EN - Welcome to Archive of European Integration - Archive...

EN EN

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 10.10.2007 SEC(2007) 12

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

EU ENERGY POLICY DATA

(accompanying the following documents)

COM(2006) 841 final SEC(2006) 1709

COM(2006) 843 final SEC(2006) 1722

SEC(2006) 1723

COM(2006) 844 final SEC(2006) 1717

SEC(2006) 1718

COM(2006) 845 final SEC(2006) 1721

COM(2006) 846 final SEC(2006) 1715

COM(2006) 847 final - - -

COM(2006) 848 final SEC(2006) 1719

SEC(2006) 1720

COM(2006) 849 final - - -

COM(2007) 1 final - - -

EN 2 EN

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

EU ENERGY POLICY DATA

Table of Contents:

1. Chapter 1: Global Energy Trends ................................................................................ 3

2. Chapter 2: The Current EU Energy Position................................................................ 7

3. Chapter 3: The Competitive Edge – Development of Energy Prices......................... 20

4. Chapter 4: Snapshot of Renewable Energy Sources .................................................. 25

5. Chapter 5: The Challenge of Climate Change ........................................................... 31

6. Chapter 6: Comparison of Main Energy Sources ...................................................... 38

7. Chapter 7: EU-27 and Member States Energy Factsheets ......................................... 44

In order to ensure comparability figures rely mostly on IEA and Eurostat and are based

on 2006 data for the new EU-27. The reference year used is 2004.

Sources:

European Commission

EUROSTAT

DG TREN

DG ENVIRONMENT

European Environmental Agency

EURATOM

European Energy and Transport: Trends to 2030 – Update 2005, DG TREN, 2006

International Energy Agency

World Energy Outlook 2006, OECD IEA, 2006

Electricity Annual Report 2005, OECD IEA, 2005

Coal Annual Report 2006, OECD IEA, 2006

Energy Prices and Taxes, 3Q2006, OECD IEA, 2006

Other sources

OMV, 2003

EN 3 EN

1. CHAPTER 1: GLOBAL ENERGY TRENDS

List of Figures:

1.1. World Primary Energy Demand 1980-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario)...................... 4

1.2. World Energy Demand 2005-2030 by Region (IEA Reference Scenario) .................. 4

1.3. World Incremental Electricity Generation by Fuel (IEA Reference Scenario) ........... 5

1.4. Cumulative Energy Investment in Energy Supply Infrastructure 2005-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario) ..................................................................................................... 5

1.5. Comparative Analysis of Energy Indicators of Major Global Energy Players (2004) 6

EN 4 EN

1.1. World Primary Energy Demand 1980-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

1980 2004 2010 2015 2030Mtoe

Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass and Waste Other RES

Source: WEO 2006, OECD/IEA 2006

1.2. World Energy Demand 2005-2030 by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

EN 5 EN

1.3. World Incremental Electricity Generation by Fuel (IEA Reference Scenario)


1.4. Cumulative Energy Investment in Energy Supply Infrastructure 2005-2030

(IEA Reference Scenario)


EN 6 EN

1.5. Comparative Analysis of Energy Indicators of Major Global Energy Players (2004)

Main Energy Indicators Brazil China India Japan Russia USA World EU-27

Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) [2004, Mtoe] 204.85 1 609.35 572.85 533.2 641.53 2 325.89 11 223.3 1 814.77

TPES/POP [toe/capita] 1.11 1.24 0.53 4.18 4.46 7.91 1.77 3.78

TPES/GDP [toe/000 2000$] 0.31 0.94 0.99 0.11 1.95 0.22 0.32 0.2

TPES/GDP (PPP) [toe/000 2000$ PPP] 0.15 0.23 0.18 0.16 0.49 0.22 0.21 0.16

CO2/TPES [tCO2/toe] 1.58 2.94 1.93 2.28 2.38 2.49 2.37 2.27

CO2/GDP [kgCO2/2000$] 0.49 2.76 1.9 0.25 4.65 0.54 0.76 0.46

CO2/GDP (PPP) [kgCO2/2000$ PPP] 0.23 0.67 0.35 0.35 1.17 0.54 0.51 0.36

Total Primary Energy Supply - Mix [2004, share in %]

oil 42.3% 19.3% 22.2% 47.8% 20.4% 40.7% 35.2% 36.8%

gas 7.7% 2.6% 4.1% 13.2% 54.0% 22.1% 20.6% 24%

coal/solid fuels 6.9% 61.7% 34.1% 21.8% 16.2% 23.4% 24.7% 16.2%

nuclear 1.5% 0.8% 0.8% 13.8% 5.9% 9.1% 6.4% 14.4%

hydro 13.5% 1.9% 1.3% 1.5% 2.4% 1.0% 2.2% 1.54%

combined renewable + waste 26.5% 13.7% 37.4% 1.2% 1.1% 3.0% 10.5% 4.51%

geothermal/solar/wind 0.0% 0.1% 0.7% 0.1% 0.5% 0.5% 0.66%

Total Final Consumption [2004, Mtoe] 172.2 1038.4 403.3 354.3 425.2 1 600.8 7 644.4 1 177.10

Intensity of total R&D [2003, % of GDP] (1) 3.12% 2.59% 1.97%

Net Imports [Mtoe] 31.33 90.37 105.8 440.75 -511.01 714.51 4 352.7 934.51

Net Imports/TPES [%] 15.29% 5.62% 18.47% 82.66% -79.65% 30.72% 38.8% 50%

(1) Including industry and public research. Data for EU refer to EU-25 (Source: DG RTD)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, IEA

EN 7 EN

2. CHAPTER 2: THE CURRENT EU ENERGY POSITION

List of Figures:

2.1. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (2004): about 1 800 Mtoe................................. 8

2.2. EU-27 Electricity Mix (2004) ...................................................................................... 8

2.3. EU-27 Energy Intensity................................................................................................ 9

2.4. EU-27 Import Dependency 2004 (%) ........................................................................ 10

2.5. EU-27 Energy Mix with Renewable Energy Sources (2004) .................................... 11

2.6. EU-27 Origin of Natural Gas (2004) ......................................................................... 11

2.7. EU-27 Origin of Oil (2004)........................................................................................ 12

