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uLtf M cf====, tkfO{+ klg o;/L l;Ëfg] e'/fe'/LnfO{ va/ ug{ cfkm} b'Mv ug'{k5{ / < s;}sf xftdf va/ k7fPsf] eP t eOxfNYof] lg .

a'wnfn M To;/L sxfF x'G5 / . va/ k'u]g eg] t afnaflnsfx¿ cfOk'Ub}gg\a}7s k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g . clg s] ug]{ .

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uLtf M tkfO+{ rflxF a9L cfb{z x'g vf]Hg'x'G5 . tkfO+{n] ubf{ xfdL ;a}n]

em0em6df km:g'kb{5 . tL ;a emGem6 gu/L Ps} l5gdf x'g]

sfdsf nflu a9L b'Mv s;n] u/f];\ .

a'wnfn M tkfO+{n] s] eGg'ePsf] uLtfhL . s] a}7s a:g] sfd rflxF sfd xf]Og

/ < sfdsf] ;'?jft ug]{ k|f/lDes sfd g} a}7s xf] . x]g'{xf];\

tkfO+{n] clxn]b]lv g} a}7s a:g] tf}/ tl/sfsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{

cEo:t agfpg' ePg eg] tkfO+{ slt lbg;Dd pgLx¿sf] kl5kl5

s'lb/xg'x'G5 < a}7s a:g' eg]sf] s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf

agfpg', To;cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L lng' / sfd ;DkGg ug]{tkm{

nfUg' klg t xf] . clg xfdL ;xhstf{x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L s]xL xNsf

agfpg' klg t xf] . ls s;f] <

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afnaflnsfn] a}7ssf tf}/ tl/sfx¿ hfg] / cfkm} sfd ug{ ;Ifd

eP eg] xfd|f] sfd klg 36\5 .

a'wnfn M Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / afnSnasf a}7sdf cfkm}+ lg0f{ox¿ ug{;Sg]

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$= a'wnfnsf] s'g s'/fn] uLtfsf] ljrf/ abNg ;xof]u u¥of] <

16 ;zQmLs/0f

b'O{afn;xeflutf

æafnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo ;b:o x'g\ To;}n] pgLx? jt{dfg x'g\ . s]jn

eljiosf s0f{wf/ dfq xf]Ogg\ .Æ

afn;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <

afn;xeflutf eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] hLjg;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lsl;dsf sfd ubf{

s'g} klg lg0f{o lng] a]nfdf afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm ug]{ df}sf kfpg'

tyf cy{k"0f{ / ;lqmo ;+nUgtf x'g' xf] . afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/

xf] . afn;xeflutf Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . ;du|df afnaflnsfn]

ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg', JoQm u/]sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ x'g', To;df 5nkmn x'g',

;f]cg';f/ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg', ePsf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{

s'/fdf pgLx¿n] efu lng kfpg', sfof{Gjogaf6 ePsf kmfObf jf a]kmfObfdf

klg ;';"lrt x'g] tyf ;+nUg x'g kfpg' g} afn;xeflutf xf] .

afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd lxtsf nflu x'g] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs tyf cGo ljsf;sf

lqmofsnfkx¿, h;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf c;/ kf5{, tL ;a}df pgLx¿sf] pd]/,

Ifdtf, ?lr jf OR5f / kl/j]zcg';f/ efu lng] jf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ -;sf/fTds_

JoQm ug]{ k|lqmof g} afn;xeflutf xf] .

afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf wf/f @, %, !@, !#, !$, !%, !&, @#, @(, / #! n]

afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .

17;zQmLs/0f

afn;xeflutf lsg <

-!_ afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] M

dgdf nfu]sf s'/f JoQm ug{ kfpg], :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg kfpg],;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] pgLx¿sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . cGoafnaflnsfsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] klg ;xeflutfsf] ;dfg clwsf/5 .

-@_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/n] cGo clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ldN5 M

afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] g} ;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfn]dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ eGg kfP, ;+ul7t x'g kfPsf] v08df g} pgLx¿dfly x'g];a} lsl;dsf zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 cfkm"nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;S5g\ / afFRgkfpg], bL3{ hLjgsf clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsf cfTdansf]b[li6n] x]bf{ ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ agfOPsf ;b:o x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf]kIfdf rnfOg] cleofgdf 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn]

afn;xeflutf lsg <

-!_ afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] M

dgdf nfu]sf s'/f JoQm ug{ kfpg], :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg kfpg],;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] pgLx¿sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . cGoafnaflnsfsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] klg ;xeflutfsf] ;dfg clwsf/5 .

-@_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/n] cGo clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ldN5 M

afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] g} ;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfn]dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ eGg kfP, ;+ul7t x'g kfPsf] v08df g} pgLx¿dfly x'g];a} lsl;dsf zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 cfkm"nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;S5g\ / afFRgkfpg], bL3{ hLjgsf clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsf cfTdansf]b[li6n] x]bf{ ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ agfOPsf ;b:o x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf]kIfdf rnfOg] cleofgdf 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn]

bLw{hLjg ljsf;

;xeflutf

;+/If0f

18 ;zQmLs/0f

7"nf] d2t k'Ub5 . afn>ldsx¿ / sfddf ;+nUg gx'g] cGo afnaflnsfx¿ Ps

csf{sf] ;d:of a'em\g ;Sb5g\ . o;}n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg

afnaflnsfx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

-#_ k|hftGq / ;Eo ;dfhsf] l;h{gfdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ M

afnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo tyf lhpFbf hfUbf ;b:o ePsf]n] ;xeflutfsf]

sf/0faf6 pgLx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g ;S5g\ . ;lqmo gful/ssf] ¿kdf

cfkm"nfO{ ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ;S5g\ . afNofj:yfb]lv g} k|hftflGqs cEof;df nfUg]

x'gfn] ;dfhnfO{ 7Ls lbzflt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;S5g\ .

afn;xeflutf

s] xf]Og

afnaflnsfnfO{ of] u/ / of] egeg]/ cx|fpg]

jo:sx¿ afnaflnsf;Fu l;Sgsfnflu pbfl;g ePdf

jo:sx¿sf] cg'ej / ;Lksf]cjd"Nog ePdf

jo:sx¿sf] sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{k|of]u u/]df

jo:sx¿sf] s'g} clwsf/ gx'g] l:ylt/ afnaflnsfsf] s'g} st{Jo gx'g]l:ylt ePdf

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} zlQm ;'lDkPdf

oyfl:ylts} kl5 nfu]df

afn;xeflutf

s] xf]

afnaflnsfsf] 1fg / ljrf/sf]dxTjnfO{ dfGotf lbPdf

afnaflnsf;Fu cg'ej / ;Lkcfbfg k|bfg ul/Pdf

afnaflnsfaf6 l;Sg'k5{ eGg]efjgf ePdf

afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o lng /pQ/bfloTj lngsf nflu ;lhnf]pkfo kQf nufPdf

afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿nfO{pgLx¿sf ] clwsf/ /pQ/bfloTjsf] af/]df a'emfpg;xof]u u/]df

afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/zlQm x:tfGt/0f ul/Pdf

afnclwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg u/]df .

19;zQmLs/0f

-$_ afnljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg k'Ub5 M

afn;xeflutfn] ;+rf/ ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;Lk, s]xL u/f}+eGg] :jtM:km"t{ efjgf tyf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'G5 . pgLx¿df ;fd'bflosefjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . o;/L ;du| JolQmTjsf] ljsf; x'Fb} pgLx¿ 3/, ;dfh /b]zk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g k'Ub5g\ . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;xeflutfn] pgLx¿ cGoafnaflnsf h:t} eljiodf ;Ifd gful/ssf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g ;Sb5g\ .

-%_ ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ M

afnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo afn;b:o ePsfn] s'g} klg ;d:ofnfO{ afncfFvfn]x]g]{ ub{5g\, h'g s'/f jo:sx¿n] x]/]sf] eGbf km/s klg x'g;S5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf;d:of / ;jfnx¿nfO{ jo:ssf] eGbf /fd|/L hfGg / a'‰g ;S5g\ . pgLx¿sf];xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ cem l;h{gfTds 9+un] xn ug{ ;lsG5 .h:t} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf kL8fx¿ Pscsf{df cfbfg—k|bfgub{5g\ .

20 ;zQmLs/0f

tLgafn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿

afn;xeflutf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, cflbdf afnaflnsfx¿sf]cy{k"0f{ lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ljleGg ;ef,;df/f]x / h'n';x¿df ;xefuL u/fpg] ub{5g\ . t/ To:tf] ;xeflutfsf]af/]df :jo+ pgLx¿nfO{ slQsf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'G5 < o:tf ;df/f]xdf ul/g]lg0f{ox¿df pgLx¿sf] ;'emfjnfO{ slQsf] k|fyldstf lbOG5 < s] pgLx¿n]cfˆgf] af/]df s;n] s;/L lg0f{o ub{5g\ eGg] a'em\b5g\ < oL k|Zgx¿sf] vf]hLul/g'kb{5 . olb afnaflnsfx¿ lg0f{osf] tx;Dd kxn tyf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿sf]k|jfx ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ;xeflutf ePsf] a'lemG5 .afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ jo:sx¿åf/f ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu;g\ !((@ df o'lg;]kmdf sfo{/t cd]l/sfsf /f]u/ P xf6{ cf/n] afn;xeflutfsf]e¥ofª tof/ u/]sf lyP M h;cg';f/ afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cf7 cj:yfx¿5g\ .

cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿

afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿ ;xefuL ePsf] lqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ .

pgLx¿nfO{ ;DjlGwt lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg] lg0f{o s;n] / lsgu¥of] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .

pgLx¿ ;xefuL x'g] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿sf] cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf x'g'kb{5 .

ul/g] lqmofsnfk k|i6 kfl/;s]kl5 dfq pgLx¿ :j]lR5s ¿kn] lqmofsnfkdf;xefuL x'g ;Sb5g\ .

21;zQmLs/0f

!= unt lsl;daf6 ul/Psf] k|of]u (Manipulation)

jo:sx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'g}

sfddf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ t/ s] sfdsf]

nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fFOb}5 eGg]

af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g jf

;xefuL u/fOPsf sfo{qmddf 5nkmn

ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf] af/]sf a'em\b}gg\,

cfˆgf] sfd klg a'em\g ;Sb}gg\ eg] of]

afnaflnsfnfO{ unt 9+uaf6 k|of]u

ul/Psf] xf] . of] afn;xeflutfsf] e¥ofªsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] l;+9L xf] . pbfx/0fsf

nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ ;fdflhs ;/f]sf/sf gLltx¿;Fu ;DalGwt

/fhgLlts gf/fx¿ ePsf] Kn]sf8{x¿ af]sL h'n';df lxF8fOPsf] x'G5 eg] of]

afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u dfq xf] . of] jf:tjdf afn;xeflutf xf]Og . lsgls pm

lsg h'n';df lxF8]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f p;nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . ToxfF 5nkmn ul/Psf]

ljifoj:t'af/]df p;nfO{ hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtsf]

l;4fGtnfO{ cg';/0f u/]sf] x'Fb}g .

@= sfo{qmdsf] zf]ef a9fpgsf nflu dfq aRrfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fPsf](Decoration)

o; lsl;dsf ] ;xef lutf

afn;xeflutfsf] e¥ofªsf] bf]>f] l;+9L

xf] . slxnsfFxL ljz]if cj;/x¿df

lglZrt k |of ]hgsf nf lu

afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg gf/fx¿

n]lvPsf u~hL, Sofk cflb ljt/0f u/L

lrl6Ss kf/]/ grfpFb} pkmfb}{ lxF8fOG5 .

u~hL kfPsf]df afnaflnsfx¿ bË

ePsf] b ]lvP tfklg pgLx¿nfO{

jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ k|of]u

u/]sf x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf afnaflnsfnfO{ xftdf km"ndfnf u~hL, Sofk cflb lsg

22 ;zQmLs/0f

nufP/ lx8\g'k/]sf] xf] k"0f{ ¿kn] yfxf x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ ;hfj6sf]

¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ ul/G5 .

