ESPAÑOL IIIEl 15 de diciembre de 2016 2016 Capítulo 3APretérito

Realidades-2Possessive adjectives and Possessive Pronouns

(NOTEBOOKS)

5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson.

In your NOTEBOOKS

To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS)Monday through Friday

JOURNAL (Notebook)Every school night 5-10 minutes!!!!!

SPANISH IIIREALIDADES 2 textbook

Remember work that was due-

Mini Lessons -5 minutes at least every school night in notebooks (JOURNALS)

La Lecci ón de hoy

OBJETIVO Capítulo 3A

Capítulo 3A1. Vocabulario de la ciudad- Lugares importantes

En la farmaciaRealidades 2 FONDO CULTURAL Página 137

Aquí tienes algunas palabras en inglés para artículos que podrás encontrar en la farmacia.

Artículos de aseo personalaftershave after shave

comb peine

conditioner acondicionador

dental floss hilo dental

deodorant desodorante

hairbrush cepillo

mouthwash enjuague bucal

nail file lima de uñas

nail scissors

tijeras para uñas

perfume perfume, colonia

razor maquinilla de afeitar

razorblade cuchilla de afeitar

sanitary towels

toallitas sanitarias

shaving brush

brocha de afeitar

shaving cream

crema para el afeitado

shaving espuma para el

foam afeitado

shaving gel gel para el afeitado

shampoo champú

shower gel gel de ducha

soap jabón

tampons tampones

toothbrush cepillo de dientes

toothpaste pasta de dientes

tweezers pinzas

Cosméticoscotton wool algodón

eyeliner lápiz de ojos

eyeshadow sombra de ojos

face powder maquillaje en polvos

foundation crema base

hair colouring o hair dye

tinte para el pelo

hair gel gomina, fijador para el pelo

hair spray laca

hair wax cera para el pelo

hand cream crema de manos

lip gloss brillo de labios

lipstick pintalabios

make-up maquillaje

mascara rímel

moisturising cream

crema hidratante

nail varnish esmalte de uñas

nail varnish remover

quitaesmalte de uñas

Productos médicosantiseptic antiséptico

aspirin aspirina

athlete's foot powder polvos para el pie de atleta

bandages vendas

cough mixture jarabe para la tos

diarrhoea tablets comprimidos contra la diarrea

emergency contraception (también conocida como the morning after pill)

anticonceptivo de emergencia (la píldora del día después)

eye drops gotas para los ojos

first aid kit maletín de primeros auxilios

hay fever tablets comprimidos contra la fiebre del heno

indigestion tablets pastillas para la digestión

laxatives laxante

lip balm o lip salve protector labial

medicine medicina

painkillers analgésico

paracetamol paracetamol

plasters esparadrapo

pregnancy testing kit prueba de

embarazo

prescription receta

sleeping tablets pastillas para dormir

thermometer termómetro

throat lozenges pastillas para el dolor de garganta

tissues pañuelos de papel

travel sickness tablets pastillas contra el mareo

vitamin pills pastillas de

vitaminas

Otros productosbaby foods comida para

bebé

baby wipes toallitas para bebés

contact lens solution

líquido par alas lentillas

disposable nappies

pañales desechables

hot water bottle

bolsa de agua caliente

safety pins imperdibles

sun cream crema solar

sun block filtro solar

Fondo Cultural

Buenos Aires Realidades 2 Página 128

WHAT IS BUENOS AIRES LIKE?Buenos Aires is the largest city in Argentina and is one of the most lively cities in the world. It has rightfully been called "the Paris of the South America" as it is reminiscent of many European cities while it still maintains its natural, latin culture and flair.

Buenos Aires lies in the Pampas (fertile plains), close to the coast, and is located on the edge of the great Río de la Plata. The Pampas are famous for the gauchos, or cowboys, who tend the land and raise cattle

and horses there. Because Buenos Aires is a port city, the locals are commonly known as Porteños.