2.8. EU-27 Origin of Hard Coal (2004) ............................................................................ 12

2.9. EU-27 Net Imports of Fossil Fuels (Baseline Scenario)............................................ 13

2.10. EU-27 Development of Import Dependence up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario) ........... 13

2.11. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (Baseline Scenario) ........................................ 14

2.12. Origin of Enriched Uranium to EU-25 (2005)........................................................... 14

2.13. EU-25 Origins of natural uranium 2005 .................................................................... 15

2.14. EU-27 Overview of Operational and Shutdown Nuclear Power Plants .................... 15

2.15. Anticipated effects on Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Plants 2005-2050 .................. 16

2.16. Nuclear Share in Power Generation in the Member States........................................ 16

2.17. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investment Needs up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario)......... 17

2.18. EU-27 Cumulative Investments in Energy by Electricity Supply Infrastructure (2005-2030) .......................................................................................................................... 18

2.19. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investments (2005-2030): €1 800 billion....................... 18

2.20. EU-27 Cumulative Electricity Investments (2005-2030): €900 billion..................... 19

EN 8 EN

2.1. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (2004): about 1 800 Mtoe

Solid fuels

18%

Oil

38%

Gas

24%

Nuclear

14%

Renewables

6%

Other

0%

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

2.2. EU-27 Electricity Mix (2004)

Coal

30%

Oil

4%

Gas

20%

Nuclear

31%

Renewables (*)

14%

Other

1%

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat, *Renewables:

EN

9

EN

2.3.

EU-27 Energy Intensity

Energy Intensity 2002-2004

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

EU-2

7EU

-25

EU-1

5EU

-10

EU-1

2 Den

mar

k Aust

riaIre

land G

erm

any Fr

ance

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

UK Be

lgiu

m

Net

herla

nds Sw

edenSp

ain Po

rtuga

l Gre

ece C

ypru

s Finl

and

Mal

ta Slov

enia H

unga

ryPo

land

Latv

ia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic Slov

akia Li

thua

nia Es

toni

a Bulg

aria R

oman

ia

[toe/1000EUR]

2002

2003

2004

Sourc

e: E

uro

stat

EN 10 EN

2.4. EU-27 Import Dependency 2004 (%)

50.1

78.9

48.0

25.3

-47.9

61.3

28.5

72.777.4

50.5

86.5 84.5

63.5

48.0

98.2

60.8

100.0

30.7

70.8

14.7

83.6

30.3

52.1

67.6

54.4

36.5

5.2

94.6

EU27 BE

BG CZ

DK DE EE EL ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU

MT NL

AT

PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

Source: Eurostat

EN 11 EN

2.5. EU-27 Energy Mix with Renewable Energy Sources (2004)

Other

0.1%

Solid fuels

18.2% Gas

24.0%

Nuclear

14.4%

Oil

36.8%

Renewables

6.4%

Solar

0.04%

Hydro

1.5%

Wind

0.3%

Biomass and waste

4.2%

Geothermal

0.3%


2.6. EU-27 Origin of Natural Gas (2004)

EU own

production total

37%

Russian

Federation

29%

Qatar

1%

Algeria

13%

Nigeria

1%

Others

2%

Norway

17%


EN 12 EN

2.7. EU-27 Origin of Oil (2004)

Russia

26%

Saudi Arabia

9%

Libya

8%

Iran

5%

Kazakhstan

3%

Nigeria

3%

Algeria

3%

Norway

13%

EU own

production total

18%

Others

10%

Iraq

2%


2.8. EU-27 Origin of Hard Coal (2004)

EU own

production total

54%

Colombia

6%

Indonesia

3%

USA

4%

Others

5%

South Africa

13%

Russia

8%

Australia

7%


EN 13 EN

2.9. EU-27 Net Imports of Fossil Fuels (Baseline Scenario)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

solid fuels

natural gas

oil

Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES

2.10. EU-27 Development of Import Dependence up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(%)

Total Oil Natural Gas Solids

2000 2010 2020 2030


(Mbtu)

EN 14 EN

2.11. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (Baseline Scenario)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Mtoe

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Renewables Nuclear Natural Gas Oil Solids


2.12. Origin of Enriched Uranium to EU-25 (2005)

EU 71%

United States

2%

Russia 27%

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Euratom Supply Agency

EN 15 EN

2.13. EU-25 Origins of natural uranium 2005

Unites States

5%

Other +

undetermined

3%

EU

2%

Canada

25%

Niger

12%

Australia

16%

Uzbekistan

3%

Kazakhstan

3%

HEU feed

7%

Re-enriched tails

2%

Russia

17%South Africa +

Namibia

5%

Source: European Commission DG TREN, AAE

2.14. EU-27 Overview of Operational and Shutdown Nuclear Power Plants

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Age (at 1/11/06 or at SD)

Nr 152 operational NPP

(-3 from 31/12/06)

operational and to shutdown before

2025 in a 40y lifetime scenario

2 Under Construction (FI, RO)

67 actually Shutdown NPP

(+3 from 31/12/06)

Source TREN, PRIS

Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIS

EN 16 EN

2.15. Anticipated effects on Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Plants 2005-2050

Note: Option 0: No policy Change, Option 1: Removal of Barriers to Sustainable Coal Technologies, Option 2: Pro-active Introduction of Incentives for the Penetration of Sustainable Coal Technologies

Source: European Commission DG TREN

2.16. Nuclear Share in Power Generation in the Member States

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

FR DE SU UK ES BE CZ FI BG SK LT HU RO SI NLMS

Production, TWh

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Share, %

Source Eurostat

The asterisks indicate to whether a nuclear plant is being constructed in that country or whether a project for a new plant is already in preparation or finally a decision on new build may be possible in future. (1) * 1 Unit under construction (3) *** Project(s) under decision (2) ** Project(s) in preparation

EN 17 EN

2.17. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investment Needs up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario)

Investment (billion EUR)………Share

Oil (development, exploration, refining) 90 5.1%

Gas (exploration and development, distribution) 221 12.3%

Coal (mining, shipping) 24 1.3%

Renewables (heating and biofuels) 78 4.4%

Electricity: total investment 1 377 76.9%

Total 897 50%

Gas 148 8.3%

Oil 19 1%

Coal 261 14.6%

RES 327 18.3%

Of which:

Generation

Nuclear 141 7.9%

Of which: Transmission 116 6.5%

Of which: Distribution 364 20.3%

Total Energy Investment 1 790 100%


EN 18 EN

2.18. EU-27 Cumulative Investments in Energy by Electricity Supply Infrastructure

(2005-2030)

Coal

1%

Gas

12%

Oil

5%

Electricity

77%

Distribution

27%

Transmission

8%

Generation

65%

RES-H,T

5%


2.19. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investments (2005-2030): €1 800 billion

5%

12%

1% 5%

77 %

Power Sector

Oil

Gas

Coal

RES-H,T


EN 19 EN

2.20. EU-27 Cumulative Electricity Investments (2005-2030): €900 billion

2%

29%36%

16%17%

Gas

Oil

Coal

RES

Nuclear


EN 20 EN

3. CHAPTER 3: THE COMPETITIVE EDGE – DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY PRICES

List of Figures:

3.1. Average Crude Oil and Natural Gas Import Prices.................................................... 21

3.2. Coal Import Prices...................................................................................................... 21

3.3. EU, US and Japan LNG and EU Pipeline Import Prices ........................................... 22

3.4. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Market Volume........................................................ 22

3.5. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Price Development .................................................. 23

3.6. EU-15 Average Electricity and Gas Retail Prices 1997-2006 ................................... 23

3.7. EU-15 Electricity Price Summary 1997-2006 ........................................................... 24

3.8. EU-15 Gas Price Summary 1997-2006...................................................................... 24

EN 21 EN

3.1. Average Crude Oil and Natural Gas Import Prices


3.2. Coal Import Prices

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

US Dollars / Tonne

OECD US Japan

Source: Electricity Prices and Taxes 3Q2006, OECD/IEA 2006

EN 22 EN

3.3. EU, US and Japan LNG and EU Pipeline Import Prices

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jan-01 Jul-01 Jan-02 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jul-06

US Dollars/MBtu

EU LNG US LNG Japan LNG

Algeria-Spain pipeline Norway-UK pipeline Russia pipeline

Source: Electricity Prices and Taxes 3Q2006, OECD/IEA 2006

3.4. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Market Volume

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jan

-05

Feb

-05

Mar

-05

Apr

-05

May

-05

Jun

-05

Jul

-05

Aug

-05

Sep

-05

Oct

-05

Nov

-05

Dec

-05

Jan

-06

Feb

-06

Mar

-06

Apr

-06

May

-06

Jun

-06

Jul

-06

Aug

-06

Sep

-06

Oct

-06

Nov

-06

Volume traded (mt)

Source: European Commission DG ENV, Point Carbon

EN 23 EN

3.5. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Price Development

€ 6

€ 10

€ 14

€ 18

€ 22

€ 26

€ 30

Dec-04 Feb-05 Apr-05 Jun-05 Aug-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Feb-06 Apr-06 Jun-06 Aug-06 Oct-06

………… price for allowances for use in the ETS period 2005 to 2007 ………… price for allowances for use in 2008 to 2012, for which active trading started later

Source: European Commission, DG ENV, Point Carbon

3.6. EU-15 Average Electricity and Gas Retail Prices 1997-2006

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1997=100

Electricity Gas Coal Crude oil

Weighted average of large industrial, industrial, commercial and household prices (at 1995 price levels and not

including taxes).

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Internal Market Report

EN 24 EN

3.7. EU-15 Electricity Price Summary 1997-2006

1997 = 100, constant prices July 1997 July 2000 July 2005 July 2006

Average (all consumers) 100 86 89 98

Very large 100 83 96 121

Medium industrial 100 82 94 107

Small commercial and households

100 88 86 91

Source: Eurostat

3.8. EU-15 Gas Price Summary 1997-2006

1997 = 100, constant prices July 1997 July 2000 July 2005 July 2006

Average (all consumers)

100 92 120 153

Very large industrial users

100 98 133 201

Large industrial users

100 93 135 186

Medium industrial users

100 95 138 206

Small commercial and households

100 91 114 146

Source: Eurostat

EN 25 EN

4. CHAPTER 4: SNAPSHOT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

List of Figures:

4.1. Development of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) per Sector ............ 26

4.2. Contribution of Renewable Energy (Electricity, Transport and Heat) 1990-2004 .... 26

4.3. Non-hydro Renewable Electricity Generation in EU-25 (1990-2005) ...................... 27

4.4. Renewables Growth: Electricity Projections up to 2020 ........................................... 27

4.5. Renewables Growth: Heating and Cooling Projections up to 2020........................... 28

4.6. CO2 Emissions Avoided due to New RES Deployment up to 2020 in EU-25 .......... 28

4.7. Development of the Biofuels Share in EU Member States........................................ 29

4.8. Biomass Share of Heating in Member States............................................................. 30

4.9. Geothermal Share of Heating in Member States........................................................ 30

4.10. Solar Share of Heating in Member States .................................................................. 30

EN 26 EN

4.1..... Development of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) per Sector

0

50

100

150

200

Electricity Biofuels Heating

(%)

1995-1999 2000-2004


4.1. Contribution of Renewable Energy (Electricity, Transport and Heat) 1990-2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

(Mtoe)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

(Mtoe)

RES-H RES-E

RES-E (ex hydro, righthand scale) RES-T (righthand scale)

Source: European Commission, DG TREN

EN 27 EN

4.2. Non-hydro Renewable Electricity Generation in EU-25 (1990-2005)

0

30

60

90

120

150

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Electricity generation [TWh/year] _

Wind off-shore

Wind on-shore

Photovoltaics

Geothermal electricity

Biowaste

Solid biomass

Biogas

Source: European Commission, Renewables Roadmap

4.3. Renewables Growth: Electricity Projections up to 2020

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

RES-E - energy output [TWh/year] Wind offshore

Wind onshore

Tide & wave

Solar thermal electricity

Photovoltaics

Hydro large-scale

Hydro small-scale

Geothermal electricity

Biowaste

Solid biomass

Biogas

Historical development Future development


EN 28 EN

4.4. Renewables Growth: Heating and Cooling Projections up to 2020

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1401997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