#####= aRrfx¿sf] s'g} e"ldsflagf g} ;xefuL agfPsf](Tokenism)

o; txsf ] ;xeflutfdf

afnaflnsfx¿n] k|ToIf ¿kdf

cfˆgf cfjfhx¿ p7fpF5g\ t/

jf:tjdf ; +rf/–k |jfxdf

pgLx¿sf cfjfhnfO{ cToGt

sd dxTj lbOG5 cyjf :yfg

lbOFb}g eg] klg x'G5 . cfˆgf OR5fcg';f/ kl/of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug]{ cj;/ guGo

¿kdf lbOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Dd]ngdf ;f+s]lts

¿kdf ;xefuL u/fOg] sfdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . slxn]sfFxL afnclwsf/;DaGwL

uf]i7Lsf] pb\3f6g afnaflnsfx¿åf/f u/fOG5 . uf]i7Ldf ul/g] lg0f{odf pgLx¿sf]

s'g} e"ldsf x'Fb}g . afn;xeflutf s]jn b]vfj6L dfq x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltdf

pgLx¿sf] ;fFrf] k|ltlglwTj eO/x]sf] x'Fb}g .

$= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fd|f]hfgsf/L lbP/ sfdsf] lhDdflbPsf] (Assigned and informed)

o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfly

# g+=df elgPsf ;"rgf lbP/ :j]lR5s ¿kdf

sfd ug{ elgG5 . of] cy{k""0f{ ;xeflutfsf]

klxnf] kfOnf xf] .

23;zQmLs/0f

%= 7"nf]n] sfo{qmd u/] tfklg afnaflnsfx¿;Fu /fd|/L

5nkmn u/]sf] / hfgsf/L lbPsf] ] ] ] ] (Consulted and Informed)

o; txsf ] ;xef lutfdfjo:sx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿sf]ljrf/nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOG5 .o;n] ubf{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udfafnaflnsfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj/xg;Sg ] ;Defjgf x ' G5 .afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft u/]/ pTkfbgul/Psf pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]]pTkfbg k/LIf0f ug] { ;Gbe{dfJofkf l/s sDkgLx¿n ]afnaflnsfnfO{ o; txsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] ub{5g\ .

^= 7"nf]sf] cu|;/tfdf sfd ;'? eP tfklg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{

5nkmn / lg0f{odf ;xefuL agfPsf] . (Adult-Initiated shared

decisions with children)

of] klxnf] r/0fsf] k|efjsf/L;xeflutf xf ] . o4lk ;]jf,kl/of]hgf jf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]lg0f{o cem} ao:sx¿sf] kxndfx'g] ub{5 t/ lg0f{o ug]{ a]nfdfafnaflnsfnfO{ klg hfgsf/Lu/fOG5 .

&= afnaflnsfx¿sf] cu|;/tf / lgb]{zgdf sfd ePsf]

(Child-Initiated and Directed)

o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf jo:sx¿dfly e/ gkl/sg g} afnaflnsf cfkm} lrGtgdgg ub{5g\ . cfˆgf k|fyldstfx¿ lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] ;xeflutf

24 ;zQmLs/0f

k|foMu/L afnaflnsfn] v]n v]Nbf k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . t/ o; lsl;dsf] ;f]rnfO{cGo sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ubf{ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfs}lgb]{zgdf ag]sf sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkn] >f]t / ;fwgdfly afnaflnsfs}lgoGq0f / pgLx¿n] g} k|of]u ug]{ l:yltsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

*= afnaflnsfx¿s} ;lqmotfdf sfd ;'? ePsf] / lg0f{odf

7"nf;Fu ;/;Nnfx lnPsf] (Child-Initiated, Shared Decisions

with Adults)

of] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] ;xeflutf xf] . o;df afnaflnsfx¿n] g} lg0f{ou5{g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm"n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ jo:sx¿;Fu k|:t't ug]{ u5{g\ .afn;xeflutfsf] o; txdf >f]t ;fwgdflysf] lgoGq0f / kl/rfngdf jo:sx¿sf]e"ldsf g]t[TjbfoL xf]Og s]jn ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf dfq x'G5 . sfo{qmd tyflqmofsnfksf] pknlAw afnaflnsfn] jo:sx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg] ub{5g\ . o;af6afnaflnsfsf] rfvcg';f/sf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{sf nflu jo:sx¿nfO{ lbzflgb]{zklg ug{;S5 .

25;zQmLs/0f

k|efjzfnL ;f]g'

;f]g' rf}w/L cfheGbf kfFr aif{ klxnf cgf}krfl/s sIffdf k9\g cfpFbf pgn]cfkm\gf] clwsf/ / cj:yfsf] af/]df Tolt w]/} s'/f a'em]sL lyOgg\ . cgf}krfl/ssIff k9]/ ljBfno egf{ eO;Sbf klg pgn] ;fdfGo ;fIf/ / ;r]t x'g]eGbf gofFs]xL klg ug]{ cj;/ kfPsL lyOgg\ .

ljBfnodf cWoog ul//xFbf pgn] afnSnaaf/] ;'lgg\ / cfkm}nfO{ cgf}krfl/ssIff k9fpg'ePsf] o'j/fh ;/nfO{ cfkm" h:tf cGo afnaflnsfx¿ klg ;lDdlnteO{ afnSna agfpg'kg]{ cg'/f]w ul/g\ . pgsf] s'/f] l;lj;df sfd ug'{x'g] o'j/fh ;/nfO{ klg /fd|} nfUof] / ;'?df cgf}krfl/s sIffdf cWoog u/L ;kmnePsf afnaflnsfx?n] k5L;Dd klg e]63f6 ug]{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf pgLx?n] 3/]n'afn>lds d~r u7g u/] .

cfh 3/]n' afn>lds d~rn] rf/ aif{ kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;f]g' klg ca jo:seO;Sg'ePsf] 5 .

3/]n' afn>lds d~rn] clxn];Dd afn>ldssf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu / afn>dzf]if0f cGTosf nflu y'k|} sfo{s|dx¿ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 / To;kl5sf lbgx¿df3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt $@ j6f eGbf a9L afnSnax? u7g eO{ ls|ofzLneO;s]sf 5g\ . clxn] 3/]n' afn>lds d~r tL ;a} afnSnax¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{;~hfnsf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . lxhf] :yfkgfsf] ;dodf /xg'ePsf;fyLx¿dWo] w]/} hgf x/fO;s]sf 5g\ . t/ ;f]g' cem} klg o;} cleofgdf x'gx'G5 .jxfFsf] o:tf] k|ltj4tfsf] sb/ ub}{ s]6fs]6L 86 sd h:tf ;+:yfx¿n] jxfFnfO{;Ddfg klg u/]sf 5g\ .

;f]g' clxn] ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu k|]/0ffbfoL x'g'ePsf] 5 . jxfFn] ljleGg/fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df afn>ldssf cfjfhx¿nfO{ p7fpg'ePsf] 5 .

;f]g'sf] o; cj:yfsf] sb/ ub}{ l;lj;n] klg jxfFnfO{ l;lj;sf] sfo{;ldltsf];b:odf r'g]sf] 5 .

;f]g' clxn] jo:s eP klg 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu plQs} ls|ofzLnx'g'x'G5 . To;}n] jxfFn] cfkm\gf] ls|ofzLntfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg jo:s 3/]n'>ldsx¿sf] ;d"x u7g u/L 3/]n' >ldssf] dfgjclwsf/sf s'/fx¿ klg p7fpgyfNg'ePsf] 5 .

;f]g' o:tf] x'g'df pgn] kfPsf] cj;/, pgdf /x]sf] k|ltj4tf / cfTdljZjf;, clg/f]huf/bftf, ;fyLefO / 3/kl/jf/sf] k|f]T;fxg / l;lj;af6 k|fKt ljleGg tflndx¿g} xf] eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .

26 ;zQmLs/0f

rf/k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf

afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;xefuL u/fpg]

afnaflnsfx¿sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf

afnaflnsf ;fgf x'G5g\, dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf kl/kSj eO;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ .To;}n] pgLx¿ cfˆgf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿ /fd|f] g/fd|f] 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ .To;}n] ;a} lqmofsnfkdf 7"nf dfG5]n] g} lg0f{o ul/lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;f]r unt xf] .pgLx¿ klg cfˆgf af/]df lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;/L /fd|f] / ;xL lg0f{o ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg pgLx¿nfO{ x/]s lqmofsnfksf] lg0f{o ug{ nufpg'kb{5 .

27;zQmLs/0f

af]s]sf] s's'/n] d[u dfb}{g eg] em}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L s'g} klg sfo{qmd

jf lqmofsnfkdf 7"nfn] dfq lg0f{o ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] k/]sf] a]nfdf Ps}rf]6L s'g}

s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ nufpg] xf] eg] pgLx¿ lxlRsrfpg' :jefljs} x'G5 . Snadf

jf cGo sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ cEof; u/fO/xg] xf]

eg] pgLx¿sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf a9\5 . jo:sx¿n] pgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/sf

;fgf—;fgf ljifox¿df klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 .

;xL lg0f{o ug{ gkfpg'sf sf/0fx¿ M

!= jo:sx¿ cufl8 a;]df jf a;]sf] b]v]df

afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ jo:sx¿ cufl8 a;]sf] v08df

pgLx¿df ;+sf]r k}bf x'g] ub{5 . jo:sx¿ pgLx¿eGbf hfGg] ;'Gg] ePsf]n]

lg0f{o ubf{ uNtL kf] x'g] xf] ls eGg] 8/n] dgsf s'/fx¿ ws k'msfP/ eGg

;Sb}gg\ . jo:s dflg;sf a'l4, cg'ejn] lsRg] x'gfn] pgLx¿ cfˆgf s'/fx¿

lg;+sf]r eP/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

@= lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ljifosf] b[li6sf]0f

h;/L s'g} s'/fsf] af/]df jo:sn] klxn] h:tf] b[li6sf]0f agfpg] ub{5g\ kl5

To;nfO{ abNg ufx|f] x'G5, To;}u/L afnaflnsfn] s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o ug'{eGbf

cufl8 g} To; af/]df jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm u/]df afnaflnsfx¿ Tof]

ljrf/sf] k|efjdf k/L cfˆgf ljrf/ slxNo} aflx/ NofpFb}gg\ / cGo b[li6sf]0faf6

g;f]Rg], gx]g]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ s'g} s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug'{ k/]df

hlxNo} jo:sx¿dfly e/ kg]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

#= ljifoj:t'af/]df 1fg

lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ljifosf] af/]df /fd|f] 1fg 5}g eg] klg lg0f{o ug{ cK7\of/f] x'G5 .

;DalGwt ljifodf lsg lg0f{o lng'kg]{ xf] < lg0f{o s:tf] lng'kg]{ xf] < lg0f{o ubf{

s] x'G5 < cflb ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df kIf ljkIfaf6 x]g,]{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ z}nLsf]

ljsf; ePdf lg0f{o ug]{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o

ug'{kg]{ ljifosf] af/]df ulx/f] hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu jo:sx¿n]

;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df oy]i6 ;"rgfx¿ lbg'kb{5 .

28 ;zQmLs/0f

$= ;sf/fTds dfq 1fg

jo:sx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ljifoj:t'sf] ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg'kb{5 . s]jn;sf/fTds dfq hfgsf/L lbg] xf] / kmfObf x'g] kIfx¿ dfq atfOlbg] xf] eg]pgLx¿n] cfkm}+ ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;xL lg0f{odf k'Ug'sf] ;f6f] jo:sx¿n] eg]sfe/df dfq lg0f{o ug]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . To;}n] ljifoj:t'sf] ;sf/fTds jfgsf/fTds b'j} kIfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOof] eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o ug{;lhnf] x'G5 / o;n] pgLx¿sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf ljsf; ub{5 .

