles. The center of the town becomes the focal destination for most of the residents. All sorts of odd-shaped property which are unsuitable for construction will be formed.

Organic GridUsed in London and Boston. Has high aesthetic value but not as efficient as the square grid.

Irregular GridMore common in third-world countries or towns built on terrain with many contours. Might be the result of lack of planning. Very inefficient.



2.5 What Is The Future Of Towns

Cities and towns are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and will need to find innovative ways to adapt. Now is the time to start rethinking urban design and management.

With a changing climate, extreme events such as heat waves and hurricanes are predicted to occur more frequently in the future. Hence, large cuts in greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas must be done to minimize the effects of global warming.

Cities and towns nowadays are making substantial efforts to cut emissions, improve energy efficiency and step up the use of renewable energy.

Upcoming Changes in Future TownsWith their high population density, towns are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, especially the ones at coastal areas.

The ‘Urban Heat Island’ effect should be minimized in future towns by maintaining a balance between density of structures and vegetation coverage. Soil sealing should be maximized as it determines the potential for water infiltration after heavy rainfall.

Increase in population density aggravate social inequalities as the poor might live in less-favourable areas. Climate



change that gets worse in the future exacerbate problems such as low air quality and poor water supply.

Towns in the future should also be able to minimize the cost and time required for transportation of people within the town. Decreasing the time and cost spent on traffic will increase the happiness of citizens. Hence, future towns must minimize the effects of rush hour.

Investing now in adaptation will help to avoid huge costs in the future. Better urban planning improves the quality of life and create new employment opportunities by enhancing market for new technology and green architecture.

Innovative SolutionsAdaptation of towns in the future requires fundamental rethinking of urban design and management, and it should be used in all policies including land use, housing and health. Among the solutions are:

Planning new urban development outside coastal and river flood plains Using adaptive designs such as floating houses Using highly efficient ventilation and cooling systems in public spaces and buildings (External

solar shading) Using engineering approaches such as flood barriers Greening towns with parks, green walls and urban agriculture (Provides cooling, ventilation

and water infiltration) Developing vehicles powered by alternative resources (solar, electricity etc.) Planning efficient transportation in towns Reusing and recycling of waste



3. Investigation & Data Collection:Ancient Cities / Towns

3.1 Ancient Cities/Towns

THERA, GREECE

Thera is a Greek island and includes the compilation of multiple towns namely Fira, Oia and Akrotiri. It is usually referred as Santorini in modern times. Thera is located 200 km southeast of Greece’s mainland. The towns of Thera were built on is the largest island of a small, circular archipelago which bears the same name and is the remnant of a volcanic caldera.

Thera is the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history. The Thera eruption 3600 years ago led indirectly to the collapse of the Minoan civilization through a tsunami. One popular theory suggests that the Thera eruption is the source of the legend of Atlantis.



TYRE, LEBANON

Tyre, also known as Sour, is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. Tyre juts out from the coast of the Mediterranean and is located about 80 km south of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. The name of this ancient city means ‘rock’ after the rocky foundation on which it was built on.

Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city. The city has a number of ancient sites, including its Roman Hippodrome which was added to UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites.

3.2 Their History

THERA

Thera was founded by colonists from Sparta, who recognised the strategic value of its location on a rocky ridge and in the south of the Aegean Sea, which is a busy trading route for ships.

Archaeological evidence dates the city back to 9th century BC. Herodotus, a Greek historian, wrote of a seven-year drought around the year 630 BC which forced inhabitants of Thera to send colonists to Cyrenaica, in today’s Libya.

This settlement was so successful that the city enjoyed a good reputation as the mother city of Cyrene. A collection of 760 coins were found dating from the 6th century BC, which gives evidence of a modest amount of trade links to other ancient cities such as Athens, Corinth, and Ionia.



The role of the city changed in the second half of the 3rd century BC when the Ptolemaic wartime fleet for the entire Aegean Sea was stationed in the city’s harbour. The city was completely rebuilt for the officers. The former irregular layout was replaced with an organised street grid. Buildings were erected based on the grids.

In Roman times starting from the 1st century BC, the island and city were part of the Roman province of Asia. Although no high officials resided on the island, Thera was relatively prosperous due to elaborate construction projects, trading activities and the fact that citizens of Thera managed to attain high positions in politics.

During the dissolution of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century, Thera starts to lose its importance. In the year 726 AD, it was covered by a layer of pumice after an eruption of the volcano of Santorini. Shortly after that, the city was abandoned.

TYRE

Tyre was founded around 2750 BC and was originally built as a walled city upon the mainland.

It was stated that the commerce of the ancient Mediterranean world gathered into the warehouses of Tyre. Tyrian merchants were among the first who ventured to navigate the Mediterranean waters.

The city of Tyre was known for the production of a rare and extraordinarily expensive sort of purple dye, produced from the murex shellfish. The Tyrian purple colour was usually reserved for the use of the royalty and nobility. The city is often attacked and conquered by foreign powers including

Alexander the Great’s forces and the Egyptian empire due to its wealth.

In the year 1124AD, it was captured by the Crusaders, becoming one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was part of the royal domain, although there were also autonomous trading colonies there for Italian merchant cities. In 1291, Tyre was retaken by the Mameluks which then was followed by Ottoman rule before the modern state of Lebanon was declared in 1920.