RES-H - energy output [Mtoe/year]

Solar thermalheat

Geothermal -heat pumps

Geothermal -non heat pumps

Biomass heat

Historical development Future development


4.5. CO2 Emissions Avoided due to New RES Deployment up to 2020 in

EU-25

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Avoided CO2 emissions

(due to new RES plant

(2005 to 2020))

[Mt CO2]

RES-T

RES-H - non grid

RES-H - district heat

RES-E&H - CHP

RES-E - pure power


EN 29 EN

4.6. Development of the Biofuels Share in EU Member States

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Aus

tria

BelgiumCyp

rus

Czech

Rep

ublic

Den

mark

Eston

iaFinlan

dFran

ceGerman

yGreec

eHun

gary

Irelan

d

ItalyLa

tvia

Lithua

nia

Luxe

mbo

urg

Malta

The Nethe

rlan

dsPolan

dPortuga

lSlova

kia

Slove

nia

Spa

inSwed

en UK

% Biofuel share 2003 Biofuel share 2004 Biofuel share 2005

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Biofuels Progress Reports provided by Member States

EN 30 EN

4.7. Biomass Share of Heating in Member States

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

SE FI LT LA EE PT AT SI DK FR GR ES IT PL DE HU IR CZ BE SK UK NL LU CY MT

Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN

4.8. Geothermal Share of Heating in Member States

0,0%

0,5%

1,0%

1,5%

SI HU SK LT IT FR SE GR AT PL CZ DK BE PT


4.9. Solar Share of Heating in Member States

0,0%

1,0%

2,0%

3,0%

4,0%

CY MT GR AT DE DK SI PT ES SE NL IT FR LU SK HU CZ


EN 31 EN

5. CHAPTER 5: THE CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

List of Figures:

5.1. World Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Sector (IEA Reference Scenario)............. 32

5.2. Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)....................... 32

5.3. EU-27 Energy- related CO2 Emissions on Current Trends........................................ 33

5.4. EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Fuel Combustion by Sector...... 34

5.5. EU-25 Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita (1990-2004)...................................... 35

5.6. Summary of Planned Measures and Progress towards Targets (by Country)............ 36

5.7. EU-25 Key Figures on the Emission Trading Scheme 2005-2007............................ 37

EN 32 EN

5.1. World Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Sector (IEA Reference Scenario)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1990 2004 2010 2015 2030

billion t

Total

Power

Generation

Transport

Industry

Residential

and services

Other


5.2. Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)


EN 33 EN

5.3. EU-27 Energy- related CO2 Emissions on Current Trends

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

households /services / other

industry

transport

electricity / heat /other energysupply

Mt CO2


EN 34 EN

5.4. EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Fuel Combustion by Sector

Source: Eurostat

EN 35 EN

5.5. EU-25 Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita (1990-2004)

1990

2004

Source: EEA Report No 9/2006

EN 36 EN

5.6. Summary of Planned Measures and Progress towards Targets (by Country)


EN 37 EN

5.7. EU-25 Key Figures on the Emission Trading Scheme 2005-2007


EN 38 EN

6. CHAPTER 6: COMPARISON OF MAIN ENERGY SOURCES

List of Figures:

6.1. Energy Sources for Electricity Generation ................................................................ 39

6.2. Energy Sources for Heating ....................................................................................... 42

6.3. Fuels for Road Transport ........................................................................................... 43

EN 39 EN

6.1. Energy Sources for Electricity Generation

2005 Cost (€ / MWh)

Projected

Cost 2030 (€ / MWh with

€20-30/t/CO2)

EU-27 Import

dependency (5) Energy

sources

Technology

considered for the

cost estimate Source IEA (1)

GHG

emissions (Kg

CO2eq/MWh) (4) 2005 2030

Efficiency (6) Fuel price

sensitivity

Proven

reserves

/

Annual

production (7)

Open cycle gas turbine 45 – 70 (2) 55 - 85 440 40% Very high

Natural gas CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine)

35 - 45 40 - 55 400

57% 84%

50% Very high

64 years

Oil Diesel engine 70 - 80 80 - 95 550 82% 93% 30% Very high 42 years

PF (Pulverised Fuel with flue gas desulphurisation)

30 - 40 45 - 60 800 40-45% medium

CFBC (Circulating fluidized bed combustion)

35 - 45 50 - 65 800 40-45% medium Coal

IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)

40 - 50 55 - 70 750

39% 59%

48% medium

155 years

Nuclear Light water reactor 40 - 45 40 - 45 15 Almost 100% for uranium ore

33% low Reasonable reserves: 85 years (8)

Biomass Biomass generation plant

25 - 85 25 - 75 30 30 - 60% medium

35 - 175 28 - 170 On shore

...35 – 110 (3) . 28 – 80 (3) 30 95-98%

50 - 170 50 - 150 Wind

Off shore ...60 – 150 (3) ...40 – 120 (3)

10 95-98%

Large 25 - 95 25 - 90 20 95-98% Hydro

Small (<10MW) 45 - 90 40 - 80 5 95-98%

Solar Photovoltaic 140 - 430 55 -260 100

nil

/

nil

R e n e w a b l e

EN 40 EN

Nota 1:

Costs are calculated at the boundary of the power plant (ex factory), without transmission and distribution costs.

Costs cover investments, operation & maintenance and fuel costs. Investment costs include construction cost, refurbishment costs and decommissioning cost. For nuclear fuel, costs include all the steps from mining to disposal of spent fuel.

Plants are operating on base load conditions with 2006 fuel prices (coal ~ 2€/GJ; gas ~ 4€/GJ; oil ~ 6€/GJ), no cogeneration and no carbon price included. 2030 costs with CCS include capture, transportation and storage.

Intermittent energy sources are without any additional costs for the stand-by generation (back up)

Sources for generation costs:

2005 costs: IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity - IEA, NEA 2005 (European projects only)

2030 costs: IEA: Energy Technology Perspectives - IEA 2006

With 10% discount rate and 1€ = $1.25

Regarding 2030 costs for fossil fuel based generation; additional costs for CO2 emissions have been calculated and added, on the basis of €20 and €30/tCO2, to the current generation costs.