%= unt lg0f{oaf/] k|i6 kfl/lbg]

s'g} gofF ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfn] unt lg0f{o klg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf]cj:yfdf jo:sx¿n] lg0f{o unt eof] eg]/ 7f8} elgxfNg' x'Fb}g . o;f] eg]dfafnaflnsfdf g}/fZotf cfpg;S5 / km]l/ cfkm}+ lg0f{o ug{ cfF6 ub}{gg\ . a? cfkm}+lg0f{o ug]{ s'/fdf cfF6 u/]sf] af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ :ofjf;L lbg'kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{Tof] lg0f{on] Nofpg] kl/0ffdsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿ cfkm}n]g} ;fFRr} lg0f{o unt g} ePsf] /x]5 eg]/ dx;'; u/]kl5 To;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{]pkfox¿sf] af/]df cfˆgf /fox¿ lbO{ ;Rofpg nufpg'kb{5 .

k|efjsf/L / Jojxfl/s afn;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ pkfox¿

!= afn;xeflutf k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] Pp6f k|lqmof M

;xeflutfnfO{ ;+jfb, sfo{, ljZn]if0f, / kl/jt{gsf nflu lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g]k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lnOg'kb{5 . o;}n] sfo{;"rL agfpFbf, ;"rgf ;+sng,ljZn]if0f, sfo{of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, tflnd, ;fdu|L pTkfbg, cg'udg, d"NofÍg /clen]vLs/0fsf x/]s r/0fdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . jo:s /afnaflnsfsf cg'ej, Ifdtf / of]UotfnfO{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofaf6 Jojxf/dfptfg'{kb{5 .

@= afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgj / afnclwsf/nfO{ dfgjclwsf/s} cËsf] ¿kdf lnOg'kg]{ M

x/]s afnaflnsfsf] cfˆgf] clwsf/ x'G5 / p;sf] cfˆg} ljrf/ / efjgf x'G5 .;a} afnaflnsf dfgj ePsf gftfn] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{, pgLx¿sf] hLjg;Fu;DalGwt lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL aGg tyf :yfgLo / cfd ;d'bfodf cfˆgf] ;lqmoe"ldsf lgefpg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ h'g s'g} klglqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 .

29;zQmLs/0f

#= lgikIftf M

afnaflnsfx¿ ;a}dfly lgikIf, Jojxf/ xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . To;}n] afn;xeflutfu/fpFbf kIfkftsf] uGw st}af6 cfpg' x'Fb}g . s'g} s'/f x'g ;Sof] jf ;s]g eg]To;sf] sf/0fx¿ k|i6 kfl/g'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿ dfemd}+ klg wg, hft, s'n,:yfg cflbsf cfwf/df e]befj ul/g' x'Fb}g .

$= kf/blz{tf M

kf/blz{tf sfo{qmdsf] x/]s txdf plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . P]g lgoddf tf]s]sf]cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} klg ;+:yfleq x'g] ;f+u7lgs, cfly{s, gLlt lg0f{onufotsfs'/fx¿ ;+:yfleq / aflx/ /x]sf ;a}n] k|i6 9+uaf6 a'em\g] u/L ;"rgf jfhfgsf/L lng] lbg] k|lqmof g} kf/blz{tf xf] . kf/blz{tf eg]sf] nlIft ;d"xsf];"rgf kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{' klg xf] . kf/blz{tfn] ;+:yf, sfo{qmd jflqmofsnfkleq b]vf kg]]{ ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ ;xh agfOlbG5 . afn;xeflutfnfO{k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu kf/blz{tfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .

%= ;+rf/ / jftf{df lhtsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ M

afnaflnsfdf ;~rf/, jftf{ tyf åGå ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZosx'G5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ jo:sx¿;Fu cy{k"0f{ ;fem]bf/Lsf] nflu ;zQm agfpF5 .o; b[li6sf]0fn] afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLrsf] zlQm x:tfGt/0f sfo{ ;sf/fTds9+uaf6 x'G5 / afnaflnsf / jo:saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem uf9f agfpF5 .

^= nrstf / :jcfnf]rgf M

nrstf / :jcfnf]rgfn] Ps csf{aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ x6fOlbG5 . unt ljrf/ abNgsf]nflu af6f] v'nf ul/lbG5 . ljleGg ;+:s[lt, cfly{s kl/j]z, efiff, hghflt,of]Uotfnufotsf kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLr ljleGg sfo{qmdjf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;fem]bf/L ug]{ qmddf c;dembf/Lx¿ ljsf; x'g;S5g . oLc;dembf/Lx¿ x6fpg nrstf / :jcfnf]rgfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .

&= kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg

afnaflnsfnfO{ bafa lbP/ xf]Og kf/:kl/s ;Ddfgsf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq jf:tljs¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfsf] :jt:km"t{ ;xeflutfsf] nflujo:sx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ zAb tyf Jojxf/df Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

30 ;zQmLs/0f

o;sf nflu jo:sx¿n] lgDg s'/fdf ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 M

ug{ nfluPsf] sfdsf] af/]df afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / :jLs[lt lng] M jo:sx¿n]cfˆgf egfO /fVbf, xfpefp k|:t't ubf{, af]Nbf k|of]u ul/Psf zAbx¿af6afnaflnsfn] s'g} sfd ug{ jf s'g} pQ/ eGg afWo ePsf] h:tf] dx;';gu¿g eGg] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

afnaflnsfn] eg]sf s'/f /fd|/L ;'Gg] M afnaflnsfn] eg]sf s'/fx¿ ;'Ggsf]nflu ;do lbg], afnaflnsfn] af]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf jo:s jf cGo s'g}afnaflnsfnfO{ x:tIf]k gug]{,

lg0f{o / sfdsf af/]df JofVof ug]{ M s'g} s'/fdf lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfn]lbPsf ;Nnfx Jojxfl/s gePsf] v08df lsg tL ;Nnfx Jojxfl/s 5}gg\,csf]{ ;Nnfx lsg Jojxfl/s 5 eGg]af/]df k|i6 kfl/lbg] .

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf cleJolQmx¿ eGg] df}sf lbg] M afnaflnsfn]cfkm\g} lsl;daf6 cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ JoQm ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+rf/ ug]{ ;Lkx¿klg km/s—km/s txsf x'g;S5g\ . jo:s ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ v'Nnf9+uaf6 eGg] cj;/ lbg] .

pko'Qm kf]zfs nufpg] / ;xh Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{ M jo:s ;xhstf{sf]kf]zfs vlr{nf], a9L cf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] 5 / afnaflnsfx¿sf] kf]zfsk'/fgf, RofltPsf 5g\ eg] o;n] pgLx¿df cfTdxLgtfsf] af]w x'ghfG5 .njfO{vjfO, Jojxf/ cflbn] klg afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 lsx'Fb}g eGg]af/]df cg'dfg ug{;S5g\ . To;}n] ;xhstf{x¿n] nufpg] kf]zfs /Jojxf/df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

;dfg Jojxf/ M afnaflnsfnfO{ sltko cj;/x¿df bf]>f] bhf{sf] Jojxf/ul/G5 . h:t} M ;Dd]ng, tflnd cflbdf cGo jo:s ;xefuLx¿sf] t'ngfdfafnaflnsfnfO{ tNnf] :t/sf] oftfoft, vfgf, cGo ;/;'ljwf vr{ lbOg]ul/G5 . ;fy} To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ jo:s ;xefuLx¿sf] rfv / cfjZostfcg's"n x'g] u/L a9L cf}krfl/s 9+un] tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdfafnaflnsfn] cfkm"x¿nfO{ jo:sx¿sf] t'ngfdf sd dxTj lbPsf] dx;';ub{5g\ . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf] nflu o:tf sfo{qmdx¿tof/ ubf{ cgf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] / afnd}qL x'g] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿agfpg'kb{5 .

31;zQmLs/0f

*= afnd}qLk"0f{ ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf M

afnaflnsfn] a'e\mg] z}nLdf jf:tljs, k"0f{ / kl/dflh{t ;"rgf gkfp~h]n;Dds'g} klg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{ h:tf sfdx¿ k|efjsf/L9+un] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . h:t} M afnSna u7g ug{' / ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf klgpgLx¿nfO{ afnSna s] xf] < To;sf] cf}lrTo, cfjZostfsf af/]df k|i6 9+uaf6atfOlbg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lstfa, 6]k, >Job[Zo, gf6s,e"ldsf, clego, uLt, kf]i6/, afna}7s tyf e]nfx¿df k|:t'lt ug]{ nufot ;a}lsl;dsf j}slNks ;+rf/sf dfWodx¿ cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{lhNnf, /fli6«o, If]qLo, cGt/fli6«o txsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5h;af6 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf clwsf/sf af/]df cGo k|sf/sf afn>ldsx¿;Fu ;"rgfx¿cfbfg—k|bfg ug]{ cj;/ kfpF5g\ .

(= ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xdlt M

afnaflnsfn] s'g} lqmofsnfkdf efu lng'eGbf cufl8 pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf:j]lR5s xf] ls xf]Og eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu k|d'v s]xLk|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf] vf]hL ug'{kb{5 .

;xdltsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu kfFr k|Zgx¿ M

afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} lqmofsnfkdf lsg ;xefuL x'g] < eGg] s'/f yfxfx'g'kb{5 .

slt ;do nfU5 < s]–s] ug'{kb{5 < eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .

;xefuL ePkl5 s] pknlAw x'G5 < eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu lg0f{o lng;Sg] agfpg s'g;+:yfsf] s;n] s;/L ;xof]u ug]{ xf] < eGg] yfxkfpg' kb{5 .

lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu s]–slt ef}lts, ljQLo, dfgjLo ;xof]u x'g] xf] .of] ;xof]u jt{dfgb]lv eljio;Dd s'g ;+:yf jf ;fem]bf/L ;+:yfn] ug]{ xf] <eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .

32 ;zQmLs/0f

;xdltsf] cy{ afnaflnsfx¿n] ug'{kg]{ lqmofsnfksf] af/]df cfjZos ;"rgfkfO;s]kl5 s'/f a'em]/ ;f] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL gx'g] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg]pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ klg xf] . olb s'g} lqmofsnfk ubf{ pgLx¿hf]lvddf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg,] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu 3/b]lv6f9f hfg'kg]{ ePdf, olb afnaflnsfsf kmf]6f]x¿ k|rf/—k|;f/sf nflu nluG5eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xdlt lng' cToGt h?/L x'G5 .

!)= ljZj;gLotf M

olb afnaflnsfn] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj?4df x'g]5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g] xf] eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf ljZj;gLotfn] 7"nf] e"ldsfv]Ng;S5 . lsgls ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ 5 . vf;u/Lcfdfafa'n] yfxf gkfOsg o:tf] 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] o:tf]cj:yfdf jo:s tyf cGo afnaflnsfn] of] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug}{kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g] a9L;Defjgf ePsf]n] o;df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . lsgls o:tf ;jfn/f]huf/bftfx¿;Fu} ufFl;Psf] x'g;S5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfn] afn>ldsx¿sf]hLjg g} vt/fdf kg{;S5 . afn>ldsx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'Ug;S5 .o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{x¿n] ;DalGwt afnaflnsfsf] jf:tljs gfd n'sfP/cs}{ gfdaf6 klg ;"rgfx¿ aflx/ Nofpg ;Sb5g\ . afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿Pscfk;df ;Nnfx u/]/ ;"rgfx¿ aflx/ Nofpg] jf gNofpg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

!!= afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f M

s'g} klg lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'Fbf To;n] afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dgf]j}1flgs,;+j]ufTds, ljsf;fTds tyf g}lts d"Nodf rf]6 gk'uf];\ eg]/ ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿hf]lvddf kg]{ k|an ;+efjgf ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL u/fpFbfljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos k/]df k|x/L, cGo u}/;/sf/L;+:yf, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / sfg'g Joj;foL;Fu ;dGjo ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .

!@= ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;dfg clwsf/ M

dfgjclwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/sf] Pp6f df}lns l;4fGt ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ xf] .afnaflnsfn] hft hflt, j0f{, lnË, hGd jf cGo tx, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf

33;zQmLs/0f

cGo cf:yf, /fli6«otf, ;fdflhs :t/ cflb s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L

;dfg 9+un] ;xefuL x'g kfpF5g\ . o;}n] s'g} klg lqmofsnfkx¿df afnaflnsfsf]

;xeflutf u/fpFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 M

pd]/ M pd]/n] afnaflnsfaLr cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] txsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . o'jfx¿n]

lszf]/x¿nfO{ lszf]/x¿n] pgLx¿eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sdhf]/ / cfkm"nfO{

hfGg];'Gg] kl/kSj 7flg/x]sf x'G5g\ . jo:sx¿n] oxL sf/0fn] afnaflnsfn] s]xL

hfg]sf x'Fb}gg\ eGg] ;f]rsf] sf/0f ;xefuL u/fO/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . csf]{ s'/f lszf]/

cj:yfaf6 o'jf cj:yflt/ 9Ns]sf afnaflnsfx¿ / lszf]/ cj:yfeGbf sd

pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿n] rf;f] /fVg] s'/fx¿df klg km/s kg{;S5 . h] eP klg

oxfFg]/ la;{g} gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;a} pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] pd]/

cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . olb ;+rf/sf ;fwg / tl/sfx¿

pko'Qm lsl;dsf 5g\ eg] 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL

u/fpg cK7\of/f] kb}{g .