3.3 What Makes Them Significant And What Are The Details?



THERA

Only the southern tip of Thera has been uncovered, yet it has revealed complexes of multi-level buildings, streets, squares with remains of walls standing as high as eight metres. The site was not a palace complex, but its excellent masonry and fine wall-paintings show that this was certainly no conglomeration of merchant’s warehousing either. A workshop suggests organised textile weaving for export.

Many of the houses excavated from Thera are major structures. Particularly noteworthy are:

The Agora: The main square of the city follows the contours of the mountain ridge and is about 110 m long and between 17 and 30 m wide. On the western side towards the slope are public buildings. The view eastwards toward the ocean is completely free since the private dwellings on this side were built below the level of the agora.

The Theatre: Constructed in the 2nd century AD in the slope below the main street, it has a capacity of 1500 audiences. Performances were held there which attracted people from all the islands of that region.

A sacred area dedicated to Hermes and Heracles

The Temple of Apollo: In addition to the temple, a joint rock sanctuary for the Egyptian gods was added in the 3rd century BC

A gymnasium: Contains a public bath space

At the highest point of the city, at the end of a cul-de-sac, there was an impressive building, presumably the headquarters of the fleet commander.

Thera is significant because it became a major trading port despite the fact that it is located on a small barren island without any natural resources. Thera became significant all thanks to its strategic location in the middle of a busy trading route, where people from all around the Mediterranean World do their trading activities. As a result, Thera was a melting pot of cultures. Thera does not need any natural resources to prosper, all it needs is a strategic location and an advanced port, which reminds me of the success story of the city-state of Singapore.

Despite the fact that Thera is small, it earned a good reputation as an advance port city in the Mediterranean World. Traders from all over the region flock to Thera to trade goods and earn a fortune. This could be proven by many artifacts found on the island, including a collection of 760 coins dating from the 6th century BC. Besides, Thera earned its significance by producing citizens who are capable and grabbed high position in the Roman administration.



TYRE

Herodotus visited Tyre and described the famous temple of Melkart. The priests of the city told him that the temple was built 2300 years previously when Tyre was founded, that is 2750 BC. The Greeks believed that various aspects of their civilisation originate from Tyre.

Tyre is significant due to its wealth earned through maritime trade and its purple dye industries. These economic activities brought great wealth to the city. Tyrian purple products were well-known as a luxury product used by royalty and nobility.

Despite being a small island city, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, lay siege to the city for 13 years in the early 6th century BC. Later, Alexander the Great stormed Tyre without success for seven months. Only by joining the island city to the mainland by a causeway he enabled to bring up his siege engines to scale Tyre’s formidable walls. This shows Tyre as a significant city as it is capable of defending itself from strong, formidable forces. Not many ancient cities of that period can defend its walls from Alexander the Great’s mighty military troops for many months.

3.4 Conclusion About The Cities

Despite the fact that the island cities I studied do not have much natural resources, they still prosper and became wealthy. All thanks to the diligence of their citizens in making their island cities significant, their strategic locations in busy trading routes and well organized street grids that enhance efficiency. Thera was destroyed by a volcanic eruption. It could had prospered for a longer period of time if the citizens had knowledge about disaster relief and implemented an evacuation plan.

Both the cities I studied, especially Tyre, were frequently invaded by other military forces. That is the reason why Tyre built formidable city walls to defend their city from harm. As these ancient island cities were built in busy trading routes, trading became the main source of income of these cities, which aided in making these cities prosper. Places of worship were built in both Thera and Tyre as a place for citizens to meet and perform religious rituals. Sacred temples with magnificent architecture brought these cities a sense of regional identity. Apart from that, it is shown from these cities that it is vital to have a capable and competent government that executes well-thought-out plans within a city.

3.5 Information And Elements I Can Use To My New Town



As trading is one major activity that boosts the economy of a place and makes the place prosper, I will build Selputaria in the Straits of Malacca, the busiest maritime trading route in Malaysia. Building my town at a strategic location is essential. Also, it will have a port as a site of exchange of goods. Hence, Selputaria will have bustling trading economical activities as a source of income for my town and provide many job opportunities for my citizens.

Besides that, streets in Selputaria will be well planned with specific street grids to enhance efficiency and promote greater social interaction between different places of the town. Disaster relief plans should be implemented in my town in case of an emergency. Mosques, churches and temples will be built to serve as places of worship for citizens of different religions.

Aspects of security and military are vital to protect the citizens of the town. Thus, I will plan out security booths around Selputaria to protect my town from pirates, illegal smuggling or any other forms of terrorism that will jeopardize the security of my town.



4. Investigation & Data Collection:Present Cities / Towns

4.1 Modern Cities/Towns

MALE, MALDIVES

Male is located at the southern edge of the North Male Atoll in Maldives.

Administratively, it is a city-class constituency and is governed by the Male City Council.

Traditionally it was the King’s Island, from where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties ruled and where the palace was located. Formerly, it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates. In recent years, the island has been considerably expanded

through land filling operations. Over the years, with the fight for democracy, Male has been the epicentre of political protests and other events.

A commercial harbour is located on Male Island and serves as the heart of all commercial activities in the country. The central island is heavily urbanized. The built-up area took up its entire landmass. Many Maldivians and foreign workers in Maldives find themselves in occasional short term residence on the island as it is the only entry point to the nation and the centre of all administration and bureaucracy.

