Subjects, predicates and sentences

PARTS OF SPEECH

Noun name of a person, place, thing or idea

Kinds of Noun:Proper Nouns begin with capital letterCommon Nouns general nounsCollective Nouns group that contains numbersMass Nouns cannot be counted

Mass Nouns (contd) Nouns are countable if:They can be preceded by a.They can be both singular and pluralThey can be counted

Nouns are uncountable if:They are preceded by some

Noun (contd)

Concrete Nouns exist in the physical world

Abstract Nouns refer to ideas and feelings

Cases of NounNominative used as the subject, predicate noun or appositiveDanica looks pretty in her red dress.Dr. Lopez, our new professor, discusses the lesson well.Objective used as direct object, indirect object or object of the prepositionCharles sent Lourdes a love letter.

Cases of Noun

Possessive shows ownership or possessionMaries bag is new.

PronounSubstitute for nounsAntecedent the noun to which a pronoun refers. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, person and number.Examples:Ms. Joy is my teacher. She is beautiful.The flowers grew beautifully. I gathered them last week.

PRONOUN TYPEPersonalI, you, he, she, it, they, we, us, him, her, them, theyPossessiveMine, yours, his, hers, ours theirsReflexiveMyself, yourself, himself, herselfReciprocalEach other, one anotherDemonstrativeThis, that, those, theseInterrogativeWho, whom, whose which, whatIntensiveI, myselfRelativeWho, whom, whose, which, that

PronounFirst Person I, me, mine, my, myself (singular) - we, us, ours, our, ourselves (plural)Second Person you, yours, your, yourself (singular) - you, yours, your, yourselves (plural)Third Person (singular)he, him, his, himself, she, hers, herself, it, that, its, itself(plural) they, them, theirs, their, themselves

VerbDenotes an action or state of beingTypes of Verb:Intransitive Verbs do not take a direct objectFlowers bloom.Transitive Verbs require an objectFlowers need water and sunlight.Ditransitive Verbs take indirect and direct objectAlex gave his girlfriend three red roses.

Types of Verb (contd)Linking/Copula Verbs where what follows the verb relates back to the subject (subject complement a predicate noun or a predicate adjective)Roses are lovely Valentines Day gifts.She is beautiful.Complex Transitive Verbs where what follows the direct object relates to the objectThey chose Mae, muse of the team.

Types of Verb (contd)

Prepositional Verbs requires a prepositional phrase to be complete

We looked at the pictures taken during our graduation.

Verb TensesSimple Aspect complete wholes; unchangingSimple Present the present in generalHe looks excited.Simple Past stating a definite time in the pastWe made cupcakes last week.Simple Future an expression of what we think might happen or what we intend to happenWe will get there soon.

Verb TensesPerfect Aspect priorPresent Perfect the past in relation to the presentI have read the book several times.Past Perfect events before a particular time in the pastBy noon, students had gathered at the quadrangle.

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Perfect Aspect (contd)

Future Perfect to refer to something that has not happened yet, but will happen before a particular time in the future

By the time he graduates, his parents will already have left for New Zealand.

Verb TensesProgressive Aspect incomplete action; changingPresent Progressive accent on the presentShes spending a lot of on clothes these days.Im already feeling bored and hungry.Past Progressive accent on the pastHis body was trembling; his fever was rising.We were dancing the whole night.Future Progressive accent on the futureThey will be coming soon.

Verb TensesPerfect-Progressive AspectPresent Perfect Progressive talks about an activity that started at some time in the past, continued, and is still happening nowThe economy has been declining in many parts of the world.Past Perfect Progressive continuous activity which took place before a particular time in the pastThe old woman had been living alone in that house.

Verb Tenses

Future Perfect Progressive emphasizes the duration to an event at a specific time in the future

By January 2016, she will have been serving this university for 38 years.

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VoicePertains to who or what serves as the subject in a clause.Active Voice the subject of a clause is most often the agent, or doer of some action.The lifeguard saved the child.Passive Voice the subject of a clause is the receiver or undergoer of the action.The child was saved by the lifeguard.