;fdflhs lnËe]b M ;fdflhs lnËe]bn] afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly

gsf/fTds c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf s]6fx¿sf] t'ngfdf s]6Lx¿n] sd

cj;/x¿ kfPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] cfTdan dha't x'g kfPsf] x'‘b}g, /

afnsx¿ h:t} :jtGq x'Fb}gg\ . o;n] pgLx¿df nfdf] ;do;Dd cfTdljZjf;

k}bf x'g / ;xefuL x'gsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;ls/x]sf

x'Fb}gg\ . 3/kl/jf/leq klg s]6Lx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu k|lts"n l:ylt x'G5 .

3/leq s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nufOg] x'gfn] km';{bsf] ;do Hofb} sd

x'G5 . To;}u/L ;fdflhs lje]bsf] rfk s]6fx¿sf] sfFwdf klg cfOk/]sf] x'G5 .

s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/leqsf] sfddf nufOg] x'gfn] s]6fx¿ 3/ 5f]8L 6f9f hfg'kg]{,

hf]lvdo'Qm sfdx¿ ug'{kg]{ l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . oL s'/fx¿n] klg afnaflnsfsf]

;xeflutfsf] clwsf/df gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;xhstf{x¿n] o:tf] lsl;dsf]

lje]bnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] nflu kxn ug'{kb{5 .

ckfËtf M ;fdfGotof ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g

;Sb}gg\ eGg] ul/G5 . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ckfËtfsf] sf/0faf6 afnaflnsfnfO{

;xeflutfaf6 al~rt u/fOg' x'Fb}g . a? ckfË afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu

l;h{gfTds ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;'xfpFbf lqmofsnfkx¿

lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . ;'/lIft :yfgdf / ;xh 9+uaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgsf

nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kb{5 . alx/f, cGwf / cGo lsl;dsf ckfË

34 ;zQmLs/0f

afnaflnsfnfO{ klg jfbljjfb, lg0f{o tyf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg, v]nnufotsfultljlw plQs} cfjZostf x'G5 .

;fdflhs x}l;ot jf k|lti7f M k|foM h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot ;a} lsl;dsfafn>ldsx¿ ;'ljwfljxLg tyf cfTdan sdhf]/ x'g k'u]sf ;dfhsf ;b:ox'g\ . ul/a afnaflnsf, ;8s afnaflnsf, b]xJofkf/df nfu]sf afnaflnsfn];dfhsf c? dflg;x¿af6 x]kfO tyf e]befjsf] l;sf/ x'g'kb{5 .afn;xhstf{x¿n] ;a} afnaflnsfk|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . cem} klg k|foMh;f] 7"nf—7"nf ;Dd]ng tyf uf]i7Lx¿df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;dfhsf k|ltli7t/ ;'ljwf;DkGg kl/jf/af6 cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] kfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg;xefuLtfd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;dfhsf ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ efulng] cj;/ lbO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;zQm agfOg'kb{5 . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs x}l;ot jfk|lti7fsf sf/0f zlQmdf /x]sf ;d"xx¿af6 ;'ljwfljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsf/ ;d"xnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df zlQm x:tfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu ;xhLs/0ful/g'kb{5 . o;n] ;fFrf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xh jftf/0f tof/ ub{5 .

hghflt, wd{ / eflifs ;d"xsf] ;b:otf M ;dfhdf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s;d'bfox¿ x'g] x'gfn] ;a} hft wd{ efiffsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L afn ;+3 tyf;+u7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 . a]rlavg tyf c;'/lIft cfk|jf;gdf k/L :jb]zleqjf ljb]z k'¥ofOPsf afnaflnsfx¿ a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ hLjg latfpg afWo eO/x]sfx'G5g\ . 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsfafnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k/]sf] x'g;S5 . cj}w sfddf;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ c? dflg;x¿n] yfxf kfpF5g\ eg]/ o:tfafnlqmofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o;}n] afn ;xhstf{x¿oL ;jfnx¿df ;+j]bgzLn x'g' h?/L 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ Wofgdf/fvL afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPdf o;n] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;'ljwfljxLg tyfhf]lvdo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .

!#= cfkm}+dfly e/ kg]{ afgLsf] ljsf;

afn;xeflutfsf] cy{ afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:sx¿dfly lge{/ ug]{ afgL ljsf; ug'{xf]Og . jo:sx¿ t s]jn afn;xhstf{x¿ x'g\ . ;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfnfO{cfTdan k|bfg ub{5 . afnaflnsf Pscsf{df / cfkm+}df e/ kg]{ afgLsf] ljsf;ub{5 . o:tf] lge{/tf s]jn sfo{qmd ;+rfng u?~h]n dfq xf]Og hLjgsf] x/If]qdf h?/L x'G5 . afn;+:yfsf cu'jfx¿n] cfkm" !* jif{ k'u]kl5 qmdzM gofF

35;zQmLs/0f

afnaflnsfdfly lhDd]jf/L ;'lDk+b} afNosfndf l;s]sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ lnP/ cfkm"x¿

o'jfo'jtLx¿sf] ;+u7gdf ;fd]n x'g;S5g\ . To;}u/L sltko afnaflnsfs}

;xhstf{ klg aGg ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] ;xhstf{n] afn;+u7gdf ;+ul7t ePs}

a]nfb]lv cfTdlge{/ aGg k|f]T;flxt ug{' kb{5 .

!$= ;xof]ufTds kl/j]z

afn;xeflutfsf nflu ;xof]ufTds kl/j]z x'g cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] jftfj/0fn]

afnaflnsfnfO{ lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g xNsf / ;xh agfpF5 . o;n] d}qLk"0f{

jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . o;n] pgLx¿leq /x]sf] lxlRsrfpg] afgL, 8/, qf;

lg/fzf lj:tf/} x6]/ ljrf/x¿ JoQm ug{ / :j]R5fn] sfd ug{ yfNb5g\ .

;xeflutfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg a;fOdf klg Wofg k'¥ofpg['kb{5 .

lqmofsnfkdf efu lnFbf ;xhstf{ / afnaflnsf ;a} e'O{df uf]nf] eP/ a:g]

u/]df afnaflnsf a9L ;xefuL x'g ?rfpF5g\ . t/ afnaflnsfn] s';L{df a:bf

cfˆgf] x}l;ot dfly ePsf] 7fGg] ub{5g\ eg] s';L{ 6]annfO{ uf]nf] kf/L /fv]/ klg

lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ v]n a9L ?rfpg] x'gfn] a9L v]n v]nfpg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy}

l;h{gfTds lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfng ul//xg'kb{5 . v]n v]Ng] s'/f s]jn ;do

latfpgsf nflu dfq xf]Og o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cGo lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'g

a9L pTk|]l/t ug]{ ub{5 .

olb afnaflnsfx¿ ;xhstf{sf] cg'kl:yltdf :jtGq ¿kn] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL

x'g ;xh 7fGb5g\ eg] ;xhstf{n] 6f9f a;]/ /]vb]v ug'{kb{5 .

!%= pko'Qm ljlw M

afnaflnsfsf nflu ;+rfng ul/g] ;a} lqmofsnfk tyf tl/sfx¿ afnaflnsfsf]

pd]/ Ifdtfcg';f/ ldNg] x'g'kb{5 . ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;xefuL

agfpg] eGg] pkfo kQf nufpg] s'/f ;xhstf{sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] s'/f xf] . vf;u/L

lg/If/, cGo ;Lkx¿ gePsf tyf ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL x'gsf nflu

;xh x'g] tl/sfx¿sf] vf]hL ul/g'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] o:tf] pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{kb{5

h;af6 ;'ljwfljxLg / ;'ljwfo'Qm afnaflnsf tyf afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLrsf]

zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ ;lsof];\ .

36 ;zQmLs/0f

!^= ;xeflutfsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] rog M

s]lx ;xefuLd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;ls+b}g .

o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsf :jo+nfO{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿dWo]

s;nfO{ ;xefuL agfp‘bf pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ rog ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 . k|ltlglw

rog ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] k|hftflGqs cEof; s} tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

s'g} klg 5gf}6 k|lqmof ;'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8 jo:sx¿n] ug{ nfluPsf] lqmofsnfk

jf sfo{qmdsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg s'/f g5'6\g] u/L s'/fx¿ atfpg'

kb{5 . vf; u/L lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] afnaflnsfaf6 s] cfzf ul/Psf] xf]

eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL

x'g] s]xL ;fyLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;xefuL x'g rfxg]x¿sf] ;+Vof

w]/} ePdf jf cfjZostf k/]df dtbfg klg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf

afnaflnsfsf] rognfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ kb{5 . vf; u/L cj;/x¿ yf]/} x'G5g\ t/

lg/Gt/ cfO/xg ;S5g\ . c? afnaflnsfnfO{ kl5Nnf cj;/x¿ lbg] eGg] s'/f

k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . lqmofsnfk jf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] afns jf aflnsfn]

;xefuL eP/ cfPkl5 Toxf‘ k|fKt cg'ej jf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] k|ltj]bg tof/

u/L ;a} c? ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg' kg]{ s'/f atfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 .

!&= efiff M

lhNnf, /fli6«o If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o txdf x'g] lqmofsnfkx¿df ljleGg b]z,

If]q, hghflt ;d"xaf6 ;xefuL x'g] afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L tyf ;lqmo

;xeflutfsf] nflu efiffn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 . olb efiff ga'em\g] l:ylt

ePdf afnaflnsf] ;xeflutf k|efjsf/L gx'g] dfq xf]Og o;n] gsf/fTds k|efj

;d]t kfg{ ;Sb5 . ;fdflhs k|lti7f, x}l;ot / efiff Ps csf{df uf‘l;Psf

s'/fx¿ x'g\ . h:t} lzlIft afnaflnsfn] /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o efiff klg l;Sg]

df}sf kfPsf] x'G5 . olb ;xefuL afnaflnsf sfo{qmddf k|of]u ul/g] efiff

a'em\b}g eg] efiffsf] ;§fdf lrq, kf]i6/, >Job[Zo, ;+rf/sf l;h{gfTds tl/sfx¿

ckgfpg' kb{5 . bf]efif]x¿ afnclwsf/af/]df ;+j]bgzLn x'g h?/L 5 . 5nkmn

ePsf ljifox¿sf] ;f/ ;+If]k ;/n efiff / xfpefpsf] dfWodaf6 k|i6 kfl/g'

kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] 5nkmn tyf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lj:tf/} ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] 5nkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ w}o{tfk"j{s ;'Ggsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ul//xg'

kb{5 .

37;zQmLs/0f

!*= ;kmntfdf v';L dgfpg] M

of]hgf ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ ;kmn ePdf ;xefuL ePsf lqmofsnfksf] ;kmntfsf]nflu v';LofnL dgfpg] . ;fgf] 7"nf] hqf] ;kmntf k|fKt eP klg ;xefuL x'g]nfO{awfO lbg] . o;n] km]l/—km]l/ o:tf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ tyf ;xefuL x'gsf]nflu c? afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg ldNb5 .

!(= sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu yk lqmofsnfk M

s'g} klg lqmofsnfk jf sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 To;kl5 s] ug]{ eGg]af/]df ;f]Rg'kb{5 .olb sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] eP To;sf] k|ltj]bg jfpgLx¿ efu lnPsf] a}7ssf] 3f]if0ff pgLx¿nfO{ lbg] .

sltko afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] sfo{qmddf efu lnP/ cfPkl5 l;s]sf 1fg tyf;Lkx¿ ;+u7gdf nfu" ug{ rfxG5g\ . of] :jefljs s'/f xf] . o;}n] sfo{qmd;+rfnsx¿n] ;xefuLx¿;Fu pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgfsf af/]df 5nkmnug{'kb{5 . olb yk sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu >f]t h'6fpg k/]df ;f]sf nflucGo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

38 ;zQmLs/0f

Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

afn;xeflutfn],

nfdf] ;do lng;S5 .

afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtfsf] clwstd / l;{hgfTds 9+un] pkof]u ub{5 .

of] Pp6f l;sfOsf] k|lqmof xf]

JolQmut pGgltsf nflu Pp6f cj;/ xf] .

afn;xeflutf lqmofsnfk xf]Og a? cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ ug]{ Pp6f tl/sf xf] .