Many of Argentina's inhabitants are descendants of Western European immigrants who traveled to Argentina in the mid 19th century. You will see the European influence in the architecture of the various suburbs of the city. La Boca's rainbow-colored houses and San Telmo's mixture of French and Italian styles are just a couple of examples.

Argentines are versatile and expressive and have a passion for discussing politics. In addition to the strong European influence, there are still a few indigenous communities, the largest being the Mapuche, Guaraní, Tobas, Kollas and Wichi. Over a third of Argentina's 34.3 million people reside in Gran

Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires city and its suburbs in Buenos Aires province).

The identity of Buenos Aires has been influenced by different waves of immigration, providing the city with a cosmopolitan profile.

Politeness and respect are closely linked with informal treatment. The normal greeting of men and women is a kiss on the cheek. Smiles, hugs, closeness when speaking and gestures are the most common and friendly way of communication.

Something to note is the use of vos (you) instead of the Spanish tú for informal treatment, and the use of che to address a person. Additionally, the pronunciation of the "ll" or "y" in Argentine Spanish carries the "sh" sound. For example, "Como te llamas" will sound like "Como te shamas".

Porteños typically can understand Portuguese and most of them speak some English.REGION AND POPULATIONBuenos Aires lies in the Pampas (fertile plains), close to the coast, and is located on the edge of the great Río de la Plata.About 2.8 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and 13 million people reside in the greater Buenos Aires area, including the suburbs.CLIMATEThe climate of Buenos Aires is mild year round. The mean annual temperature is 18º C (64.4º F), making extremely hot and cold days infrequent. Thus, visitors can enjoy walking around the city in any season. July is the coldest month. Although frosts are rare, you

may want a woolen coat, a jacket or an overcoat and a scarf when going out. In winter, cold is moderate during the day, but the temperature drops considerably at night. In the summer, the weather is hot and humid.

Mornings are warm and during midday and the first hours of the afternoon, the temperature rises. At night, the temperature goes down slightly, so people may wear light clothes; coats are not needed.

Rains are more frequent in autumn and spring (from March to June and from September to December, respectively). They are mild or last a short time, thus activities are not usually hampered much and people typically go out with an umbrella or a raincoat. In the sunny days of autumn and spring, mornings are slightly cold; the temperature rises at midday and drops again at night.

Average monthly highs and lows (degrees Fahrenheit) and rainfall (inches)

Mercados al aire libre

Traditional Markets in Latin America: A Guide for Shoppers

If anything gets your synapses firing, it’s a big Latin American market.  Piles of fruits and vegetables form endless shapes and colors. Vendors hypnotically chant their products and prices.  Food stalls slow-roast the guinea pig you may have had as a childhood pet. Craft stalls and souvenir stands sell locally produced hammocks, paintings, tapestries and blankets.

You’ll never know what to do first.  Where do I start?  What do I buy?  Can I save the guinea pigs?

From Mexico to Argentina, traditional food and artisan markets are a staple of Latin American life and culture.  You’ll find them in big cities and small towns and your brain will be boggled by their enormity, variety, and their overwhelming atmosphere.

 Any traveler to Central or South America is almost certain to experience these markets first-hand; and, with the right combination of travel-savvy and intercultural gusto, you might find that traditional markets become a staple of your own Latin American wayfaring.

If you’re journeying to Latin America and aren’t sure what to expect, here’s a basic primer to help you get the most from your market experience.

Why shop at local markets?

The super-sized supermarket is what we’re most accustomed to, and all over Latin America, there are no shortage of mega-stores that sell everything from

Corn Flakes to cat food.  While the supermarkets  get high marks for variety, nothing beats the absurd level of convenience offered by  traditional markets.

The traditional market is a grocery store, souvenir stand,  food court, flower nursery, pet shop, hardware store, electronics boutique, beauty salon, bakery, and clothing department all wrapped into one and injected with a heavy dose of consumer-driven steroids. There’s almost nothing you won’t be able to find, and  if you can’t find it, you’re more than likely to find someone who will go and get it for you.