TROGIR, CROATIA

Trogir is a historic town and harbour on the Adriatic coast in Croatia. It is located on a small island between the Croatian mainland and the island of Ciovo. Since 1997, the historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

Trogir is one of the oldest cities along the Croatian coast. It is a remarkable example of urban continuity and is famed for its beautiful picturesque churches.



4.2 Their History

MALE

The first settlers in the Male were Dravidian people who arrived from southern India. It is said that Giraavaru fishermen used to go regularly to a large sandbank at the southern end of the atoll to clean tuna fish after a good catch.

Traditionally, the first inhabitants of Male didn’t have kings. They lived a simple society. However, one day a prince from the Indian Subcontinent arrived in Male. He settled on a large sandbank. Trees were planted on the sandbank and it is said that the first tree grown was a papaya tree. A palace was then built on Male.

Male was a royal island city. Three ancient Maldivian Royal dynasties ruled the island city. Formerly, it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates. The modern day city of Male was founded as a trading post by the Portuguese in the 16th century.

The Royal Palace was destroyed along with the picturesque forts and bastions when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir’s rule in the aftermath of the abolition of monarchy. In recent years, the island city has been considerably expanded through land filling operations. Over the years, with the fight for democracy, Male has been the epicentre of political protests and other events.

TROGIR

In the 3rd century BC, Tragurion was founded by Greek colonists, and it developed into a major port until the Roman period. The sudden prosperity of Salona, a nearby port city, deprived Trogir of its importance. In 1123, Trogir was conquered and almost completely demolished by the Saracens, a Muslim group. However, Trogir recovered in a short period to experience powerful economic prosperity in the 12th

and 13th centuries.

After the War of Chioggia between Genoa and Venice, on 14 March 1381, Chioggia concluded an alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice. On the fall of Venice in 1797, Trogir became a part of the Habsburg Empire which ruled over the city until 1918. After World War I, Trogir became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and



subsequently, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During this period, Italian citizens of Trogir, who were the ruling class and almost half of the population, were forced to leave for Italy. During World War II, Trogir was occupied by Italy. It became part of Croatia in 1991.

4.3 What Makes Them Significant And What Are The Details?

MALE

Male is complete with its own artificial beach, swimming track, historic sites and a spectacular skyline of candy-coloured skyscrapers, manages to be both an island and a city. Previously a sparsely populated island, Male has evolved into a world-class city with modern facilities such as schools, hospitals and restaurants.

Tourism is the largest industry in the Maldives, followed by fishing, all thanks to its pristine beaches, clear waters

and majestic sceneries, resulting in the abundance of nearby resorts in Male. Male has many tourist attractions, including the Friday Mosque of Male, which is significant as it was constructed using coral stone. The central harbour and port of the Maldives is located in Male, the centre for all commercial activities.

Another interesting aspect of Male are the colourful houses. These brightly coloured houses bear names that pay tribute to island culture, like ‘Sea-Breeze’ and ‘Sunshine Lodge’, there are also slightly eccentric ones, like ‘Forget-Me-Not’ and ‘Always Happy’.

The surf point of Male, Raalhugandu and the artificial beach comes to life in the late afternoon and evenings. Hundreds of Male dwellers come out to relax and enjoy the fresh sea air. The surf-huts overlooking Raalhugandu provide a vantage point for watching the waves and surfers.

TROGIR

Trogir has 2300 years of continuous urban tradition. Its culture was created under the influence of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Venetians. Therefore, the architecture of the island city is influenced by different European cultures. Trogir has a high concentration of palaces, churches and towers, as well as a fortress on a small island. In 1997, the city was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The orthogonal street plan of this island settlement dates back to the Hellenistic period and it was embellished by successive rulers with many fine public and domestic buildings and fortifications. Its magnificent Romanesque



churches are complemented by the outstanding Renaissance and Baroque buildings from the Venetian period.

Trogir is the best preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of Central Europe. Trogir’s medieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a preserved castle and tower and a series of palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir’s grandest building is the Church of St. Lawrence, whose main west portal is a masterpiece, and the most significant in Croatia. The Venetian Cathedral of St. Lovro and the Church of St.John the Baptist are also located in this town.

Furthermore, the town of Trogir boasts stunning beaches, spectacular islands with lavender-covered hills and old fishing ports just a stone’s throw away from the town centre. A blend of Medieval, Renaissance, Romanesque and different types of European architecture makes this town unique.

Tiny medieval streets wind across this enchanting town, revealing hidden restaurants and eye-catching galleries, forming a picturesque streetscape. A wide seaside promenade snakes around Trogir, which is the waterfront for a port full of sailboats.

4.4 Conclusion About The Towns

The towns of Male and Trogir shows that tourism can bring huge income to towns or cities. Despite the fact that both Male and Trogir do not have much natural resources asides from fresh sea produce, both these towns prosper by attracting visitors to their towns. Sea-related industries that are done in Male and Trogir such as fishing and trading can provide income and job opportunities for citizens.



Both Male and Trogir have strong religious influence. This can be shown by the construction of the Friday Mosque in Male and the abundance of churches in Trogir. Hence, it is clearly shown that a significant town must have religious structures that represent the belief system of the locals.