With complementary data from

- The Energy Review Report 2006 – DTI (UK)

- The cost of generating electricity - Royal Academy of engineering 2004(UK)

- Study of reference costs for power generation – Industry Ministry; DGEMP 2004(FR)

For intermittent renewable energy sources, the main driving factor for costs calculations is the "capacity factor" (The capacity factor of a power plant is the amount of electricity that it produces over a period of time, divided by the amount of electricity it could have produced the time). The capacity factor varies widely from site to site, especially for wind power and solar power, explaining the wide range of generation costs.

EN 41 EN

Nota 2: For the open gas cycle turbine, cost figures are from the Royal academy of engineering

Nota 3: Green X Project

Nota 4: The total rate of GHG emission is the sum of the emission during operation (fuel combustion), upstream (construction, mining) and downstream (decommissioning, spent fuel) activities

Source for GHG emissions: Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation chains: Assessing the difference; IAEA bulletin 42/2/2000

Nota 5: Import dependency for fossil fuels relate to broad energy sources and not specific derived fuels; numbers are given for coal plus lignite, oil and natural gas rather than for e.g. diesel; import dependency 2005: preliminary statistics; 2030: baseline modelling results (European Energy and Transport Trends to 2030 – update 2005)

Nota 6: Efficiency is the ratio expressed in percent of energy output to the energy input (calorific value of fuel for thermal plants)

Nota 7: The [proven reserves / annual production] ratio represents the length of time that those proven reserves would last if the annual production were to continue at the same level

Sources: World Energy Outlook 2006 - AIE (oil, gas, coal)

Uranium 2005: Resources, Production and Demand – NEA (for uranium)

Nota 8: According to the IAE WEO 2006 "identified conventional uranium resources are sufficient for several decades of operation at current usage rates." The "Uranium 2005: resources, production and demand" published by the OECD mentions 85 years of 2004 world nuclear electricity generation with identified resources.

EN 42 EN

6.2. Energy Sources for Heating

EU-27 import

dependence Energy sources

EU-25 market

share by

energy source

Market price

(€/toe )

Lifecycle cost

(€/toe )

GHG emissions

(t CO2eq/toe ) 2005 2030

Heating gas oil 20% 525

(€0.45/l) 3.1 82% 93%

Natural gas 33% 230 – 340

(€20-30/MWh) 2.1 57% 84% Fossil fuels

Coal 1.8% 70

(€100/tce)

300-1300

4 39% 59%

Wood chips 280 545-1300 0.4 0 ?

Biomass

Pellets

5.7%

540 630-1300 0.4 0 ?

Electricity 31% 550 - 660

(€50-60/MWh) 550 - 660 0 to 12 <1% ?

Solar 0.2% / 680-2320 Very low 0 0

Geothermal 0.4% / 230-1450 Very low 0 0

Data from:

• EIE Project K4 RES-H

• Green X model

EN 43 EN

6.3. Energy Sources for Road Transport

Import dependence

Market price

(€/toe)

CO2 emissions

(t CO2/toe)1 2005 2030

Petrol and diesel 398-5822 3.6–3.7 82% 93%

Natural gas

230–340 (NB: requires a specially adapted vehicle

and a dedicated distribution system) 3.0 57% 84%

Domestic biofuel 609-742 1.9–2.4 0% 0%

Tropical bio-ethanol 327-540 0.4 100% 100%

Second-generation biofuel 898–1 109 0.3–0.9 / 15%

Source: JRC well-to-wheels report.

1 Figures given for biofuels are those for the cheapest production techniques 2 Assuming oil price of $48/barrel and $70/barrel respectively

EN 44 EN

7. CHAPTER 7: EU-27 AND MEMBER STATES ENERGY FACTSHEETS

Introduction:

Total primary energy supply – shows the share of energy sources in the energy mix. It is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the formula: primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes - exports - bunkers (i.e. quantities supplied to sea-going ships).

Total final consumption – (Mtoe) - is the energy finally consumed in the transport, industrial, commercial, agricultural, public and household sectors. It excludes deliveries to the energy conversion sector and to the energy industries themselves.

Electricity mix – shows the share of the various energy sources used for electricity generation.

Electricity generation – (TWh) – is the quantity of electricity consumed within the borders of a country.

Indigenous production - shows the share of energy sources extracted and used from domestic natural sources. The precise definition depends on the fuel involved.

Coal - quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation to remove inert matter. In general, production includes the quantities consumed by the producer during the production process (e.g. for heating or operation of equipment and auxiliaries) plus any quantities supplied to other on-site producers of energy for conversion or other uses.

Crude oil - quantities of fuels extracted or produced within national boundaries, including off-shore production. Production includes only marketable production and excludes any quantities returned to formation. Production includes all crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), condensates and oil from shale and tar sands, etc.

Natural gas - quantities of dry gas, measured after purification and extraction of natural gas liquids and sulphur. Production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities re-injected, vented and flared, and any extraction losses. Production includes all quantities used within the natural gas industry, in gas extraction, pipeline systems and processing plants.

Nuclear - quantities of heat produced in a reactor. Production is the actual heat produced or the heat calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and the thermal efficiency of the nuclear plant. All nuclear production is set as fully indigenous.

Renewables

Geothermal - quantities of heat extracted from geothermal fluids. Production is calculated on the basis of the difference between the enthalpy of the fluid produced in the production borehole and that of the fluid disposed of via the re-injection borehole.

Biomass/Waste - in the cases of municipal solid wastes (MSW), wood, wood wastes and other solid wastes, production is the heat produced after combustion and corresponds to the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of anaerobic digestion of wet wastes, production is the heat content (NCV) of the biogases produced. Production includes all quantities of gas consumed in the installation for the fermentation processes, and excludes all quantities of flared gases. In the case of biofuels, production is the heat content (NCV) of the fuel.

Hydro – electricity generated by hydro power plant includes small hydro. Tide, Wave, Ocean power plants are included as well, because Eurostat is using it in this way.

Wind - electricity generated by onshore and offshore wind power plants. Figures are set for the end of 2004, while there was a significant increase of new installed Wind Power Plants in 2005.