Phrasal VerbsVerbs which consist of two or three wordsA verb followed by an adverb: go up, spill over, push throughA verb followed by a preposition: come upon, reckon with, bank onA verb followed by an adverb and a preposition: break out of, look forward to, go along with

AdjectiveA word that describes the qualities of somethingCommonly occurs between a determiner and a noun, or after be or other linking verbs or immediately following the intensifier veryThe cute baby seems very hungry.Has comparative and superlative formsprettyprettierprettiest

AdjectiveIt modifies or complements nounsThe honest man (modifier)The man is honest. (complement)Has various types in terms of characteristic positions:Attributive precedes nounsThe diligent students pass the tough exam.Predicative follows linking verbsThey are happy with their high scores.

Order of Adjectives in Noun GroupsDETOpinionsizeshapeConditionagecolororiginnounmanyprettysmallroundchippedantiqueblueChinesevases

Kinds of AdjectiveIndefinite Adjective some, many, several, few, a littleNumerals one, two, threeDescriptive Adjective beautiful, tall, newProper Adjectives Filipino flag, American dogNouns that Modify Noun oak, paperPhrases that modify noun The girl standing there is my sister.

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AdverbModifies or changes the meaning of other words such as verbs, adjectives, another adverb, or even a whole sentenceAdverbs can be readily recognized through certain affixes.Suffix ly hopefully, popularlyPrefix a-aloud, adrift, anewSuffix wiselengthwise, clockwiseSuffix wardsbackward(s), forward(s)

Kinds of AdverbsAdverbs of Frequency how often? (always, never, usually, rarely)Adverbs of Relative Time can be used with all tenses as meaning permits (just, still, already, lately)Adverbs of Manner how? How well? (carefully, eagerly, clearly, quickly)Adverbs of Place where? (here, in the city)Adverbs of Time when? (today, on April)Adverbs that emphasize only and even

Conjunction

Connects words or group of words

Coordinating Conjunctionsthe process of combining ideas; compoundingCompound Sentence: The boys sang and the girls danced last night.Compound Subject: The teacher and her students will join the parade.Compound Verb: The children play and eat during recess.Compound Object: We boiled corn and cassava.

Coordinating ConjunctionsConjunctionMeaningforBecauseandplusnorConjoins two negative sentences, both of which are truebutShows contrastsorOne or the other two alternatives is trueyetBut at the same timesotherefore

SubordinationPutting less important ideas in less important grammatical structures like dependent clausesSentence CombiningMelissa topped the test.Melissa was late by twenty minutes.Although late by twenty minutes, Melissa topped the test.ReducingAlthough late, Melissa topped the test.

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Subordinating ConjunctionsConnects dependent clauses to independent clausesTypeConjunctionTypeConjunctiontimeWhen, before, after, since, while, until, asConditionalIf, unlessPurposeIn order to, so thatReasonBecause, since, asResultSo thatConcessiveAlthough, though, while, despiteplaceWhere, wherevermannerAs, like

Prepositions

Shows the relation between a word and a noun or pronoun that follows. It indicates:

Place and position at, in, acrossDirection and motion in, towards, out, about,Time at, before, after, during, since, until

Subjects, predicates and sentences

Sentence and Fragment

A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought.

A fragment is a group of words that does not have both subject and predicate and does not express a complete thought.

Sentence and Fragment

Fragment : in your books and maps

Sentence : The world is not in your books and maps.

Sentence and Fragment Two types of fragments that are often used and understood in speech and written dialogue: Interjection word/ words that express strong feelingOh, no! Answer to a question- Who was with you last night?- This girl.

Sentence and Fragment A beautiful creature appeared.

On April 25, 2006, the Sandovals

Swim to the center.

Rough road.

Kinds of SentencesDeclarativeMakes a statement; begins with a capital letter; ends with a periodI find it attractive when you let people know Im yours.InterrogativeAsks a question; begins with a capital letter; ends with a question markWhat can I do to make you love me?