Moreover, it is shown in both these towns that buildings and architecture should display local elements that represent the identity of the town. For instance, Male showed tropical and Dravidian culture through the vibrant colours of its houses while Trogir exhibits its strong influence from Gothic, Romanesque, Medieval, Renaissance and other European cultures through its magnificent buildings. Splendid beaches, ports and unique buildings became the main tourist attractions of these two towns.

4.5 Information And Elements I Can Use For My New Town

Tourism is an important element as it will bring my town income even if my town does not have any natural resources. Therefore, I, as mayor of Selputaria, will plan a theme park in my town as a major tourist attraction and entertainment area. Hence, Selputaria will be bustling with activity. As my town is located on the sea, activities such as trading and fishing can provide job opportunities to my citizens. A port for trading where merchandise can be imported and exported will be built at the coastline of my town. The port will also serve as a place where fishermen sell their raw fish produce.

The planning of the town must contain local elements that suits local citizens because that my town is situated in Malaysia. Therefore, I will plan ‘mamak’ stalls inside the residential zone. Places of worship of different religions will be built to suit the needs of citizens from different religions as Malaysia has a heterogeneous society with a complex demography.



Beaches and ports can serve as a tourist attraction and recreational area. Having an attractive waterfront is vital for a good town on an island. Therefore, I plan to build an artificial beach near the theme park and city garden, where both residents and tourists can enjoy the fresh air, relax or do water-related activities.

5. Investigation & Data Collection:

The Future of Towns and Better Towns

5.1 Case Studies

LUSAIL, QATAR

Lusail City is one of the most ambitious and ground breaking concepts of Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company, which aspires to become the most internationally renowned company in real estate investment. Lusail City is a futuristic project which will create a modern and ambitious society. The Lusail Development is one of the most significant mixed-use developments planned for Qatar and a natural extension to Doha City along the urban growth corridor expanding northwards.

District Zoning In LusailZoning defines land use in the town or city, where specific areas in the city will have specific functions. It is also an indication of a well-planned urban area. Thus, Lusail is separated into several districts:

Qetaifan Islands - A series of serene and luxurious group of four resort and residential islands, specially contoured for natural beach and waterfront property. The islands will feature



marinas for super boats and yachts. The bridges that connect between islands will be designed with traditional souks to give visitors a strong sense of the local culture.

Located just off the coast and a short drive from Lusail city’s bright lights, the Qetaifan Islands are exclusive for the wealthy and glamorous. The islands promise a life of relaxation, with spa treatments and therapies to rejuvenate the body. Residents can stroll in the grand manicured lawns and enjoy the sports facilities.

Marina District – mixed use district, provide waterfront units, high-rise towers for offices, mixed use, commercial and hotel space with large open spaces leading to a waterfront boardwalk. A Light Rail Transit Network will provide connectivity to the rest of the city. The stations are underground and directly linked to parking facilities.

North and Waterfront Residential Villas – Focused on a family friendly environment filled with open space and natural beauty, this district is also in a

close proximity to the low density Golf District, giving it an extra sense of greenery and serenity.

Qatar Entertainment City – A fun family entertainment destination that boasts an astonishing theme park. The whole district will be linked by a main water canal and served by water taxis.

Erkyahh District – An integration of mixed use built form that is interlinked with an open space network and a unique commercial land use. The vision for this district is to maintain a healthy environment within the site by minimising internal traffic and circulation.

The Golf District – Offers luxury residential villas and medium rise apartments in unadorned vernacular architecture with large shaded patios, open gardens and landscaping. Other highlights include a world-class golf and tennis academy and an international school.

Fox Hills – medium-density inner-city residential area. Surrounded by a beautifully landscaped network of natural, green parks that promote walkable streets and pedestrian priority.



Medical and Education District – A medium density residential development embedded in parks and connected by roads full of greenery. This district consists of schools, mosques, local retail establishments and world-class hospitals.

Boulevard Commercial and Lusail Town – Modeled after iconic shopping streets, the Boulevard’s character will shine with high-end luxury boutiques for fashon-savvy clientele. Four Lusail Towers built here are dedicated for mixed-use, the form of the towers and heir ancillary buildings will engulf the central piazza of the city, offering a gathering scene for families and individuals overlooking the Arabian Gulf.

Energy City – Fulfills the commercial, technical and human resource needs of oil and gas in the region. Energy industry staff will also enjoy the latest technologies through buildings that reflect sustainable development.

MASDAR CITY, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Masdar City is a development project in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the city relies on solar energy and other renewable energy sources. It is built beside Abu Dhabi International Airport.

The city is designed to be a hub for clean tech companies. Masdar City will be the latest of a small number of highly planned, specialised, research and technology-intensive municipalities that incorporate a living environment.

ArchitectureMasdar City is a sustainable mixed-use development designed to be very friendly to pedestrians and cyclists.It has terracotta walls decorated with arabesque patterns. From a distance, Masdar City looks like a cube. The temperature on Masdar’s streets generally reach 15 to 20 degrees Celcius cooler than the surrounding desert. The temperature difference is due to Masdar’s unique construction. A 45-meter high wind tower modelled on traditional Arab designs sucks air from above and pushes a

cooling breeze through Masdar’s streets. The site is raised above the surrounding land in order to create a slight cooling effect. Buildings are clustered close together in order to create streets and walkways shielded from the sun.