Not only does the traditional market offer incredible diversity, it’s also the place to find items at a high quality.  Farmers, artists, cooks and craftsmen all lend their talents to assemble the vast collection of products on display.  You’ll find that many products at the market are of better quality than at the superstore because they’re grown, crafted, or produced nearby by members of the local community.  Fruits and vegetables are freshly picked, wool tapestries are made by hand, and leather sandals are fitted and finished before your eyes to your exact specifications.

That’s not all.  By shopping at local markets, you are contributing money directly to the local community.  That woman who sold you your mangoes?  She feeds her children on mango-money.  The man who replaced your watch battery pays his rent with his labor.  Usually,

there’s no bureaucracy and no corporate office skimming the profits off the top. You’re also helping to keep local tradition alive by supporting old-fashioned market culture.

Top everything off with the fact that goods at the market are typically cheaper than at the supermarket, and your travel instinct should be pushing you hard to the nearest local bazaar –  and hey, if all that’s not enough, it’s just a hell of a lot more fun than the supermarket.

Fruits and vegetables

The first time you walk into a big local market, you may be overwhelmed by your choices.  With seemingly endless rows of food stands where does one begin shopping for one’s dinner ingredients?

Keep in mind that among what seems like chaos there is usually a certain degree of order and organization.  Similar vegetables and fruits are usually grouped together.  You may find a row of just pineapple stalls, entire sections of the market dedicated to potatoes, or several stalls in a row specializing in onions, tomatoes, and cucumbers.  Don’t be discouraged if you don’t find your broccoli or carrots, they’re probably right around the corner!

With that in mind, always take a walk around and orient yourself before you get started so you know what’s available and where.  Find a stand where the frutas or verduras look good to you.  Keep in mind that sometimes the vendors in the front sell their items earlier in the day and you might find fresher items further back.

Upon choosing a stand, always greet the vendor with a friendly buenos dias or other appropriate greeting before picking up their items for examination.  Knowing some basic phrases in the local language– especially greetings and numbers – is extremely helpful when shopping at the market.

Once you start selecting specific items, ask for a price and make sure to ask whether the price is by weight (en peso) or by item (cada uno).  In either case, when you’ve finished selecting your group of items it’s not impolite or uncustomary to ask the vendor to review the costs with you item-by-item so you know you’re getting a fair and accurate price.  You might consider asking several vendors how much an item costs before buying so you have a good idea of what the price should be.

Depending on local customs, you may be able to bargain a bit on some items, especially if you’re buying a large amount of something in particular; however, bargaining is usually more customary for crafts and souvenirs than for food items. For example, you’ll want to bargain pretty hard at the huge Otavalo, Ecuador craft market, but prices for Ecuadorian fruits and veggies are pretty much fixed. Make sure to familiarize yourself with local

Meats and dry goods

Shopping for meat is a similar endeavor. You’ll find rows of chicken vendors, pork butchers, and beef specialists.  You may be slightly taken aback by the sight of whole pigs or giant beef slabs dangling from hooks, but don’t be daunted.

Butchers will cut to your request or will have pre-butchered steaks, chops, or filets under the counter. If you don’t know how to say the type of cut you want and they don’t have what you need under the counter, try to explain what you plan to use it for and the butcher can select the best part of the animal to cut for you.  As far as costs go, the price for meat is almost always measured by weight.

Many markets will also have dry-goods sections that sell eggs (individually!), rice and pasta, chiles and spices, chocolates and sweets, and other basic cooking items like oil.  They’re great because if you plan to cook rice or pasta (hostel-kitchen staples) you can buy as much or as little as you need.  You’ll usually find them towards the entrances and exits.

Remember that when shopping for your breakfast, lunch, or dinner that market goods are always freshest earlier in the day.  The earlier you arrive, the better selection of freshly picked fruits and freshly slaughtered meats you’ll find.

Eat lunch like a local

Don’t be intimidated to eat at market eateries.  Eating lunch or grabbing a snack at a food stall is an intense way to experience some of the best and most unique local food.  You’ll also likely share a table with local families who you can strike up interesting conversations with.