Pp6f dfq lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g' jf:tljs ;xeflutf xf]Og,afn;xeflutfnfO{ hLjgdf x/ If]qdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿df d"nk|jfxLs/0ful/g'kb{5 .

afn;xeflutf sfo{qmdaf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5, of] Jojxf/af6 ;DkGg ul/g] sfo{xf], of] afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;DkGg x'G5 .

afn;xeflutf ;w}+ P]lR5s, ;';"lrt, cy{k"0f{ / afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtsf]kIfdf x'G5 .

afn;xeflutfn] ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg'kb{5 .

afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf] 1fg, k|j[lQ / ;Lksf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u/LpgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿leq cGt/lglxt Ifdtf dx;'; u/fpF5, pQ/bfoL / ;lqmogful/ssf] ljsf; u5{ .

afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsf cfkm}nfO{ zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/Iff ug{sf]nflu ;Ifd agfpg ;xof]u ug{;S5 .

olb afnaflnsf;Fu 5nkmn u/]df / pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fPdf 3/]n'afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>d;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ a9L;do;fk]If / To;sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

39;zQmLs/0f

sfo{qmdsf] zf]ef a9fpgsf nflu dfq / afnaflnsfsf] s'g} e"ldsflagf g}pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgsf] nflu k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ k|>o lbg' x'Fb}g .

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh, d}qLk"0f{ / k|hftflGqs kl/j]zdf ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿ aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw ;Ddfghgs x'g'kb{5 .

;Dej eP;Dd w]/} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] nIo lnOg'kb{5 .

afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf, cfjZostf / rfvcg';f/ pko''Qm x'g] tl/sf /lqmofsnfkx¿ k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 .

aflx/L lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] hfg];DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ g}lg0f{o ug{ lbOg'kb{5 .

sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg kIfn] s'g} lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg] a]nf afnaflnsf/ ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ hf]lvddf kg]{ jf gkg]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .

afn;xeflutfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf 3/]n'nufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUgePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;+ul7t ug]{ sfdlt/ pGd'v ul/g'kb{5 .

sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfksf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} a;]/v';LofnL dgfpg'kb{5 .

k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eO;s]kl5 tL lqmofsnfkx¿af6 pgLx¿sf] hLjgdfePsf] kl/jt{g hfFRg nfut – -/sd, ;fdu|L, dfgjLo >f]t ;fwg slt vr{eof] <_ k|lqmof – -tL ;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L k|of]u ul/P <_ lgut{ -tfNsfnLgkl/0ffd s] cfof] <_ / pknlAw –-bL3{sfnLg k|efj s] k¥of] <_ eGg] af/]dfafnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg} kb{5 .

sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk ;dfKt ePkl5 Tof] sfo{qmdkZrft ug]{ gof‘ of]hgfsf]af/]df afnaflnsf;Fu ;f]lwg'kb{5 / cfjZos >f]t ;fwg h'6fOlbg'kb{5 .

afn;xeflutf g} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]Og a?o;n] ltgLx¿sf] afFRg], bL3{ hLjg lhpg], ljsf; ug{, ;+/If0f kfpg] nufotsfclwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u ub{5 .

40 ;zQmLs/0f

afn;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx¿

æafnaflnsfn] s] ug{ ;S5g\ / <Æ eGg] jo:sx¿sf] wf/0ff

;xeflutfsf] gfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ æk|of]uÆ u/fOPsf]

afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] dfof / ;'/Iffsf] cefj

afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZostfeGbf a9L lgoGq0f / lgb]{zg ug{ vf]Hg'

lg0f{o ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] sdL

afnaflnsfnfO{ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] sdL

3/]n' afn>dnufot ;a} k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{ sfg'gn] ;d]6\g g;Sg'

jo:sx¿df afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;Lk gx'g'

afnaflnsfnfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;Lk, tflnd glbOg'

afnaflnsfdf pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/af/] r]tgfsf] sdL

afnd}qLk"0f{ ;+rf/sf] cefj

afnaflnsfn] ug]{ lg0f{odf jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf] kmfObfsf nflu x:tIf]k ug'{

;d'bfo / kl/jf/af6 jf:tf gug'{

pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj

Ps csf{df ;Dks{ / ;dGjosf] sdL

41;zQmLs/0f

3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpFbf w}o{tf, nrstf /

l;h{gfTdstfsf] vf‘rf] kb{5 . o;sf nflu p;sf] /f]huf/bftf, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo,

;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . lgDg

s'/fx¿n] ubf{ of] r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 M

!= 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df k9fOsf] :t/ / cGo ;Lksf] ljsf; Go"g x'G5 M

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df, plgx¿sf] kl/jf/ ;fdfGo ;fIf/ jf lg/If/ klg x'g;S5g\ .

pgLx¿sf] af]Ng;Sg] ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'Fb}g . cGo afnaflnsf h:tf] lrq

sf]g]{, gS;f agfpg] h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] klg /fd|f] ljsf; gePsf] x'g;S5 . o;}n]

jo:s ;xhstf{n] l;h{gfTds 9+un] pko'Qm ljlwx¿ vf]Hg'kb{5 .

@= ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sl7g M

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ a]rlavgdf k/]sf], a;fFO ;/]sf] cnu—cnu /f]huf/bftfx¿sf]

3/df a;]sf]n] Ps 7fpFdf e]nf x'g sl7g x'G5 . ufp‘af6 cfPsf] x'gfn] ;x/lt/

af]lng] :yfgLo efiff af]Ng klg sl7g x'G5 . Ps csf{aLr 3'nldn x'g, ljZjf;

k|fKt ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . ;xeflutfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfngsf nflu ;xh

jftfj/0f agfpg ;do nfUg;S5 .

#= ;dosf] cefj / vf]h]sf] a]nf e]§fpg ufx|f] M

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] nfdf] ;do;Dd sfddf Jo:t x'g'kg]{ x'gfn] km';{bsf] ;do

lgsfNg sl7g x'G5 . lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ddf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{

/f]huf/bftfx¿n] s7f]/ lgoGq0fdf /fv]sf x'G5g\ . 8/ qf;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿

rfx]sf] a]nf aflx/ lg:sg g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . Sna cflbdf ;xefuL x'g klg

;dosf] cefj / sfdsf] rfkn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] Snadf efu lng] ?lr klg gx'g

;S5 . ?lr eP klg vf]h]sf] a]nf e]§fpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;}n] pgLx¿ ;+nUg ePsf

;+:yf jf sfo{x¿sf] k|ult l9nf] x'g;S5 .

42 ;zQmLs/0f

$= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d ;+j]bgzLn ;jfn M

lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d ;+j]bgzLn ;jfn xf] . o;df afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg,afn of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g;Sg], sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] eGbf sd pd]/df sfddfnufPsf] jf cGo k|sf/sf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{x¿ x'g ;Sb5g\, h'g sfg'gn] klglgif]w u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf ;jfnx¿ ;dfhsf] cufl8 nfhdbf]{ x'g] / cg}lts klgx'G5g\ . ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ eGg] gfddf o:tf ;jfnx¿af/] 5nkmn ubf{ /f]huf/bftf/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf af]nfO{ 5nkmn ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{5'§} 9+un] ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 . gq eg] o:tf ;jfnx¿ uDeL/ / vt/gfs klgx'g;S5g\ . o:tf ;jfnx¿df ;r]tgf Nofpg] tyf /f]huf/bftf, k|x/L, sfg'g;Fu;Da4 lgsfosf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn rnfpgsf] nflu nfdf] /0fgLlt agfO{sfd ug'{kb{5 .

%= dgf]j}1flgs c;/ M

lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>dn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs / efjgfTds ¿kn]rf]6 k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/sf] af/]df /f]huf/bftf;Fu5nkmn rnfpg cfkm}+ ;lsG5 ;ls+b}g ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . cfkm}+n] xn ug{ g;s]c?;Ifd ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lhDdf lbg'kb{5 . o:t} lsl;dsf ;d:ofdfly ljho k|fKtug{ ;kmn ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] sdhf]/cfTdannfO{ dfly p7fpgsf nflu cGo afnaflnsfx¿;Fu 3'nldn u/fpg'kb{5 .o;n] Psflt/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cGo afnaflnsfx¿af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg]cj;/ kfpF5g\ eg] cGo afnaflnsfn] klg 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] ef]u]sf kL8ftyf cGo Jojxfl/s 1fg l;Sg] a'em\g] cj;/ kfpF5g\ .

43;zQmLs/0f

kfFrafn;xeflutfsf] nflu afnSna

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ dfq xf]Og cGo afn>ldsnufot ;a} afnaflnsfsf] nfluSna jf ;d"x afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; ug]{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm :yn xf] . lsgeg] M

;+ul7t x'g kfpg] afn>ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ xf] .

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ cb[Zo / kx'Fraf6 6f9f eP klg afn;+u7gx¿ b[Zox'G5g\ / k'Ug ;lsg] :yndf x'G5g\ .

afn>ldsx¿ >lds eP klg 6«]8 o'lgogx¿df ;+ul7t x'g ;Sb}gg\ lsgls>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ !% jif{d'lgsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf dfGotfk|fKt 5}g .

afn;+u7gsf] ;b:otf / ;+u7gsf] gfdn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQmagfpF5 .

o;n] 3/]n' afn>lds / /f]huf/bftfaLrsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ xn ug{ d2tub{5 .

;fdfGotof jo:sx¿sf] nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 t/3/]n' afn>ldssf] xsdf eg] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df a;]sf] sf/0f km';{bsf];do kfpg / lx+88'n ug]{ :jtGqtf sd dfq x'g] ePsf]n] ;+ul7t ug{ ufx|f]x'G5 .

;+u7gdf ;xefuL x'gfn] afnaflnsfn] ;xeflud"ns 9+uaf6 ;Lkx¿ l;Sg]/ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf a:g / sfd ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gfub{5 .

44 ;zQmLs/0f

;d"x s] xf] <

;d"x eGgfn] lglZrt p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf nflu b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ldn]/ ;fd"lxs efjgf / klxrfg;lxt lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+u7g xf] .

;d"x lsg <

nIf k"/f ug{ jf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ .

Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿aLr ljrf/ cfbfg—k|bfg ug{ .

Pp6} jf p:t}} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] cg''ej cfbfg—k|bfg ug{ .

Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfluof]hgf agfpg .

Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] zlQm ;+ro ug{ .

Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] >f]t ;fwg h'6fpg .

PSn}n] k""/f ug{ g;Sg] sfd ug{ jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ jf lk/dsf{x6fpg .

g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ .

afnSna s] xf] <

afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ug{ kfpg] tyf JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/sf]Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/]/ agfOPsf]Pp6f afn;d"x xf] . cGo afnaflnsfx¿sf] cltl/Qm 3/sf] rf/ lbjf/leq y'lgP/cb[Zo tyf cf]em]ndf k/]sf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df cfTdansf] ljsf; ug{sf]nflu afnSnan] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .

3/]n' afn>dsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf jf ;xhstf{af6 pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/u/L cgf}krfl/s afnsIffdf ;xefuL eO/x]sf jf ljBfno uO/x]sf tyf s'g}

45;zQmLs/0f

klg sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ePsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ g} ;+ul7t u/]/ afnSna

u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj;/ kfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ lg/Gt/ ;d"xdf

pkl:yt x'g] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

3/]n' afn>ldssf nflu afnSna lsg cfjZos 5 <

af]Ng], n]Vg] ;Lkdf ljsf; ug{

g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{

cfTdansf] ljsf; ug{

d]nldnfksf] efjgf a9fpg

cfkm"dfly k/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ / hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg

ug{

hftLo, n}lËs e]befj x6fpg

Ps cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf j[l4 ug{

cGo afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{,

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] hLjgdf r]tgf hufpg

afnaflnsfk|lt ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w jf k|lt/f]w ug{

/rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ubf{ cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿

afnaflnsfx¿ /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf x'g] x'gfn] afnSna u7g

x'g] s'/f /f]huf/bftfn] yfxf kfPkl5 ca s] ug{ nfu] eGg] z+sf pTkGg

eO{ ;d"x tyf e]nfdf cfpg k|ltaGw nfUg;S5 .