This city coped with hot desert temperatures through shorter, narrower streets usually no longer than 70 metres. The buildings at the end of the streets create just enough wind turbulence to push air upwards, creating a flushing effect that cools the streets.Transportation System

The initial design banned automobiles, as travel will be accomplished via public mass transit and personal rapid transit (PRT) systems, with existing road and railways connecting to other locations outside the city. The absence of motor vehicles coupled with Masdar’s perimeter wall, designed to keep out the hot desert winds, allows for narrow and shaded streets that help funnel cooler breezes across the city.

Under a revised design, public transport within the city will rely on methods other than the PRTs. Masdar will instead use a mix of electric vehicles and other clean-energy vehicles for mass transit inside the city.

Renewable ResourcesMasdar is powered by a 22-hectare field of 87,777 solar panels with additional panels on roofs. There are no light switches or water taps in the city. Movement sensors control lighting and water in order to cut electricity and water consumption. Blowing sand has been a problem for solar panels. So, solar panels with pores smaller than sand particles have been developed to stop them sticking on the panels. Scientists are also working on coatings that repel sand and bacteria.

80 percent of the water used will be recycled and waste water will be reused. Grey water will be used for crop irrigation and other purposes.

The exterior wood used throughout the city is palmwood, a sustainable hardwood-substitute developed using coconut palms that no longer bear fruit.

5.2 Conclusion About The Cities And What Can I Implement In My Town

The planned future cities of Lusail and Masdar shows that it is important for cities to be sustainable and environment-friendly. Hence, I will implement green tech and public transport throughout Selputaria to minimize greenhouse gas emission. For instance, solar panels will be put on all roofs available in the town.



Public transport in Selputaria will have a good access to all corners of the town. Urban agriculture and vertical farming will be practiced in Selputaria. Moreover, the town will be entirely powered by renewable energy. Hence, my town will have wind harvesting systems and biomass collection from organic trash.

The future city of Lusail was planned based on district zoning to make areas of the city possess specific functions. Therefore, I will plan my town based on zones. For instance, a zone for recreation, an industrial zone and a zone for residential purposes to make it easier for both citizens and visitors to navigate themselves in the town. The city planners of Lusail and Masdar showed efforts in maximising green spaces in these cities. The abundance of green space benefits the residents. Hence, Selputaria will have an abundance of green spaces, which includes the spaces beside walkways and a huge city garden.

Places of entertainment and activity makes a city or town lively. Thus, Selputaria will have a theme park and a stadium. The plans of Lusail and Masdar exhibits elements of education and hospitality. Hence, Selputaria will have a hospital in the residential zone, two schools, a university and a research centre for technology development beside the vertical farms. Selection of materials is vital. I will select bamboo as one of the major materials for the structures in Selputaria. This is because that bamboos grow rapidly and are abundant all across the Asia-Pacific region. Also, bamboos are lauded for their ability of sequestering carbon. It is also strong and suitable for tropical climates.



6. The New “X” Town - SELPUTARIA

6.1 Introduction To Selputaria

Selputaria is a town built on the southwestern side of an island called Pulau Tengah. The island is just 45 km from the nation’s capital, Kuala Lumpur and is very near to Port Klang and Pulau Ketam. Due to its strategic location near the largest port in Malaysia, Selputaria will have bustling economic activity, providing its citizen and the country a certain amount of income. The aim of the town is to function as a commercial, education and tourism hub. It also serves as a brand new living space for the citizens of the crowded town of Klang. Selputaria promises healthy sustainable living, a clean environment, efficient transportation and economic growth to its citizens.

Selputaria is circular. The base of the northwestern part of the town is built by using the land reclamation method to fill up from the southwestern end of Pulau Tengah to its circular shape. The northeastern part of Pulau Tengah is left untouched and becomes a forest reserve. Its diameter is 5 km and its covered area is 19.635 km square. The estimated population of Selputaria is around 150,000 to 180,000 people.

The word ‘Selputaria’ is a combination of three Malay words, SEL, PUTAR and RIA, which means cell, rotation and happiness. I used the Malay language to name the town because the town is located in Malaysia and it gives the town a sense of originality and authenticity. The design of Selputaria is inspired from plant cells and the Lazy Susan (a rotating platform on top of Chinese dining tables).

6.2 How Did I Come Up With The Solution To Create This New Town


THESITE


The population of Malaysia is booming. As Malaysia is a small country, there is not much land available for new development and create more living space unless we chop down our precious rainforests. Hence, the logical solution is to build a town out at sea, on an island with aid from land reclamation.

6.3 Important Characteristics And Elements

ZONING The zoning of Selputaria is based on the organelles of a plant cell. In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function.

The zones in Selputaria are named after plant cell organelles, which includes the Residential Cytoplasm, Chloroplast, Lysozyme, Mitochondria I, Mitochondria II, Residential Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus and Extracellular Enzymes.