Be cautious about food safety, but remember that local people need to eat clean food too and that many market eateries are as safe or safer than big restaurants.  The best way to find a safe food stall is to look for the crowds, and it never hurts to ask the locals for a good recommendation.  That said, if the food just doesn’t look clean to you, then feel free to go with your gut and choose a different stall.

Crafts and souvenirs

While shopping at markets for food is fun, fresh, and healthy, many travelers can’t wait to shop for gifts and souvenirs. With the incredible handicrafts available all over Latin America one could create an entire itinerary based on shopping (and some

certainly do)! Shopping for artisan work and handicrafts is a little more straight forward than shopping for food, but there are definitely some things you should know before you start loading your backpack with colorful table runners and cloth hammocks.

Quality is a serious issue when you shop for crafts.  While the majority of vendors are not trying to trick you into buying something cheap, all are driven by the need to feed their families and some occasionally might not tell you the whole truth about the quality of their goods.  So how can you know that you’re buying real wool or if something was truly handmade? It’s not easy.

As when buying food, taking a long walk around the market before attempting to make a purchase is a good idea.  If you

see nearly identical table runners in three-quarters of the stalls, they’re probably nothing special.  Look for items that are unique and don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions:  Did the vendor make the item themselves?  How many hours did it take to make?  Why are their items special?  If you find someone actually making the items in their stall then you know you’re getting something good.

It’s helpful to have at least a basic knowledge of what is unique to the region you are in and what they are known for producing at a high standard.  You’ll have a better chance of finding high quality alpaca wool in the Bolivian Andes than you will in the Mexican desert for example. Know what’s local: if there aren’t any cows for 1000km in any direction, the locals probably don’t produce quality leather.

Shopping with a local or two is another good tip.  Locals can help you with a language barrier and they might have more knowledge on how to identify quality work and how much you should pay. One final tip that’s especially important when shopping for arts and crafts: many markets have specific “Market Days,” one or two days of the week where the market is bigger than usual.  This is a great time to find a better selection and lower prices.

>> Discover the best supermarket souvenirs for travelers

Clothes (and everything else)

Remember, many markets are much more than food and local handiwork.  They

serve as giant shopping centers where locals and travelers alike can find great deals on everything from clothes and electronics to everyday household items. The list is truly endless. As with crafts and souvenirs, prices for these goods are usually negotiable, but always be sure that the price is flexible before you start driving a hard bargain. Buying replacements for your everyday traveler’s needs like soap and deodorant can be a great deal at the market, but be cautious with clothing as quality may vary greatly at the markets. You will still find good deals, but take a good long look at zippers and seams before buying any clothes.

Tips for bargaining

Feeling ready to strike a deal?  A little friendly bargaining is often the norm, especially in tourist areas.  That said,

always know your local customs!  Hard bargaining might be more socially acceptable in some countries (Mexico and Guatemala are good examples) than in others.  Bargaining is also not usually the norm in most stores, just at open-air markets.  In any case, a good rule of thumb is that if it has a price tag the value is usually firm.

Never bargained before?  It can be a fun experience and one that is quintessential to market shopping.  A little back-and-forth is normal, but don’t try to run too hard a bargain unless you really feel that you’re being taken advantage of, and in that case it might just be better to walk away.

Have a good idea of what you want to pay for your desired craft; visit a fixed-price store or two to get an idea of what crafts cost in the area. Don’t make the first offer,

ask how much an item costs instead.  A good counter-offer is usually between 25% to 50% of the original, but take care not to go so low below the value of an item that you insult the vendor.  Don’t be scared to let the negotiation ebb and flow a little bit, vendors are used to this custom.

When bargaining, always remember that an extra dollar or two you pay for an item probably goes further for the vendor than it does for most who have the ability to travel internationally.  That said, you’ll have the best luck negotiating a bargain at the end of the day when vendors are hoping for one last sale before packing up.It might take a few tries before you get the hang of bargaining norms, but give it a go and have fun!

What we’ve learned

Now you’re ready to get out there and start shopping in Latin America.  Here are 10 important things to remember!