Net imports by fuels (Mtoe) – share of all energy sources imported, excluding all nuclear, which is set as indigenous by Eurostat. Net electricity imports are included.

Imports of crude oil – imported crude oil divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU.

Imports of natural gas - imported natural gas divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU.

Imports of hard coal - imported hard coal divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU.

Abbreviations

Mtoe – million tonnes of oil equivalent.

TWh – Terawatt hours.

Sources

All data are 2004 data from Eurostat, unless otherwise stated.

EN 45 EN

EU-27

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe)

Solid fuels

18%

Oil

38%

Gas

24%

Nuclear

14%

Renewables

6%

Other

0%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Industry Transport Households Commerce & other

ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh)

Coal

30%

Oil

4%

Gas

20%

Nuclear

31%

Renewables (*)

14%

Other

1%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renew ables (*) Other

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORT BY FUELS

Solid fuels

22%

Oil

15%

Gas

22%

Nuclear

28%

Renewables

12%

Other

1%

- 100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables

Mtoe

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL

Russian

Federation

33%

Norway

19%

Saudi Arabia

11%

Iraq

2%

Others

9%Kazakhstan

4%

Iran

6%

Libya

9%

Algeria

4%

Nigeria

3%

Norway

27%

Algeria

20%

Russian

Federation

46%

Others

7%

South Africa

29%

USA

8%

Others

10%

Indonesia

7%

Russian

Federation

17%

Australia

16%

Colombia

13%

EN 46 EN

AUSTRIA


Oil

42%Gas

23%

Renewables

21%

Other

2%Solid fuels

12%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh)

Gas

19%

Renewables (*)

62%

Oil

3%

Solid fuels

12%

Other

4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables (*) Other

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS

Solid fuels

1%Oil

11%

Gas

17%

Renewables

71%

Other

0%

- 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


Mtoe


Others

7%Algeria

3%

Libya

13%

Russian

Federation

16%

Nigeria

9%

Iran

3%

Saudi

Arabia

20%

Kazakhstan

22%

Imports

from EU

7%

Germany

4%Norway

14%

Russian

Federation

82%

Source: OMV,2003

Others

0%

Poland

51%

Czech

Republic

49%

EN 47 EN

BELGIUM


Gas

26%

Nuclear

22%

Oil

37%

Renewables

2%

Other

2%Solid fuels

11%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Gas

28%

Nuclear

55%

Solid fuels

11%

Other

2%Renewables (*)

2%

Oil

2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renew ables (*) Other INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS

Nuclear

93%

Renewables

7%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Mtoe


Norway

9%

Saudi Arabia

16%

Russian

Federation

40%

Iran

13%

Venezuela

3% United

Kingdom

9%

Denmark

6%

Netherlands

42%

United

Kingdom

2%

Norway

37%

Russian

Federation

2%

Algeria

17%

South Africa

31%

Australia

27%

United

States

17%

Poland

4%

Russian

Federation

13%

Canada

4%

Others

4%

EN 48 EN

BULGARIA


Gas

13%

Solid fuels

36%

Other

2%

Oil

22%

Nuclear

22%

Renew ables

5%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003


Gas

4%

Renewables (*)

8%

Nuclear

40%

Oil

2%

Solid Fuels

46%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Solid Fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renew ables (*) Other


Gas

3%

Renewables

10%

Oil

0%

Solid fuels

44%

Nuclear

43%

- 1

0

1

2

3

4

5


Mtoe


United Arab

Emirates

1%Kazakhstan

10%

Russian

Federation

89%

Russian

Federation

100%

Canada

6%

Russian

Federation

36%CIS (except

Russia)

46%

Australia

3%

United

States

9%

EN 49 EN

CYPRUS


Oil

94%

Solid fuels

2%Renewables

4%

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables (*)

0,03%

Oil

99,97%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renew ables (*) Other


Renewables

100%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

31%

Syrian Arab

Republic

58%

CIS (Except

Russia)

11%

No imports

UK

64%

Australia

23%

Other

13%

EN 50 EN

CZECH REPUBLIC


Gas

17%

Nuclear

15%

Renewables

3%

Oil

21%

Other

1%

Solid fuels

43%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Gas

6%

Nuclear

31%

Renewables (*)

3%

Solid fuels

59%

Other

1%

Oil

0,4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Solid fuels

72%

Oil

1%

Gas

1%

Nuclear

21%

Renewables

5%

Other

0%

- 4

- 2

0

2

4

6

8

10


Mtoe


Azerbaijan

17%

Russian

Federation

69%

Kazakhstan

4%

Syria

4%Algeria

3%

Libya

3%

Russian

Federation

74%

Norway

26%

Poland

93%

Russian

Federation

6%

Other

1%

EN 51 EN

DENMARK


Gas

23%

Renewables

14%

Oil

41%

Solid fuels

21%

Other

1%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Gas

25%

Renewables (*)

25%

Solid fuels

46%

Oil

4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables (*) Other INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS

Oil

63%

Gas

28%

Renewables

9%

- 12

- 10

- 8

- 6

- 4

- 2

0

2

4

6


Mtoe


Norway

100%

No imports

Russian

Federation

27%

South Africa

24%Colombia

19%

United

States

2%

Norway

4%

Poland

14%

Australia

6%

China (incl

Hong Kong)

4%

EN 52 EN

ESTONIA


Oil

18%

Gas

13%

Renewables

10%

Other

3%

Solid fuels

56%

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Gas

6,6%

Renewables (*)

0,2%

Oil

0,3%

Solid fuels

92,5%

Other

0,3%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables (*) Other INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS

Solid fuels

75%

Renewables

17%

Oil

8%

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0


Mtoe


No imports

Russian

Federation

100%

No imports

EN 53 EN

FINLAND


Oil

28%

Nuclear

16%

Renewables

24%

Gas

10%

Other

2% Solid fuels

20%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

1%

Nuclear

26%

Renewables (*)