NUCLEUS

In plant cells, the nucleus serves as the brain of the cell and does the decisions of all activity in the cell, pretty similar to an administrative centre. The 2-km-wide Nucleus of Selputaria is divided into the Central Government Nucleolus and the Nuclear Matrix. The Nuclear Matrix surrounds the Central Government Nucleolus, which is the core of the town. Administrative buildings are built in the Central Government Nucleolus. It also houses ‘The Purple’, a huge curvy cone-like building that serves as the residence of the mayor and the most distinctive government building in Selputaria. A radio and television broadcasting centre is located inside ‘The Purple’.

The Nuclear Matrix contains structures and buildings related to education and commercial purposes. Most residents of



Selputaria work and study here. They go in and out of the Nucleus on a daily basis. Education is important in forming a civilized and knowledgeable society. Hence, 4 primary schools with different language systems, Selputaria High School, Selputaria College and Selputaria University will be built here. As Selputaria is an education hub, Selputaria University will attract many foreign students to further their studies here. The university also nurtures many employable graduates that can serve and build a better society.

Most residents get their jobs at the business and commercial area in the Nucleus. In this particular area, skyscrapers are abundant. Many international organizations and companies have their offices built in this area.

A Performing Arts Centre will be built in the Nucleus. Many performances such as musicals, orchestras and drama will be held here. It serves as a place where artists and musicians can gather and express their thoughts. Beside

the Performing Arts Centre is an art gallery, where artists can display their masterpieces. Also, museums such as the History Museum, Industry Museum and Bank Museum will be built near the Performing Arts Centre.

Moreover, the Nucleus has a convention centre, where major events and exhibitions are held. A Grand Hall will be built and function as a place where occasions such as weddings will be held. The Nucleus also has a prison, a judiciary court, a juvenile court and an urban plaza.

CHLOROPLAST

The chloroplast is where sunlight is converted to oxygen in a plant cell. In Selputaria, the Chloroplast zone is where the largest green space of the town is. It has a huge green area that comprises many parks in it, pretty similar to Taman Perdana in Kuala Lumpur. People relax and have a day out with their loved ones



here. It comprises of a botanical garden, a bird park, a butterfly park, a sculpture garden and a zoo. These places are located separately in the midst of a large city garden. Facilities such as gazebos and bridges are provided to increase the walkability in the Chloroplast. Features such as lakes, fountains and waterfalls will be added too. This zone requires a great amount of landscaping that will give landscape architects a tremendous task. The Memorial Garden where the deceased are buried or cremated is situated at the further end of the Chloroplast.

The Chloroplast has a clubhouse that houses a jacuzzi, a spa and a gymnasium. During weekends, people can come to the clubhouse to enjoy themselves. People can play golf at the golf course too. The Chloroplast also has a long artificial beach, which is a place where water-related and beach activities are held. Just beside the city garden at the western side of the Chloroplast, a theme park will be built. It is the most iconic tourist attraction of Selputaria and guarantees the town income and job opportunities, just like what Universal Studios did to Singapore. The theme park is a place where tourists and residents get thrilled and have fun. A port is located at the seaward side of the theme park, which makes it easier for tourists to flock in.

Just beside the theme park is the sports hub of the town. Two stadiums, an aquatic centre that houses two Olympic-sized swimming pools, a huge sports centre that comprises badminton courts, basketball courts, futsal courts and a sports academy will be built here.

LYSOZYME

A lysozyme is an organelle in a cell that breaks down stuffs into unwanted materials that will be excreted. I related this activity to waste management in Selputaria. The Lysozyme of Selputaria is a landfill, where unrecyclable waste are dumped. However, whenever a section of landfill is full, soil will be built on top of the landfill. Trees and bushes will be planted on top and a park is created on top of the landfill. These parks built on landfills serve as an extension of the Chloroplast zone. As the Lysozyme is located between

the Chloroplast and Pulau Tengah’s forest reserve, it is estimated that within 30 years, the green space of the Chloroplast and the forest reserve will be connected.

Usually, people barely see landfills as they are located far away from urban areas. But in Selputaria, people get to see



the landfill in the Lysozyme if they are heading towards the forest reserve for a hiking or nature exploration trip. This gives the citizens an insight on how human activity devastates nature and sparks an awareness in their souls.

As a sustainable approach, energy is collected from the waste in the landfills and converted for the use of the people in Selputaria.

MITOCHONDRIA I

Mitochondria are organelles that create energy but produce carbon dioxide. As the name suggests, Mitochondria I in Selputaria produces clean energy for the whole town and is the industrial area of the town. It is the site of a humongous solar panel field that powers the town. Besides, it has a large industrial area full of manufacturing companies and factories. These factories provide income to citizens through exporting

manufactured goods to other places via the port.

The port functions as a site where the factories receive their raw materials. A portion of the raw materials are actually recycled materials such as water bottles and aluminum cans brought in from the Recycling Centre at Mitochondria II. A dense green wall is located between this zone and the Nucleus. This prevents smog from entering the Nucleus and harm the health of the citizens.

MITOCHONDRIA II

Mitochondria II is a zone where the food processing, seawater treatment, water management, recycling and energy production processes are done. All recyclable trash are brought in from all parts of the town to the Recycling Centre to be sorted out. The sorted trash are processed and used as raw materials for the factories in Mitochondria I. On the other hand, human waste are carried by the sewerage system into a sewer treatment plant.

Vertical farms as tall as 80 meters are built in this zone. These farms provide agricultural produce for the whole town. Farming animals are raised in these vertical farms too. Wind and wave harvesting



are implemented in this zone to produce electrical energy. This zone is also where the water reservoir is located.