Walk around a market to orient yourself before making any purchases.

Shop early in the day for fruits, vegetables, and meat products.

Know some key Spanish phrases, particularly greetings and numbers.

Eat at the market and try local, unique, and exotic foods.

Stick to what’s grown and produced locally to get the best quality.

Shopping with locals is a great way to get the inside track to knowledge of quality and fair prices.

Know local customs: always greet vendors before browsing and know when and when not to bargain.

Have fun and play the game when bargaining.

Get the best prices and selection on market days.

Buy more than just food, arts, and crafts at traditional markets.

Happy shopping!

Further reading:

Five Unexpected Treasures of South America

10 Places in South America to Escape the Northern Winter

Why You Should Ignore Everything You’ve Heard and Go to Colombia

Central America on $25 a Day The Incredible National Parks of

South America 7 Experiences Not to Miss in Bolivia Bargaining for Dummies

Photos by:  citizenof1world , Julia Manzerova, ParaScubaSailor, citizenof1w

orld, all others by Kendra Blalock and may not be used without permission

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Older comments on Traditional Markets in Latin America: A Guide for First Time ShoppersNithya Ramachandran 27 April 2011I always found that good from the market tasted a bit better & fresher than the stuff from the mega huge grocery stores! great article!nithyalifeoutofasuitcase.com

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VOCABULARIO DE LOS LUGARES EN UNA CIUDAD

English-Spanishairport el aeropuerto

bank el banco

bookshop la librería

brasserie la cervecería

Spanish-Englishla acera pavement,

sidewalk

el aeropuerto airport

el almacén department

café la cafetería

department store

el almacén

fire station la estación de bomberos

hospital el hospital

inn la posada

kindergarten la guardería

library la biblioteca

market el mercado

municipality la municipalidad

museum el museo

petrol station la gasolinera

pharmacy la farmacia

police station la policía

railway station

la estación de ferrocarril

restaurant el restaurante

school la escuela

shop la tienda

store

el banco bank

la biblioteca library

la cafetería café

la cervecería brasserie

el escaparate shop window

la escuela school

la estación de bomberos

fire station, firehouse

la estación de ferrocarril

railway station

el estadio stadium

la farmacia pharmacy

la gasolinera petrol station

la guardería kindergarten

el hospital hospital

la librería bookshop

el mercado market

la municipalidad

municipality

el museo museum

shop window el escaparate

sidewalk la acera

stadium el estadio

stop la parada

la parada stop

la policía police station

la posada inn

el restaurante restaurant

la tienda shop, store

Correo

http://antiguadailyphoto.com/2007/09/26/postscript/

un SELLO

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS:

PART IThe object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.Bill hit the ball.

“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”Sherry reads the book.

“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”

The direct object can also be a person.Sherry hit Bill.

(DO=Bill)

The direct object answers the question

“what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.Bill hit the ball.

Bill hit what?Bill hit the ball.

Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.

Example 1Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.

Example 2Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.

When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:

Direct Object Pronouns(Gramática Realidades 2 página 138)

me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)

In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.

Tengo = I haveTengo la pluma. = I have the pen.La tengo. = I have it.

The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb (tengo).

Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this does not affect the direct object pronoun.

Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.and

María la tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen.María la tiene. = Mary has it.

However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculine pronoun must be used.Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.

But

Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.

Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural pronoun must be used.

Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.

But

María los tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.María los tiene. = Mary has them.Look at how Spanish and English are different.“Lo tengo” and “La tengo” BOTH mean “I have it.”

Differences:1. “It” has two forms in Spanish: lo, la2. “Tengo” one word in Spanish = two

words in English (I have)3. The word order is different. In

Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb.

When you try to translate literally from English to Spanish, sometimes it works very well:John eats the soup.John = JuanJohn eats = Juan comeJohn eats the = Juan come laJohn eats the soup = Juan come la sopa.Other times, direct translation doesn’t work so well:

I eat the soup.I = YoI eat = Yo comoI eat the = Yo como laI eat the soup = Yo como la sopa.Because “como” means “I eat,” the word “yo” is redundant.