30%

Solid fuels

27%

Other

1%

Gas

15%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables

57%

Solid fuels

5%

Nuclear

38%

Other

0%

- 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Mtoe


Kazakhstan

4%

Russian

Federation

77%

Norway

5%

United

Kingdom

1%

Denmark

13%

Russian

Federation

100%

Russian

Federation

67%

Poland

20%

United

States

5%

Other

1%

Australia

4%Canada

3%

EN 54 EN

FRANCE


Other

2%Renewables

6%

Gas

14%

Solid fuels

5%

Oil

33%

Nuclear

40%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Nuclear

77%

Oil

1%

Solid fuels

5%

Gas

4%

Renewables (*)

12%

Other

1%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Nuclear

85%

Oil

1%Solid fuels

0%

Gas

1%

Renewables

13%

- 20

0

20

40

60

80

100


Mtoe


Angola

3%

Nigeria

3%Others

9%

Algeria

7%

Iran

8%United

Kingdom

10%

Kazakhstan

7%

Libya

5%

Saudi Arabia

15%

Russian

Federation

15%

Norway

18%

Netherlands

20%

Norway

27%

Russian

Federation

21%

Algeria

12%

Others

20%

Others

12%

Poland

7%

United

States

11%

Russian

Federation

4%

Colombia

15%

South Africa

20%

Australia

31%

EN 55 EN

GERMANY


Oil

36%

Gas

23%

Nuclear

12%

Renewables

4% Other

0%

Solid fuels

25%

0

50

100

150

200

250

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Oil

2%

Gas

12%

Nuclear

28%

Renewables (*)

10%

Solid fuels

47%

Other

1%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

3%Gas

11%

Nuclear

32%

Renewables

10%

Solid fuels

44%

Other

0%

- 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

33%

Norway

19%

United

Kingdom

12%

Others

9%

Saudi Arabia

4%

Libya

12%

Kazakhstan

7%

Syria

4%

Russian

Federation

45%

Norway

32%

Netherlands

23%

South Africa

28%

Poland

22%

Russian

Federation

17%

China

6%

Australia

12%

Colombia

11%

Others

4%

EN 56 EN

GREECE


Oil

57%

Renewables

5%Gas

7%Solid fuels

30%

Other

1%

0

5

10

15

20

25

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

14%

Other

1%

Solid fuels

60%

Gas

15%

Renewables (*)

10%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Solid fuels

86%

Renewables

13%

Oil

1%

Gas

0%

0

5

10

15

20

25


Mtoe


Iran

32%

Saudi Arabia

31%

Russian

Federation

29%

Libya

6%

Other

2%

Russian

Federation

82%

Algeria

18%

Russian

Federation

67%

China

17%

Norway

8%

Indonesia

8%

EN 57 EN

HUNGARY


Gas

44%

Nuclear

12%

Renewables

4%

Oil

25%

Other

2%

Solid fuels

13%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Gas

36%

Nuclear

35%

Renewables (*)

3%

Solid fuels

24%

Other

0%

Oil

2%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Solid fuels

21%

Oil

16%

Gas

23%

Nuclear

31%

Renewables

9%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

98%

Other

2%

Russian

Federation

81%

CIS (except

Russia)

9%

France

4%

Germany

6%

Australia

7%

Czech

Republic

23%

Poland

26%

Russian

Federation

41%

Other

3%

EN 58 EN

IRELAND


Oil

59%

Gas

23%

Renewables

2%

Other

1%

Solid fuels

15%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

13%

Gas

51%

Solid fuels

30%

Other

1%

Renewables (*)

5%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Gas

36%

Renewables

17%

Solid fuels

47%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


Mtoe


United

Kingdom

30%

Norway

67%

Libya

3%

United

Kingdom

100%

Colombia

43%

Australia

44%

Poland

10%

Others

3%

EN 59 EN

ITALY


Oil

40%

Gas

40%

Renewables

6%

Solid fuels

8%Other

6%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

19%

Renewables (*)

18%

Gas

45%

Other

3% Solid fuels

15%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Oil

20%

Gas

38%

Renewables

42%

Other

0%Solid fuels

0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Mtoe


Egypt

3% Other

8%

Norway

4%

Algeria

5%

Iran

11%

Iraq

4%

Syria

3%

Saudi Arabia

14%

Russian

Federation

23%

Libya

25%

Algeria

39%

Russian

Federation

37%

Libya

1%

Norway

8%

United

Kingdom

2%

Netherlands

13%

South Africa

24%

Indonesia

24%

Australia

12%

Russian

Federation

8%

Colombia

12%

United

States

9%

Others

11%

EN 60 EN

LATVIA


Oil

30%

Renewables

36%

Gas

29%

Other

4%

Solid fuels

1%

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables (*)

68%

Oil

1%

Gas

31%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables

100%

Solid fuels

0%

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

100%

Russia

99%

Estonia

1%

EN 61 EN

LITHUANIA


Oil

25%

Gas

23%

Nuclear

37%

Renewables

7%

Other

6%

Solid fuels

2%

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

2% Gas

14%

Nuclear

78%

Other

5%Renewables (*)

1%

0

5

10

15

20

25

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables

15%

Nuclear

78%

Oil

7%

Other

0%

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

94%

CIS (except

Russia)

6%

Russian

Federation

100%

Russia

97%

Poland

2%

Ukraine

1%

EN 62 EN

LUXEMBOURG


Oil

64%

Gas

26%

Renewables

2%

Other

6%Solid fuels

2%

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

3,50

4,00

4,50

5,00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Gas

76%

Other

18%

Renewables (*)

6%

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

3,50

4,00

4,50

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables

100%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5


Mtoe


No crude import Member State declares imports of natural gas only as a total non

broken down by country of origin (Eurostat)

South Africa

49%

Belgium

22%

France

13%

Netherlands

11%

Germany

5%

EN 63 EN

MALTA


Oil

100%

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

99,96%

Renew ables (*)

0,04%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renew ables (*) Other


Renew ables

100%

0%

0%

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0


Mtoe


No Crude Import No imports No imports

EN 64 EN

NETHERLANDS


Gas

45%

Nuclear

1%

Renewables

3%

Oil

38%

Other

2%Solid fuels

11%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Gas

63%

Solid fuels

23%

Oil

3%

Renewables (*)