46 ;zQmLs/0f

afnSnadf ;+ul7t ePkl5 clns a9L ;do lbg'kg]{ l:ylt cfpg ;Sg]x'gfn] /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]s nufOg;S5 .

/f]huf/bftfsf] 8/n] afnaflnsfx¿ Snadf ga:g] ;+efjgf x'G5 .

Snasf] ultljlwn] sIffut k9fOnfO{ w]/} afwf k'u]df afnaflnsfx¿sf]k9fO sdhf]/ x'g;S5 .

yf]/}nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lsP klg cem w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ ul/a kl/jf/sf:s'n ghfg], ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf c;+ul7t cj:yfd} /x]sf]n]ltgnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of; gx'g] xf] eg] Sna;Fu ltgsf] b"/L a9\g;S5jf ltgLk|lt ul/g] e]befj emg\ a9\g]5 .

g]kfnsf afnSansf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld

;g\ !(*( df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] kfl/t u¥of] . To;sf]Ps jif{kl5 cyjf !(() df g]kfnn] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ tyfcg'df]bg u¥of] . o;/L afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 dxf;lGwg]kfnsf] sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . o;n] !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdfdfGotf lbg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+u7g vf]Ng;Sg] clwsf/ lbof] . afnclwsf/dxf;lGwn] Joj:yf u/]sf] clwsf/nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ p2]Zon] Knfg OG6/g]zgnåf/f;xof]u k'¥ofOPsf afnSnax¿sf] :yfkgf eof] . o;}u/L ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{åf/f;xof]u k'¥ofOPsf Snax¿ ;g\ !((@÷!((# lt/ ndh'ª, pbok'/ / kfNkfdf:yfkgf eP .

;g\ !(($ df sf7df08f}df dxf;lGwsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ hDdf ePsfafnaflnsfsf] ;d"xnfO{ g} ;Ël7t u/L afnr]tgf ;d"xsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;};do PS;g P8n] afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfTds cg';Gwfg;~rfng ug{'sf ;fy} afn;d"xx¿ klg :yfkgf u¥of] . xft]dfnf] afn;d"xsf]:yfkgf ;g\ !((^ df eof] . ;]e b lrN8«]g o'=s]= tyf ;]e b lrN8]«g, o'=P;=åf/f;xof]u k'¥ofOPsf afnSnax¿sf] :yfkgf klg ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{n] ;xof]uul/Psf afnSnax¿s} 9fFrfdf eof] . ;g\ !((& b]lv cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb«-OG;]s_n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf lhNnfdf afnclwsf/ r]tgf ;d"x u7gu¥of] . o;} qmddf !((&÷(*df afndhb'/ ;/f]sf/ s]Gb« -l;ljg_n] cfˆgfafnclwsf/ d~r u7g ug]{ sfdsf] ;'?jft\ u¥of] . l;ljgn] klg :s'nsf

47;zQmLs/0f

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ g} afnclwsf/ d~r u7g u/]sf] 5 . oltv]/;Dd 3/]n'

afn>ldsx¿nfO{ g} ;+ul7t u/]/ s'g} klg afnSnax¿ u7g ePsf] lyPg .

;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_n] 3/]n'

afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] p2]Zon] @)%* ;fndf 3/]n' afn>lds d~r

:yfkgf u¥of] . of] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] afnSna xf] . xfn

o; ;+:yfsf] kxndf $@ j6f 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] afnSnax¿ ;+rflnt 5g\ .

oL Snax¿ :s'ndf k9\g] 3/]n' afn>lds / cGo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ u7g

ul/Psf] 5 . oL Snax¿df *) k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / @) k|ltzt cGo

afnaflnsfx¿ ;+ul7t 5g\ .

o;/L afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] kxnaf6 xfn g]kfndf

# xhf/eGbf a9L afnSnax¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . afnSnasf] cfsf/sf] kl/lw ( hgf

b]lv *& hgf;Ddsf] kfOPsf]n] oxL cf};tnfO{ /fli6«o ¿kdf lnFbf /fli6«o :t/df

#) xhf/ ! ;o &) hgf afnaflnsf afnSnadf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/

of] ;+Vofdf cGo ;+:yfx¿åf/f u7g ul/Psf afnSnax¿sf] cf};t afnaflnsfsf]

;+Vof yfxf gePsf]n] of] cg'dflgt tYofÍ dfq xf] . gofF ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf x'g]

tyf gofF—gofF afnSnax¿ u7g x'g] sfd lg/Gt/ eO/xg] x'gfn] o;sf] jf:tljs

;+Vof cfpg sl7g x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt tYofÍx¿n] ;g\ !((* sf] cGTolt/;Ddsf]

afnSnasf] cg'dflgt ljj/0f atfpFb5g\ .

g]kfndf afnSnax¿sf] ljlwjt btf{ ug]{ k|s[ofn] eg] ldlt @)%* >fj0f @% ut]

hfu[lt afnSnan] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nolj?4 bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr

cbfntn] btf{ ug{ kfpg] km};nf u/]kl5 ;'? ePsf] xf] .

o;afx]s cGo ;+:yfx¿n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ul7t u/L afnSnax¿ lgdf{0f

u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf ;+:yfx¿df OGefO/f]gd]G6n SofDk km/ sGh/e];g Pj]/g];\

-PSsf_, :6'8]06 kf6{g/l;k jN8{jfO8n] klg jftfj/0fLo Snax¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5

eg] c08/lk|len]H8 lrN8«G; Pzf]l;o;g -pKsf_, sG;g{, ;]km Pj+ xfn afnr]tgf

;d"xsf Snax¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

xfn;Dd :yfkgf ePsf Snax¿sf] ef}uf]lns b[li6n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf dWokxf8L

If]qdf w]/} afnSnax¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] t/fO{ If]qn] bf]>f] :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . t/

pRr kxf8L lhNnfdf eg] s'g} Sna 5}gg\ .

48 ;zQmLs/0f

o;/L afnSnax¿sf] u7g ug]{ sfd cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo txdf /x]sfu}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . w]/}h;f] afn Snax¿ !(()sf] bzssf] k"jf{4{b]lv ufpF÷;d'bfodf ;~rflnt æafnaflnsf Pscsf{sf] nfluÆsfo{qmdaf6 ljsl;t ePsf kfOG5g\ . s]xL eg] afn ;fIf/tf sIff ;DkGgePkl5 ;d"xsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . cGo sltko Snax¿ ljsf; ;+:yfåf/f;f]em} Snasf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf b]lvG5g\ . s]xL afnSnax¿ l5d]sL ufpFsfafnaflnsfåf/f afnSnasf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'gf;fy pT;flxt eP/ dfu ePcg';f/ljsl;t ePsf lyP . o;/L afnSna u7g x'g'df xft]dfnf] afn /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf]k|efj klg xf] .

afnSna / ;xof]uL ;+3;+:yfx¿

h;/L Pp6f JolQmn] cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ c?sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 .afnSna ;+:yf xf] . ;+:yf eg]sf] klg Pp6f JolQm;/x g} x'G5 . To;}n] Snan]ug{] eg]/ ;f]r]sf ;a} sfo{x¿ p;n] PSn} ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt klg x'g;S5 . s}of}+sfdx¿ ug{sf nflu cGo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lng}kg]{ x'G5 . o;}n] ;+:yfut¿kn] sfd ug]{ ubf{ c?sf] ;xof]u lngsf nflu ;j{k|yd Snasf ;xof]uL;+:yfx¿ s'g–s'g x'g\ eg]/ klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . ;fdfGotof afnSnasf ;xof]uL;+:yfx¿ lgDg x'g ;Sb5g\ M

j8f sfof{no ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf

:jf:Yo rf}sL÷pk:jf:Yo rf}sL ljBfno

k|x/L rf}sL lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

kqsf/x¿ cGo Snax¿

afnclwsf/;Fu ;Da4 ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿afnclwsf/k|lt rf;f] /fVg]u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGo ;+:yfx¿

49;zQmLs/0f

5afnSna Joj:yfkg

afnSna Pp6f ;+u7g xf] o;}n] SnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf nfluSnasf] cfGtl/s cj:yf hlt;'s} :j:Yo, ;zQm eP klg aflx/L kl/j]zn] klgSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n]Snasf ;xhstf{ tyf o;df cfa4 x'g] afnaflnsfx¿n] klg SnaeGbf aflx//x]sf] ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts kl/j]znfO{ rgfvf] cfFvfn]x]l//xg'kb{5 .

afnSNj / o;nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿

50 ;zQmLs/0f

afnSna s;/L u7g ug]{ <

afnSna u7g ug{sf nflu lgDg sfdx¿ ug{'kb{5 M

!= afnSan u7g ug'{eGbf cufl8 ug]{ sfdx¿ M

afnSna u7g ug]{ ljBfno, cgf}krfl/s sIff tyf ;d'bfosf] jl/kl/sf

/f]huf/bftf uf=lj=;, gu/kflnsfsf k|ltlglw, ;+3;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿,

:yfgLo /fhg}lts JolQmTj, cleefjsx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L pgLx¿nfO{

afnSna s] xf] < o;sf] u7g lsg ug]{ < o;sf kmfObfx¿ s]—s] 5g\ <

o;df ;dfj]z ePsf afnaflnsfsf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L s—s] x'G5g\ <

h:tf ljifox¿df k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ afnSna u7g ul/Psf] v08df Sna

;'rf? ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

Sna u7g ug]{ ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks tyf cGo lzIfs / lzlIfsf;Fu

nuftf/ ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug]{ .

afnaflnsfx¿sf /f]huf/bftf tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu afnSna u7gsf]

p2]Zoaf/] k|i6 hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

afnSnasf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ef}lts ;]jfx¿ h:t} e]nf x'g] 7fpF,

cfwf/e"t d;nGb, v]n ;fdu|L, kf7\o ;fdu|L cflb h'6fpgsf nflu ;d'bfo

/ afnaflnsf;Fu ldn]/ kxn ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu :yfgLo o:t/sf

lgsfo / bft[;+:yfaf6 s] s:tf ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 ;f]sf] vf]hlag

ug'{kb{5 .

Sna u7g ug{sf nflu lglZrt of]hgf tof/ u/L ;DalGwt ;xof]uL ;+:yf

/ ;d'bfo tyf afnaflnsf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn ugkb{5 .

afnSna vf;u/L 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf s]lGb«t x'g'sf] ;fy}

afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} d'2fdf sfd ug]{ af/]df ;xof]uL ;+:yf, ;d'bfo

/ afnaflnsfnufot ;a};Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 .

51;zQmLs/0f

@= u7g k|lqmof

ljBfnodf cWoog/t 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / cGo afnaflnsfx¿sf] e]nf

u/fpg] . o;/L e]nf u/fpFbf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof *) k|ltzt /

cGo afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof @) k|ltzt x'g] u/L va/ ug]{ .

;f] e]nfdf ;xhstf{af6 afnSna u7g ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L lbg] .

afnSna lsg u7g ug{ nfu]sf] xf] / o;n] s] sfd u5{ eGg] af/]df

/fd|/L ;';"lrt kfg]{ .

;xhstf{n] afn>ldsx¿aLr 5nkmn rnfP/ pgLx¿n] g} rog u/]sf]

gfdaf6 Snasf] gfd /fVg'kb{5 . o;f] u/]df pgLx¿df Snak|lt ckgTjsf]

efjgf hfu[t x'G5 . gfdsf] ;fy} 7]ufgf klg to ug{ nufpg] .

gLlt lgod th'{df ug]{ .

sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .

kbflwsf/Lsf] rog ug]{ .

Snasf] p2]Zo to ug]{ .

p2]Zocg';f/sf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg] .

afnSnasf] ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ .

Sna u7g ug{ e]nf ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f ;b:o agfpg] .

afnSnasf] ;+/rgf / kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L

slt hgfsf] ;ldlt u7g ug]{ <

;fdfGotof Snasf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt u7g ubf{ lahf]/ ;+Vofdf u7g ug]{ rng

5 . vf;u/L sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf olb s'g} ljifodf ljjfb ePdf a/fa/ dt

52 ;zQmLs/0f

ePdf s'g lg0f{o dfGg] jf gdfGg] eGg] af/]df cK7]/f] kg]{ x'gfn] of] cK7]/f]

km'sfpgsf nflu sfo{;ldlt lahf]/ ;+Vofdf /fVg] rng rn]sf] xf] .