A better translation might be:

I eat the soup.Como la sopa.

Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run into much bigger problems:

I eat it. (the soup – la sopa)I = Yo

I eat = Yo como

I eat it. = Yo como la.

This is completely incorrect!The correct translation would be:I eat it. (the soup)La como.

As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct object pronouns doesn’t work, so … don’t do it! There is a better, easier way.

Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual words. The first step is to

learn to view two Spanish words as a single phrase.

Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two separate words:la comolo comola leo

lo leo

la veo

lo veo

la tengo

lo tengo

la compro

lo compro

Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the translation beneath it. Then, read each line thinking of it as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English phrase below it.

la comoI eat it (feminine DO – la sopa, la comida, etc.)

lo comoI eat it (masculine DO – el pollo, el arroz, etc.)

la leoI read it

lo leoI read it

la veoI see it

lo veoI see it

la tengoI have it

lo tengoI have it

la comproI buy it

lo comproI buy it

In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is “I” because the verbs are all conjugated in the “yo” form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to add a word to clarify the subject.

Juan la come. (la comida)Juan eats it.

María lo tiene. (el libro)María has it.

El chico la compra. (la pluma)The boy buys it.

La chica lo ve. (el edificio)The girl sees it.

Ustedes lo leen. (el periódico)You-all read it.

Now, some examples of plural direct objects.

Juan come dos sándwiches.Los come. or Juan los come.

María tiene tres libros.Los tiene. or María los tiene.

El chico compra dos revistas.Las compra. or El chico las compra.

La chica ve dos coches.Los ve. or La chica los ve.

Ella compra dos televisores.Los compra. or Ella los compra.Tenemos dos mesas.

Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos.Now, some examples where the direct object is a person.

I know you.Te conozco.

She loves him.Ella lo ama.

She loves me.Ella me ama.

Juan sees her.Juan la ve.

They call us.Ellos nos llaman.

We call them.Los llamamos.

Just as no one has ever learned to ride a bicycle by reading about it, neither will you learn to use direct object pronouns simply by reading this lesson. The key to success, as always, is to practice, practice, practice.

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS: PART II

Remember, a direct object receives the action of the verb.Bill hit the ball.“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”

Sherry reads the book.“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”

And, the direct object can also be a person.Sherry hit Bill.(DO=Bill)

Also, the direct object answers the question “what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.

Bill hit the ball.Bill hit what? The ball.Sherry hit Bill.

Sherry hit whom? Bill.

Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.

Example 1Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.

Example 2Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.

When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:

me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)In a negative sentence with one verb, the direct object pronoun is placed between the negative word and the conjugated verb.

Affirmative SentenceI buy the books.Compro los libros.

Los compro. (I buy them.)Negative Sentence

I don’t buy the books.No compro los libros.

No los compro. (I don’t buy them.)Compare the following affirmative statements with their negative

counterparts.Los compras.No los compras.

Guadalupe siempre lo estudia.Guadalupe nunca lo estudia.Ellos nos conocen.Ellos no nos conocen.

Remember, don’t try to translate word-for-word. Instead, think in terms of phrases,

or concepts. For example, the sentence “No los compras” contains two concepts:

1. los compras (you buy them)2. no (makes the whole sentence

negative)

fin

Sports equipment store

golf clubel palo de golfskateslos patinesballla pelotatennis racketla raqueta de tenis

toothbrushel cepillo de dientesshampooel champúsoapel jabóntoothpastela pasta dental

REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING:REPASOS/REVIEW!

Reflexive Verbs and PronounsReflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.

Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every morning.)

Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).)

Se hablaba.  (He was talking to himself.)

Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)

The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject. Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not.

I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash

I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash

When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

MORE ONREFLEXIVE VERBS below

Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.) Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes

herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.)

Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.) Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You

wash yourselves.)

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place of le and les for the third person.

The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.