RESIDENTIAL CYTOPLASM

The Residential Cytoplasm is where most of the residences are. Citizens of Selputaria eat, live and sleep here. Most residents live in condominiums that are built beside the long straight streets that run from the Plasma Membrane zone to the Nucleus. Among the jungle of condominiums, there will be pockets of spaces where other structures are built for the convenience of the residents. For instance, places of worship, shops, restaurants, mamak stalls, police stations, fire stations, hospitals and playgrounds.

Many facilities such as cycling trails, pedestrian bridges, subway stations and vertical bike parking stations will be built in this zone. From an aerial view, this place will don colours of green and blue as blue solar panels cover all roof tops and greenery is abundant on walls and streets.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

The plasma membrane of a cell is the site of exchange of material, so is the Plasma Membrane zone of Selputaria. It consists of a port and a long shopping mall that runs along the circumference of the town and is the place of exchange of goods. The shopping mall is located just beside the port. Every day, residents come to the shopping mall and get their necessities.

Alongside with that, the Plasma Membrane is also a trading area. Raw materials are sent in from ships and

manufactured products are shipped out to other places to be sold. Besides, the Plasma Membrane serves as a port where commuters can sit on a ferry and head to other places, including Pulau Ketam and Port Klang. It is also a place where tourists come in by ferry to Selputaria, especially to the theme park at the Chloroplast.



EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES

The Extracellular Enzymes are security booths equipped with military enforcement and a lighthouse. They enhance the security of Selputaria by preventing illegal immigration, piracy and illegal smuggling. Security personnel on these patrol booths work in shifts. This makes the town secured 24/7. Security boats patrol around the town and the Extracellular Enzymes function as a place where the boats are refueled. Live security conditions are reported to the Central Government Nucleolus to let the administrators of the town get a clear picture of what’s going on just outside the town’s circumference.

TRANSPORTTRANSPORTATION OF PEOPLE

Walkability is great in Selputaria. People walk, cycle or take the subway to their destinations. The streets have trees planted at the road dividers. Gardens and greenery cools down the streets, making the streets more comfortable for pedestrians. Pedestrian trails, cycling trails and vehicle trails on the roads are clearly divided, making it easier for all commuters. Bridges decorated with green plants will be built between buildings to increase walkability. The bridges also play a role in evacuating people in case of a fire.

Bike sharing systems will be implemented throughout the town. People can just take a random bike at the bike sharing stations and cycle to their destination for free. If the bike is private, the cyclist can park his or her bike in a Vertical Bike Parking (VBP) system. You can find bike sharing stations and VBPs throughout the whole town.

There are many Subway Lines in Selputaria, the lines run just right below the roads so that they do not affect the foundations of the buildings in the town. This makes the buildings safe. Apart from that, there will be solar-powered ferries that transport people in and out of the island town. This service is provided at the Plasma Membrane zone.



The Nucleus of Selputaria is actually a rotating platform. This system is inspired by the ‘Lazy Susan’ on top of dining tables. It rotates twice a day. Each revolution takes up to 6 hours. Many residents work or study at the Nucleus. They need to get in and out of the Nucleus on a daily basis, which will result in a ‘rush hour’ effect. The rotating Nucleus decreases the effects of ‘rush hour’ as residents at the Residential Cytoplasm hop onto it at different times of the day, depending on when their destination is aligned with their residence. Thus, the transportation systems will not be overcrowded.

Timetable:TYPE OF COMMUTERS AVERAGE OPTIMUM

HOP-ON TIMEAVERAGE OPTIMUM HOP-OFF TIME

EXTRA INFORMATION

Primary school students

7 am 1 pm 1 revolution

Secondary school students

8 am 2 pm 1 revolution

University/college students

12 pm 7 pm 1 1/6 revolutions

Employees at the Commercial Area

9 am 5 pm Employees hop on from their residences but hop-off at the Chloroplast due to their longer working hours. They can relax at the city garden before heading home via subway.

The destination moves towards the residents rather than requiring residents to move towards them. People just need to know the correct schedule of alignment between two platforms. They can always refer it online. Selputaria has great network coverage.


Walking and cycling trailsSubway lines

OVERALL TRANSPORTATION PLAN


If commuters are late and missed the alignment or want to hop-on the Nucleus earlier, they can always take the Central Ring Subway Line that runs around the Nucleus.

Whenever their sector in the rotating Nucleus is aligned with the Food Hub located at Mitochondria I (outside the rotating Nucleus), they can hop-off temporarily for a lunch or tea break. At night, the waste produced in the Nucleus is removed and maintenance work are done. The core battery of the Nucleus is also recharged.

TRANSPORTATION OF SUPPLIESResidents get their supplies and necessities by sitting on a subway to the shopping mall and buy the things they want. The port, shopping mall (both are in the Plasma Membrane) and the Residential Cytoplasm are next to one another. Hence, the goods from ships can be transferred to the residents without any long journeys. This ensures the quality and freshness of the goods received by residents.

6.4 Other Sustainable Approaches

Electrical energy is generated from the huge solar field at Mitochondria I, Biomass collected from waste in vertical farms at Mitochondria II and wave and wind harvesting at Mitochondria II.