7%Nuclear

4%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Gas

92%

Renewables

3%Nuclear

1%

Oil

4%

Other

0%

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

10

20

30

40

50


Mtoe


Others

5%

Algeria

4%

Norway

15%

Saudi Arabia

22%

Kuwait

8%

Iran

4%

Russian

Federation

28%

United

Kingdom

10%

Belgium

4%

Belgium

7%

Germany

41%

United

Kingdom

15%

Norway

37%

South Africa

37%

Colombia

20%

United

States

8%

Others

8%

Australia

6%

Indonesia

8%

Canada

7%

Russian

Federation

6%

EN 65 EN

POLAND


Solid fuels

58%

Other

0%

Oil

24%

Renewables

5%

Gas

13%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Solid fuels

92%

Gas

3%

Renewables (*)

2%

Oil

2%

Other

1%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Solid fuels

88%

Gas

5%

Renewables

6%

Oil

1%

Other

0%

- 20

- 15

- 10

- 5

0

5

10

15

20

25


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

96%

Other

4%

Germany

4% Norway

5%

Russian

Federation

63%

CIS (except

Russia)

28%

Czech

Republic

27%

Russian

Federation

63%

CIS

(excluding

Russia)

8%

Colombia

1%Other

1%

EN 66 EN

PORTUGAL


Oil

57%

Gas

13%

Renew ables

15%

Other

2%Solid fuels

13%

0

5

10

15

20

25

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

13%Gas

26%

Renew ables (*)

28%

Solid fuels

32%

Other

1%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables

100%

Solid fuels

0%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Mtoe


Nigeria

19%

Algeria

16%

Saudi

Arabia

14%

Norway

5%

Russian

Federation

7%

Libya

11%

Brazil

9%

Mexico

6%

Iraq

4%Iran

4%

United

Kingdom

5%

Algeria

63%

Nigeria

37%

Colombia

54%

South Africa

26%

United

States

9%

Australia

2%Norway

6%

Indonesia

3%

EN 67 EN

ROMANIA


Gas

35%

Renew ables

12%

Oil

26%

Other

0%

Solid fuels

23% Nuclear

4%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables (*)

29%

Gas

19%

Nuclear

10%

Solid fuels

37%

Other

1%

Oil

4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Gas

37%

Renew ables

16%

Nuclear

5%

Solid fuels

22%

Other

0%

Oil

20%

- 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Mtoe


Other

9%

Kazakhstan

27%

Ukraine

2%

Russian

Federation

62%

Russian

Federation

100%

Russia

60%

Ukraine

8%

Kazakstan

19%

USA

9%

Other

4%

EN 68 EN

SLOVAKIA


Nuclear

24%

Oil

20%

Solid fuels

24%

Other

1%

Gas

29%

Renewables

2%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Nuclear

56%

Renewables (*)

13%

Gas

9%

Other

1% Solid fuels

19%

Oil

2%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Nuclear

76%

Renewables

7%

Gas

2%

Other

0%Solid fuels

14%

Oil

1%

- 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Mtoe


Russian

Federation

99%

Others

1%

Russian

Federation

100%

Czech

Republic

38%

Poland

23%

United

States

1%

Russian

Federation

28%

CIS (except

Russia)

10%

EN 69 EN

SLOVENIA


Oil

36%

Gas

12%

Nuclear

19%

Renew ables

11%

Other

1%

Solid fuels

21%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Nuclear

35.75%

Renew ables (*)

27.60%

Oil

0.28%

Gas

2.34%

Solid fuels

33.99%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Gas

0%Nuclear

41%

Renewables

24%

Oil

0%

Solid fuels

35%

Other

0%

- 1

0

1

1

2

2

3

3


Mtoe


No crude imports

Russian

Federation

60%

Algeria

40%

Poland

5%Russia

2% Czech

Republic

1%

Indonesia

82%

Other

10%

EN 70 EN

SPAIN


Oil

49%

Gas

18%

Nuclear

12%

Renewables

6%

Other

0%

Solid fuels

15%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Oil

9%

Gas

20%

Nuclear

23%

Renewables (*)

18%

Solid fuels

28%

Other

2%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Solid fuels

20%

Oil

1%

Renewables

28%

Nuclear

50%

Gas

1%

Other

0%

- 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Mtoe


Iran

6%

Other

11%

Iraq

9%

Saudi Arabia

12%

Libya

13%Nigeria

11%

Norway

6%

Mexico

14%

Russian

Federation

16%

Imports from

EU 2%

Norway

8%

Algeria

52%

Libya

2%

Oman

5%

Nigeria

18%

United Arab

Emirates

1%

Qatar

14%

South Africa

43%

Indonesia

14%

Russian

Federation

13%

Colombia

4%

Australia

13%

United

States

8%

Others

5%

EN 71 EN

SWEDEN


Gas

2%

Renew ables

26%

Solid fuels

6%

Other

0%

Nuclear

37%

Oil

29%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Renewables (*)

45.69%

Gas

1.03%

Oil

1.29%

Nuclear

51.07%

Solid fuels

0.67%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Renewables

41%

Solid fuels

1%

Nuclear

58%

- 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Mtoe


Iran

8%

Russian

Federation

26%

Norway

27%

Venezuela

4%

Other

0%

United

Kingdom

6%

Denmark

29%

Denmark

100%

Australia

47%

Russian

Federation

14%

United

States

13%

Others

5%

Poland

12%

Latvia

9%

EN 72 EN

UNITED KINGDOM


Gas

39%

Renew ables

1%Nuclear

9%

Oil

35%

Other

0%

Solid fuels

16%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


Gas

40%

Solid fuels

33%

Other

2%

Oil

1%

Nuclear

20%

Renew ables (*)

4%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004



Oil

43%Gas

39%

Renewables

2%Nuclear

9%

Solid fuels

7%Other

0%

- 15

- 10

- 5

0

5

10

15

20

25


Mtoe


Norway

73%

Russian

Federation

14%

Algeria

3%

Venezuela

2%Saudi Arabia

2%

Egypt

2%

Other

4%

Belgium

28%

Norway

72%

South Africa

28%

Russian

Federation

28%

Australia

17%

Others

4%Indonesia

4%

Colombia

10%

United

States

6%

Poland

3%

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