Kinds of SentencesExclamatoryExpresses strong feelings; begins with a capital letter; ends with an exclamation markHappy birthday!ImperativeGives a command or makes a polite request; begins with a capital letter; ends with a period or exclamation markGive your all to me.

Subjects and Predicates A sentence has a subject and a predicate. The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about. The predicate tells what the subject does, is or has.Example: The busy man works all day.

Subjects and Predicates

The complete subject in the sentence is the busy man.

Each complete subject has one word that is the most important, or main word. It is a noun or a pronoun and is called the simple subject.

Subjects and Predicates

The complete predicate in the sentence is works all day.

Like the complete subject, the complete predicate all has one word that is the most important. It is called the simple predicate, and it is always a verb.

Find the simple subject and predicate in each sentence:

Some people maintain the rose garden.

The government policy on botanical parks seems impressive.

Several tourists visit the park in this city.

Subjects and Predicates A compound subject contains two or more subjects that share the same verb.Example:Flowers and trees beautify our surroundings. A compound predicate contains two or more verbs that share the same subject.Example:The farmers spray and fertilize their plants.

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Name the compound parts:Some flowers and plants depend on insects for growth.

Flowers attract and keep bees in them.

Adults or children pick flowers from the garden.

Rules - Compound Subjects

A compound subject consisting of two or more nouns, or pronouns joined by and is plural requires a plural verb.

Richard and Lucy agree that you and I are capable of doing the work.(not agrees) (not am or is)

Rules - Compound SubjectsHowever, when the parts of a compound subject refer to one person or thing, the subject requires a singular verb even though the parts of the subject are joined by and.

The president and chief executive officer is Olivia Pope.(not are)

Rules - Compound SubjectsWhen the parts of a compound subject are joined by and and the subject is preceded by each, every, or many a, the subject is singular and requires a singular verb.

Each letter, memo, and report requires careful proofreading.(not require)

Rules - Compound Subjects

Every radio and television was on sale at less than half the regular price.(not were)

Many a man, woman, and child uses public transportation everyday.(not use)

Rules - Compound Subjects

When the parts of a compound subject are joined by or or nor and each of the parts is singular, use a singular verb that agrees in person with the subject immediately preceding the verb.

Rules - Compound Subjects

Jane or I am likely to be asked to assist them.(not is)

Neither the catalog nor the price list contains an order form.(not contain)

Rules - Compound SubjectsHowever, when a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the plural subject should immediately precede the verb and a plural verb should be used.

Neither the defendant nor the witnesses have testified yet.(not the witnesses nor the defendant has)

Rules - Compound Subjects

We do not know whether the owner or the tenants are responsible.(not the tenants or the owner is)

Compound Sentence

Contains two complete thoughts joined by the conjunction and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so.

The reforestation began in 1995, and it still continues today.

Combine each pair into a compound sentence:

The overtime play exhausts them.They continue.

Lydia cheers for her favorite player.She creates a loud noise.

Complex SentenceContains one independent (main clause) and one dependent (subordinate clause)

A main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence.A subordinate clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate that does not express a complete thought.

Complex Sentence

When the sun sets, the carabaos go to the barn.

Joy studies hard in order to get high grades.

If this is to end in fire, then we should all burn together.

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

S IV (Subject Intransitive Verb)

He left. S IV

They cheered loudly. S IV

S-TV-DO (Subject-Transitive Verb- Direct Object)

Joy passed the examination. S TV DO

I bought a new car. STV DO

S-TV-IO-DO (Subject-Transitive Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object)

My boyfriend gave me a bouquet of flowers. S TV IO DO

The professor gave his students high grades. S TV IO DO

S-TV-DO-OC (Subject-Transitive Verb-Direct Object-Objective Complement)

I consider the doctor a generous man. S TV DO OC

Joy made her mom happy because of the gift. S TV DOOC

S-LV-C (Subject-Linking Verb-Complement)

The teacher is intelligent. S LV C

My father is a lawyer. S LV C