;fwf/0f ;b:o alg;s]kl5 Snasf ;xhstf{ tyf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿sf] 5nkmnaf6& hgfb]lv !# hgf;Ddsf] Pp6f sfo{;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xdf a:g]afnaflnsf !* jif{eGbf dflysf] x'g'x'Fb}g . o;/L ag]sf] sfo{;ldltdf ;Dej eP& hgf aflnsf ^ hgf afns ;f] geP $ hgf aflnsf clgjfo{ ¿kn] ;+ul7tul/g'k5{ . Sna u7g ul/;s]kl5 Pp6f /lhi6/df e]nfdf pkl:yt ePsf ;a}sf];xL u/fpg'kb{5 .

;fdfGotof Snasf] sfo{;ldltdf lgDg kbflwsf/Lx¿ x'G5g\ M cWoIf, pkfWoIf,;lrj, ;x–;lrj, sf]iffWofIf, ;b:ox¿ -# b]lv * hgf;Dd_

s'g} klg afnSnadf dflyelgP cg';f/ g} x'g'kb{5 eGg] xf]Og cfjZostfcg';f/s]xL yk36 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

olb Snasf] sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} eP lgDgcg';f/ sfo{ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

afnSnasf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] -sfo{sf/L ;ldlt_ gd"gf

53;zQmLs/0f

af= ;ldlt – aflnsf ;ldlt ;f= ;ldlt – ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt

cf= ;ldlt – cfly{s ;ldlt ; = ;ldlt – ;/;kmfO ;ldlt

;f= ;]= ;ldlt – ;fdflhs ;]jf ;ldlt af=c= ;ldlt – afnclwsf/ ;ldlt

v]= ;ldlt – v]ns'b ;ldlt

s'g} klg afnSnadf dfly elgPcg';f/ g} x'g'k5{ eGg] xf]Og cfjZostfcg';f/ yk36 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

dfly b]vfOPcg';f/ sfo{;ldlt w]/} hgfsf] ePdf sfo{;ldltleq sfo{ljefhgug]{ qmddf ljleGg ;ldltx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hlt j6f ;ldltx¿ agfOG5tL ;ldltx¿sf ;+of]hsx¿ sfo{;ldlts} ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 rog u/L cGo;b:onfO{ tL ;ldltsf ;b:o agfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf ;ldltx¿df v]ns"b;ldlt, ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt, ;/;kmfO ;ldlt, afnclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdflhs ;]jf;ldlt, cfly{s ljsf; ;ldlt, aflnsf ljsf; ;ldlt cflb . o:tf ;ldltx¿lgdf{0f ul/Pdf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 . sfo{;ldlt ;fg}eP klg k|To]s ;b:onfO{ s]xL g s]xL lhDd]jf/L lbg'kb{5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{lhDd]jf/ / ;lqmo agfpFb5 .

Snasf] ultljlw l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ ;fdfGotof dlxgfsf] ! k6s jf @ k6sa}7s ;+rfng ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . t/ cfjZostcg';f/ o;eGbf a9L k6s klg;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

Sna u7g ul/;s]kl5 sfo{;ldltnfO{ afnSna ;+rfng ug]{, lx;fa lstfa /fVg],a}7s ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf ljifox¿df tflnd lbg'kb{5 . tflnd lbg'cl3 jfkl5 ;xhstf{n] afnSnasf ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / ;xhLs/0ful//xg'kb{5 .

afnSnasf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf lhDd]jf/L / Sna ;+rfng k|lqmof

cWoIfn] ug'{kg]{ sfd

!= Snasf x/]s sfd sf/afxLdf g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{,

@= a}7s a:bf cWoIftf ug]{, ;dflKtsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{,

#= p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu Snasf kbflwsf/L tyf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ .

54 ;zQmLs/0f

$= ;lrj;Fu ;Nnfx u/L a}7ssf] sfo{s|d tof/ ug]{ .

%= a}7sdf s'g} kbflwsf/L jf ;b:ox¿af6 uNtL ePsf] eP cfnf]rgf, cfTdfnf]rgfug{ nufO{ uNtL ;'wfg{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug]{,

^= a}7sdf k]z ePsf], 5nkmn ePsf] s'g} ljifodf dtbfg x'Fbf kIf ljkIf a/fa/ePdf lg0ff{os dt lbg] .

&= Snasf] h; ckh;sf] lhDd]jf/L lng]

*= ;a}sf] s'/f ;'g]/ dfq cfˆgf] lg0f{o lbg]

pkfWoIfn] ug'{kg]{ sfd

!= cWoIfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

@= cWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf cWoIfåf/f ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{, / ug{ nufpg] .

;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

!= cWoIfsf] ;/;Nnfxcg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] t}of/L ug]{ u/fpg]

@= a}7ssf] lg0f{o / Snan] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg]

#= Snan] ug]{ sfdx¿sf] of]hgf agfpg], cGo ;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug]{

$= cfjZostfcg';f/ Snasf] ;Dk"0f{ n]vfk9L Pj+ kq Jojxf/ ug]{ .

%= Snasf] rn–crn ;DklQsf] clen]v /fVg], /]vb]v ug]{ .

^= Snasf] a}7sdf 5nkmn ug{sf nflu cWoIf / cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfxu/L ljifo;"rL to ug]{ .

&= a}7ssf] ;+rfng ug]{, ;d"xsf sfdx¿ ug{ kxn ug]{

;x–;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

!= ;lrjnfO{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;+rfngdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

@= ;lrjsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;lrjåf/f ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ / u/fpg] .

55;zQmLs/0f

sf]iffWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

!= Snasf] cfo Joosf] lx;fa lstfa /fVg] .

@= Snasf] sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ vr{ ug]{ tyf cGonfO{ vr{ ug{ lbg] .

#= Sansf a}7sdf lx;fa lstfasf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{, cfo JoonfO{ kf/bzL{agfpg] .

$= Snasf] ;Dk"0f{ cfo Joosf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] .

%= Snan] u/]sf k|To]s cfo / JoonfO{ lnlvt ¿kdf /fVg] .

;b:ox¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

;b:ox¿ Snasf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ x'g\ o;}n] Snasf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿;/xpgLx¿sf] klg plQs} lhDd]jf/L x'G5 .

!= k|To]s a}7sdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g] .

@= Snasf nflu l;h{gfTds 9+uaf6 of]hgf agfpg] .

#= a}7sn] tf]s]sf] lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ sfd ug]{ u/fpg] .

$= Snasf nflu gofF–gofF of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ u/L a}7sdf /fVg] .

afnSnasf] a}7s ;~rfngdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

a}7scl3

a}7ssf ljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg ug{]

a}7ssf] ;do, 7fpF, ldlt lgSof}{n ug]{,

;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7ssf] ljifoj:t';lxt k"j{hfgsf/L lbg],

a}7sdf cfly{s ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿nfO{ To;sf]ljj/0f tof/ kf/L a}7sdf k]z ug{ nufpg]

56 ;zQmLs/0f

;b:ox¿nfO{ cfkm"n] lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f eP gePsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{tyf gePsf] cj:yfdf To;sf] sf/0f tof/ ug{]

s]xL sf/0fn] a}7s ;fg'{kg]{ ePdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;a}nfO{ ;dodf g} k7fpg],

Snasf ;b:oafx]s cGo JolQmnfO{ a}7sdf af]nfpg'kg]{ ePdf oyf ;dodfkqfrf/ ug{] .

a}7s ;~rfngsf] ;dodf

klxnfsf] lg0f{o tyf lg0f{o k'l:tsfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ tyf To;nfO{:jLs[t ug]{,

;fdfGotM %! k|ltzt ;b:osf] pkl:ylt ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ u0fk"/s ;+Vofdflgg] k|fjwfgsf] ;DDffg ug{],

s'g} ljifo lsg 5nkmn ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eGg] af/]df ;a} ;b:ox¿ :ki6 x'g]jftfj/0f agfpg a}7ssf] ;~rfng÷Joj:yfkgdf lgDg sfd ug'{kb{5 M

!= cWoIfsf] rog, cf;g u|x0f

@= Ps–Ps j6f ljifodf 5nkmn

#= ;a}nfO{ af]Ng] df}sf lbg] / lng]

$= bIftf Pj+ ?lrcg';f/ ;b:ox¿dfem sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{

%= x/]s ljifodf pQd ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg] .

^= cfly{s sf/f]af/÷ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ eP To;nfO{ klxNo} tof/ ug]{

a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ lg0f{ok'l:tsfdf ptf/ ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,

s'g} ljifodf ljjfb eP ax'dtnfO{ dfGg'k5{ .

Snasf a}7sx¿df Snasf ;xof]uL Ps hgf jo:snfO{ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf/fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

cfufdL a}7ssf] ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

57;zQmLs/0f

a}7s ;lsPkl5

x/]s a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ a}7s k'l:tsfdf n]Vg] / ;f] k'l:tsfdf a}7sdfpkl:yt ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg],

;b:ox¿n] lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ pgLx¿;Fu ;xof]u ug{ / To;f] ug{ufx|f] eP ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg tyf To;af/]df pgLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug]{,

s'g} ;b:onfO{ cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;xof]u rflxPdf ;f]sf] k|:tfj ug{]/ cfjZos k/]sf] v08df 5'§} ;ldlt jf ;d"x agfpg] .

;xof]uL ;+:yf, /f]huf/bftfnufot cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{afnaflnsfn] Snadf u/]sf ultljlw / To;af6 pgLx¿n] u/]sflqmofsnfkx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbO/xg'kb{5 .

afnSna Joj:yfkg

afnSnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu lgDg s'/fsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofgk'¥ofpg['kb{5 M

!= Snasf nflu sf]7f jf 3/ M

Snasf sfuhftx¿ /fVg, lgoldt a}7s a:gsf nflu afnSnasf] nfluPp6f sf]7f jf 3/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ jf jo:sx¿8'nlkm/ ug]{ :ynx¿df a}7s:yn /fVg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . k|foM u/]/ ;x/lt/ljBfnos} sf]7fx¿nfO{ Snasf] a}7s:ynsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 . t/o;sf nflu ljBfno k|zf;gsf] :jLs[lt lng'kb{5 .

@= Snasf cfjZos sfuhftx¿ /fVg] Pp6f b/fh jf afs;, 6]an, s';L{ M

Snasf s]xL cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs d;nGb ;fdu|Lx¿, lg0f{o k'l:tsf, sndtyf :6]kn/, v]n ;fdfu|Lnufotsf s'/fx¿ ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu Pp6fb/fh jf afs; /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;}u/L Snasf nflu ;Dej eP 6]ans';L{, geP u'Gb«L, af]/f h] eP klg pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . o;afx]s klg w]/};fdfu|Lx¿sf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 t/ tL ;fdfu|Lx¿ Sna Jojl:yt x'Fb}hfFbf cfjZostfx¿ a9\b} uPkl5 lj:tf/} k"lt{ x'Fb} hfg] s'/f xf] .

58 ;zQmLs/0f

#= afnSnasf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ d;nGb ;fdu|Lx¿M

a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ lnlvt ¿kn] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu a}7s k'l:tsf

SnaeGbf aflx/sf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿n] k7fPsf] lr6\7L kqx¿ btf{ ug{sfnflu btf{ k'l:tsf

Snaaf6 c? JolQm jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k7fOg] kqx¿sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflurnfgL k'l:tsf

SaneGbf aflx/af6 cfPsf kqx¿ /fVg] kmfOn

Snaaf6 aflx/ k7fOPsf kqx¿sf] gSsn /fVg] kmfOn

Snan] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] k|ltj]bg kmfOn

Snasf ;b:ox¿sf] clen]v /fVg] /lhi6/ jf kmfOn

Sna;Fu ePsf lhG;L ;fdfgsf] clen]v /fVg] kmfOn jf k'l:tsf

lan / e/kfO{ /fVg] kmfOn

Snan] s;}nfO{ /sd lbg' k/]df ;f]sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu e/kfO{

Snan] s;}af6 ;xof]u lng' k/]df ;f]sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu /l;b

n]6/ Kof8

Snasf] cfo / JoonfO{ b'?:t /fVg Pp6f /lhi6/

59;zQmLs/0f

Snasf] lx;fa lstfa s;/L /fVg] <

afnSnasf] s'g} klg cfo Joo ;a}n] a'em\g] u/L / yfxf kfpg] u/L /fVg] .

k|To]s lx;fa lstfa /fVg Pp6f /lhi6/ /fVg] To;df cnu cnu kfgfdfPsflt/ cfo / Psflt/ Joo n]vL 5'6\6f5'6\6} /fVg] .

cfkm"n] ;fdfg lsGbf lan dfUg] / c?nfO{ /sd a'emfpFbf jf ltbf{ e/kfO{u/fpg] / lan / e/kfO{ kmfOndf kmfOlnª ug]{ .

e/kfO{ ubf{ s;nfO{, s] sfdsf] nflu, slt /sd / s'g ldltdf lbPsf] xf]v'nfpg} k5{ tyf h;nfO{ k};f lbPsf] xf] p;sf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg la;{g' x'Fb}g .