Water is collected in a reservoir at Mitochondria II. Rainwater is collected and treated. A seawater treatment system at Mitochondria II processes sea water into drinkable water for residents of Selputaria. The water is stored at the reservoir. Waste water from sewers are separated into water and fertilizer after a long processes. Water is recycled into the reservoir while fertilizer produced from waste water is sent to the vertical farms to fertilize the agriculture. The food produced from



the vertical farms are either transported back to the Residential Cytoplasm and sold to the residents or sent to the chefs at the Food Hub. As no chemical fertilizers or pesticide are used, the food are organic and healthy. This makes the citizens of Selputaria healthy and productive. Also, urban agriculture is practiced throughout the whole town to fully utilize pocket spaces.

Almost all buildings in Selputaria are green buildings. Green walls and solar panel roofs are a must for all buildings in Selputaria to maximize green coverage. The solar panel roofs are slanted to let the rain flow to one side into the rainwater collection system. The collected water is then used in the building. Grey water reusing systems are applied in all buildings too. Fins on buildings can provide extra space for greenery. Materials such as glass and bamboo are frequently used for building construction as bamboo is fast-growing and suitable for tropical climates while high glass coverage increases light penetration into buildings.

Excess rainwater is drained through permeable concrete into sewers to prevent flooding. Stepping on the tiles of pavements create kinetic energy. The energy is then stored in batteries and emitted as electrical energy to power street lights at night.

6.5 Conclusion About Selputaria

Selputaria is a well-thought out town that has the latest green features and sustainable features. The people of Klang that decided to move to Selputaria will be delighted to live there. Moreover, Selputaria is going to be a hot commodity among investors and property buyers as it has a strategic location, provides job opportunities, has well-planned transportation systems, possess state-of-the-art sustainable design and promises healthy living. It will also receive global attention as it has a revolutionary transportation system - the rotating Nucleus. The design and implementation of Selputaria will make Malaysia famous in the architectural and construction industry.

As the mayor and the layout proposer of Selputaria, I hope that the citizens of this new town will enjoy a high quality of life and live to their fullest.



7. Conclusion

We, as human beings of planet Earth, are living in a critical time, where global supply of natural resources is declining dramatically, while demand for these resources is escalating. Therefore, we need to create change towards a sustainable future – for the survival of the planet.

Sustainable development is an economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources. Sustainability is important to ensure that the social, environmental and economic systems that make up our community are providing a healthy and meaningful life for residents and visitors. Sustainability is the key to humanity’s future.

While planning a town, it is important to look into multiple aspects in detail. From town layout to sewers, transportation to water conservation systems, not a single detail should be missed. This is to ensure that the residents of the town will have a high quality of life and suffer less problems. Also, I learnt that learning from history and references is vital. It is important to take a deeper look and study past and present towns before building one. It is also important to study future city plans to inspire us and get valuable ideas regarding urban planning. From the cities I researched, I gained a better insight on how towns are planned. Lastly, I learnt that town planning is not an easy task as town planners encounter many constraints and must look into multiple aspects. Rome wasn’t built in a day.



8. Reference Links

The Structure of Cities. Retrieved 1 July 2014 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-population-and-urbanization/urbanization-and-the-development-of-cities/the-structure-of-cities/

European Environment Agency. How Will European Cities Adapt to New Climate Conditions. Retrieved 2 July 2014 from http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/cities-of-the-future-2013-how-will-european-cities-adapt-to-new-climate-conditions

Historic City of Trogir. Retrieved 2 July 2014 from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810

Maldives History. Retrieved 2 July 2014 from http://www.mal-dives.com/maldives/info/maldives_history.html

Lusail City. Retrieved 2 July 2014 fromhttp://www.lusail.com/English/Pages/English_Home.aspx

Acceptance of Green Buildings. Retrieved 3 July 2014 fromhttp://www.leed.net/leed-construction-articles/green-building-acceptance.asp

Molecular Expressions. Plant Cell Structure. Retrieved 3 July 2014 fromhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html

Urban Planning. Retrieved 30 June 2014 fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning

Santorini (Thera). Retrieved 30 June 2014 fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera

Tyre, Lebanon. Retrieved 30 June 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon

Island Cities Around The World. Retrieved 29 June 2014 fromhttp://www.touropia.com/island-cities-around-the-world/

Uses For Bamboo In Sustainable Building. Retrieved 1 July 2014 fromhttp://www.greenbuild.org/new-construction/uses-for-bamboo-in-sustainable-building/


http://www.touropia.com/island-cities-around-the-world/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html

http://www.leed.net/leed-construction-articles/green-building-acceptance.asp

http://www.lusail.com/English/Pages/English_Home.aspx

http://www.mal-dives.com/maldives/info/maldives_history.html

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810

http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/cities-of-the-future-2013-how-will-european-cities-adapt-to-new-climate-conditions

http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/cities-of-the-future-2013-how-will-european-cities-adapt-to-new-climate-conditions

https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-population-and-urbanization/urbanization-and-the-development-of-cities/the-structure-of-cities/

https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-population-and-urbanization/urbanization-and-the-development-of-cities/the-structure-of-cities/


9.Appendix


Enbe town proposal - SELPUTARIA

Education

Transcript of Enbe town proposal - SELPUTARIA