Reflexive Pronoun Forms

Singular Plural

1st person

me (to, for, from, or off myself)

nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves)

2nd person

te (to, for, from, or off yourself)

os (to, for, from, or off yourselves)

3rd person

se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, yourself)

se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)

Reflexive Pronoun UsesReflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the subject, that the subject is performing the action on him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has the same person as the verb ending.

lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I wash my hands.)

sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves).)

despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis cada mañana. (They wake themselves up at six o’clock every morning.)

As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive pronouns to verbs not regularly reflexive verbs in order to make them reflexive.

verse (to see one’s self) hablarse (to talk to one’s self) escribirse (to write to one’s self) comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s self)

Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an emotional response to something. When a person becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express this by using reflexive verbs.

Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.) Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you

happy to speak Spanish.) Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He

gets bored in Math class.)

Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to a seemingly regular situation. The pronouns are not normally translated directly into English, but the sense of something extra is there in Spanish.

Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.) Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the

whole cake.) Estúdialo. (Study it.) Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it

thoroughly.)

Reflexive Pronoun PlacementReflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands.

sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my gloves.)

afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your face.)

acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.)

escribirse - No se escriba notas.  (Don’t write notes to yourself.)

Reflexive Pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and in the case of compound verbs (present progressive, ir+a+infinitive, etc.) the pronoun can either be attached to the infinitive or present participle or go before the conjugated verb.

ducharhse - Estoy duchándome. / Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).)

quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.)

sentarse - Voy a sentarme. / Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down.)

Reflexive Verb ExamplesBelow is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a complete list, but rather a reference to help you understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive.aburrirse (de) (to get bored with)

despertarse (to wake up)

enojarse (con) (to get mad about)

quitarse (to take off)

acordarse (de) (to remember)

destaparse (to uncover)

irse (to leave)

reponerse (to get better)

acostarse (to desvestirse (to limarse (las secarse (to

go to bed) get undressed)uñas) (to file)dry off)

afeitarse (to shave)

disgustarse (de) (to become upset about)

maquillarse (to put on makeup)

sentarse (to sit down)

alegrarse (de) (to be glad about)

distraerse (to distract oneself)

mirarse (to look at oneself)

sostenerse (to support)

bañarse (to bathe)

divertirse (con) (to enjoy oneself with)

olvidarse (de) (to forget about)

subirse (to get up)

cepillarse (to brush)

dormirse (to go to sleep)

peinarse (to comb one's hair)

taparse (to cover up oneself)

convertirse (en) (to become)

ducharse (to shower)

pintarse (los labios) (to put on lipstick)

torcerse (to twist)

desayunarse (to eat breakfast)

enfermarse (to become ill)

probarse (to try on)

vestirse (to get dressed)

despedirse (to say good-bye)

enloquecerse (to go crazy)

ponerse (to put on)

volverse (to become)

FIN de la lección de hoyMas de la gramáticaReflexive Verbs with Meaning ChangesMaking a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are more subtle than others, while some

are quite different. Some of these verbs are listed below.

abonarto pay money

abonarseto subscribe to (a magazine, newspaper, etc.)

abrir to open abrirseto open up (confide in someone)

acordarto agree/to decide

acordarse to remember

acusar to accuse acusarse to confess

callar to be quiet callarse to become quiet

cerrar to close cerrarseto close oneself off emotionally

combinar

to combine combinarseto take turns

dormir to sleep dormirse to fall asleep

ir to go irse to go away

llevar to carry llevarse to take away

poner to put ponerse to put on/to wear

salir to leave salirseto leave unexpectedly/to leak

REGULAR PRETERITE VERBS

The preterite tense is used to refer to actions that occurred at a fixed point in time.

I called at 1:00.

Llamé a la una.The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that were performed a specific number of times.

I called you twice.Te llamé dos veces.

The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions that occurred during a specific enclosed period of time.

He lived there for 5 years.

Él vivió allí por cinco años.

The preterite is also used for actions that are part of a chain of events.

I bought a hat, sat down on a bench and fell asleep.

Compré un sombrero, me senté en un banco y me dormí.The preterite is also used for sudden changes of mood, feelings or opinions.

At that moment, I was not afraid.En ese momento, no tuve miedo.

The preterite is frequently associated with phrases that pinpoint a particular occasion or specific time frame.

ayeryesterday

ayer por la mañanayesterday morning

ayer por la tardeyesterday afternoon

anteayerthe day before yesterday

anochelast nightdesde el primer momentofrom the first moment

despuésafterwards

durante dos siglosfor two centuries

el año pasado last year

el lunes por la nocheMonday night

el mes pasadolast month

el otro díathe other day

en ese momento at that moment

entoncesthen

esta mañanathis morning

esta tardethis afternoon

hace dos días, añostwo days, years ago

la semana pasadalast week

If the action is in the past, and you can determine precisely when it occurred, or how many times it occurred, then you will use the preterite.

Regular forms of the preterite are formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb:

-ar verbs example: hablar

éasteóamos

habléhablastehablóhablamos

asteisaron

hablasteishablaron

-er verbs, -ir verbs examples: comer, vivir

íisteióimosisteisieron

comícomistecomiócomimoscomisteiscomieron

vivívivistevivióvivimosvivisteisvivieron

There are a fair number of verbs with irregular conjugation forms in the Preterite.

These Irregular forms in the Preterite are said to have "radical" changes, that is, vowel and consonant changes in the root (or stem of the verb.)

Furthermore, these changes occur in all of the conjugations (including the nosotros form.) These Irregular preterite changes are NOT for orthographic (spelling) reasons (like the verbs ending in -Car, -Gar and -Zar) nor are the changes in vowels similar to regular stem-changing verbs which affect certain -Ir conjugations in the Preterite.

Verbs which have an Irregular Preterite form have their own conjugation - different from the established -Ar, -Er/-Ir Preterite conjugation pattern.

All Verbs with grossly irregular changes in the

Preterite follow this conjugation:

-Ar, -Er, -Ir Irregular Verbs

Yo -e

Tú -iste

Él, ella, usted

-o

Nosotros -imos

Ellos, ellas, ustedes

-ieron*

* Verbs with a "J" at the end of the stem drop the "i" and just use: -eron

Notice that none of these conjugation endings have accent marks!

Here are some common Irregular verbs in the Preterite:

Yo túél,

ella, usted

nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes

Andaranduv

eanduvis

teanduv

oanduvimo

sanduvieron

Conducir*

conduje

condujiste

condujo

condujimos

condujeron

Decir* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron

Estarestuv

eestuvist

eestuv

oestuvimos estuvieron

Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron

Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron

Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron

Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron

Saber supe supiste supo supimos supieron

Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron

Traer* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron

Venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron

Hacer in the third person singular changes out the "c" for a "z" to reflect the correct pronunciation.Irregulars which use a "J" in the Preterite only add "-eron" (NOT "-ieron") to the third-person plural

Other verbs which are irregular in the Preterite

Dar di diste dio dimo dieron

s

Dar is often humorously referred to as the "cross-dressing" verb, because in the PreteriteDar takes on the -Er/-Ir preterite verb endings rather than -Ar verb endings.

Ver vi viste viovimo

svieron

Verbs with only 2 or 3 letters, such as Dar, Ser, Ir and Ver, also do not wear accent marks in the Preterite.Remember that Spanish only uses accent marks when required for pronunciation or differentiation.

Ir & Ser fui fuiste fuefuim

osfueron

Notice that Ir and Ser share the same forms in the Preterite. This is not as confusing as it may appear. Since Ser refers to existence and identification, it is nearly impossible to use this in the Preterite which handles only completed actions. This preterite conjugation form will nearly always be Ir (an action verb) rather than Ser (a descriptive verb) which is usually conjugated in the Imperfect Past tense.Also the context of a sentence or a conversation will let you know which is being used. For example:

Fui al supermercado clearly means "I went to the supermarket," not *"I was to the supermarket."

While there are more irregulars in the Preterite past tense than in any other tense, the good news is that Spanish makes up for it with a 99.99% regular Imperfect past tense!

Fin

¡Adiós!