Snasf] nflu ;fdfg lsg]kl5 landf sf]iffWoIf / cWoIfsf] ;xL u/fP/ dfq/fVg'kb{5 .

lan / e/kfO{x¿ Pp6f 5'6} kmfOndf lvn]/ /fVg'kb{5 .

k|To]s a}7sdf sf]iffWoIfn] Snasf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ljj/0f ;'gfpg] ug'{ k5{ .

Snan] lgDg lsl;daf6 cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg ;S5g\ M

bft[;+:yf, ljBfno, uf=lj=;= cflbaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fP/

rGbf ;xof]u p7fP/

;b:otf z'Nsaf6

3f]uf bfg, d'7L bfg p7fP/

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;xof]u lnP/

b]p;L e}nf] v]n]/

ljBfno÷uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfaf6 ;xof]u lnP/

;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/

60 ;zQmLs/0f

afnSna u7g ePkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿

Snasf] cfly{s >f]t h'6fpg afnaflnsfx¿ ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg rfxG5g\ls rfxb}+gg\, ltg{ ;Ifd 5g\ ls 5}gg\ . o:tf Snadf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf]afx'Notf a9L x'g] x'gfn] ltg{;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpgd~h'/ gePdf cfly{s >f]t ;+sngsf nflu cGo ljsNkx¿ vf]hL ug{'kb{5 .

afnSnan] s;/L / s'g lsl;daf6 >f]t ;+sng ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] af/]dfklxnf] r/0fdf 5nkmn eP d'tflas sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;xhstf{n] ;xof]uug'{kb{5 .

klxn]b]lv g} ;+rfng eO/x]sf afnSnax¿, uflj; :t/Lo afnSna /lhNnf :t/Lo ;+hfn;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ afnaflnsf;Fuldn]/ sfd ug'{kb{5 .

afnaflnsfx¿ s:tf vfnsf sfo{qmd ug{ rfxfG5g\ ;f] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 .tL sfo{qmdx¿ Snasf] p2]Zocg'¿k eP gePsf] lGfSof}{n ug{ d2t ug'{kb{5 .

afnSnasf] cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o sfo{qmd ;xflutfd"ns 9+uaf6 of]hgf ug]{/ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

Snadf afn;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

;fyLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg] cj;/ vf]Hg d2t ug]{

Ps cfk;df cfTdLo Jojxf/ ug ;a}n] a'em\g] efiff k|of]u ug]{

pd]/cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug]{ uNtL u/]df :jLsf/ ug]{

cfˆgf] ljrf/ lgw{Sstfk"j{s /fVg] cGo ;fyLx¿nfO{ Snadf Nofpg]

8/qf;sf] jftfj/0f slxNo} l;h{gf gug ;w}+ k|oTg/t /xg]

61;zQmLs/0f

;ftafnSnasf] ;+:yfut ljsf;

d}qLk"0f{ afnSna

afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf, rfxgfcg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;dfg;xeflutfdf afnSna ;+rfng ePdf, Tof] afnSnj d}qLk"0f{ afn Sna x'G5 .

d}qLk"0f{ afnSnasf ;"rsx¿

!= ;a}sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ ug]{,

@= ;xof]u cfbfg—k|bfg ug]{,

#= ;fd"lxs sfo{ ug]{,

$= dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{ ug]{,

%= e]befj gug]{,

^= ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{,

&= Snadf dgf]/~hgsf ;fy} lzIffk|b ;fdu|L x'g'kg]{,

*= Snasf] ;DklQsf] plrt k|of]u tyf Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{,

(= ;a} ;b:osf] kmfObf x'g] sfo{df hf]8 lbg],

!)= Snasf] gLlt lgod ljkl/t sfo{ gug]{,

!!= ljleGg lsl;sf] k|ltof]lutfx¿ ug]{,

!@= ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿ ug]{,

62 ;zQmLs/0f

!#= ljleGg lsl;dsf] k|ltof]lutf ug]{,

!$= e|d0f, lklSgs cfof]hgf ug]{,

!%= afnd]nf jf e]nf, ¥ofnLx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{,

!^= k|To]s dlxgf gofF sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug]{

!&= afnaflnsfdfly x'g] cGofosf] lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg],

!*= afnaflnsfaLr x'g] ljjfbnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s Joj:yfkg ug]{,

afnSnasf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;ft If]qx¿

s'g} klg ;+:yf hlGdG5, x's{G5 clg bl/nf], ;'b[9 / lbuf] ePkl5 To;n] ;+:yfut

:j¿k lnPsf] dflgG5 . oxL ;+:yfut ljsf;sf :j¿ksf ljleGg cj:yfx¿sf]

:t/ klxNofpg] pkfo jf dfWodsf ¿kdf afnSnax¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf

lgDgfg';f/sf ;ft If]qnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

!= k|i6 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] p2]Zo

x/]s ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] d"No, dfGotf Pj+ kl/sNkgf to u/]sf] x'G5 .

To;}u/L afnSnan] cfˆgf] d"No, dfGotf jf kl/sNkgf to u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <

Snasf] p2]Zo k|i6 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] 5 jf 5}g < oL s'/fx¿ Snasf ;a}

kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 ls 5}g < olb ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;d]t yfx 5 eg] dfq

Sansf] p2]Zocg';f/sf sfdx¿ /fd|/L x'g;S5 . x/]s ;kmntfsf] r'nLdf k'u]sf]

afnSna cyf{t\ ;+:yfut :j¿k lnO;s]sf] afnSnan] /fv]sf] d"No, dfGotf,

kl/sNkgf, w]o, nIo / p2]Zosf af/]df x/]s ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|i6 yfxf x'g'kb{5 .

3/]n' afn>ldssf] ;Gbe{df afnSnasf] p4]Zo lgs[i6 txsf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{

pGd"ng ug]{ / 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] Go"gtd clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ x'g;Sb5 .

@= Snasf] agfj6

;+:yfut :j¿k lnO;s]sf] afnSna o;leq cfPsf ;fgfltgf ljjfbaf6 etfe'Ë

gx'g] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . afn Snasf] agfj6 7f8f] geP/ t];f]{ x'g'kb{5 . afnSnasf]

agfj6 7f8f] ePdf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIfnfO{ w]/} clwsf/ x'ghfG5 .

dflyNnf] kbdf a:g]n]] tNnf] kb Pj+ ;b:ox¿nfO{ cgfjZos lgoGq0f ug]{ jf

sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfg 9+un] ;xeflutf gu/fpg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'G5 t/ t];f]{

63;zQmLs/0f

ePdf kb / :yfgn] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L s]xL km/s eP klg ;a} kbflwsf/L Pj+

;b:ox¿sf] lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf cg'udg ug]{ sfddf ;dfg clwsf/ / ;xeflutf

x'g] ub{5 .

#= sfd ug]{ tl/sf

afnSnasf x/]s sfd sf/afxLx¿ k|i6 gLlt lgodaf6 ;+rflnt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

JolQmnfO{ h:tf] dg nfUof] p:t} 9+un] afnSna ;+rfng ug]{ xf] eg] To:tf]

Snan] w]/} ;d:ofx¿ em]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;+:yfdf ljjfb a9\g;S5 . s'g} klg afnSnan]

olb gLlt lgod agfPsf] 5 / ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog klg ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] Sna

;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;"rs xf] .

afnSnan] ug]{ lsl;dsf sfdx¿ ug{sf nflu s:tf] ;Lk ePsf] afnaflnsfsf]

rog ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . ;a}n] ;a} sfd hfg]sf x'‘b}gg\ .

To;}n] h'g JolQmdf h:tf] ;Lk 5 To;nfO{ To;} cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof] eg]

p;n] Tof] sfd /fd|/L ug{;S5 . cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;Lkcg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;dod}

kfPdf lhDd]jf/L kfpg] JolQm klg v';L x'G5 h;af6 /fd|f] pknlAw lg:sg;S5 .

o;f] ePdf afnSnan] ;Ifd ;an x'Fb} ;+:yfut ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg{;S5 .

$= g]t[Tj z}nL

Snasf] ;a}eGbf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ Snasf cWoIf tyf ;lrjx¿ x'g\ . Snaleqsf

kbflwsf/L, sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ /fVgsf

nflu g]t[Tjdf /x]sf afnaflnsfn] ljz]if kxn ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] dfq}

s'/f dflyaf6 kfg]{, c?sf] s'/f g;'Gg] jf c?nfO{ af]Ng glbg] u5{g\ jf cfkm"nfO{

dfq ;j]{;jf{ 7fG5g\ eg] To:tf] afnSnasf] ljsf; x'g;Sb}g . Snasf] cu'jf

hlxn] klg ;dfgx¿dWo]sf] 7"nf] (Top among the equals) x'g'kb{5 . Snasf

x/]s ;b:onfO{ Snasf] gLlt lgod agfp‘bf, Sna u7g ubf{ ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 .

o;sf] ;fy} SnanfO{ c? ;+:yfaLr lrgfpg klg g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

%= sfo{gLlt

afnSnan] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu s] ug]{, s] gug]{, s;/L ug]{, slxn] ug]{, slt

ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿df k|i6 gLlt to ug'{kb{5 . Snasf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ o;sf]

hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . afnSnan] cfˆgf] p2]Zocg';f/ to ul/Psf sfdx¿afx]s

64 ;zQmLs/0f

cGo h;n] h] eG5 ToxL ug]{, h;n] h] lbG5 ToxL lng], lagfof]hgf hlxn] kfof]tlxn] ug]{ h:tf sfdx¿ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ afnSnasf] ;+:yfut ¿kn]ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg]/ dfGg ;ls+b}g .

^= >f]t÷;fwg

x/]s afnSnan] cfkm"n]] of]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ s] slt >f]t / ;fwg nfU5 <tL >f]t ;fwg sxfFaf6 pknAw ug]{ < eGg] s'/f klg k|i6 x'g h?/L 5 . olbo;af/] s'g} rf;f] lbOPsf] 5}g, hlxn] kfOPnf tlxn] u/f}+nf eg]/ a;]sf] 5 eg]Tof] ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] afnSnasf] ;"rs xf]Og . cfkm"n] ug]{ eg]/to ul/Psf sfo{qmdsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts tyf dfgjLo >f]t ;fwgx¿sxfFaf6 h'6fpg], s;/L cfTdflge{/ aGg] eGg] af/]df hlt k|i6tf 5 plt g}afnSna ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .

&= dfgjLo zlQm

s'g} klg afnSna >f]t / ;fwgaf6 ;DkGg x'Fb}df dfq Tof] Sna ;an / ;IfdePsf] dflg+b}g . lsgls tL >f]t ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ ;Lk ePsf bIf dfgjLozlQm 5 eg] dfq tL >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} tflnd ;~rfngug]{ ;a} >f]t ;fwgx¿ 5g\ t/ afnk|lzIfsx¿ 5}gg\ eg] tflnd ;~rfng ug{;ls+b}g . To;}n] x/]s afnSnax¿n] cfˆgf] Snaleq ;b:otf ljt/0f ug]{, ljleGgIfdtf, ;Lk ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ Snadf ;fd]n u/fpg], ltgLx¿sf] ;Lksf]ljsf; ug{]tkm{ klg plQs} Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

65;zQmLs/0f

cf7afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿

!= afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g

leQ]klqsf k|sfzg M afnclwsf/;DaGwL n]v, syf sljtf, r'6\lsnf, :yfgLo

;dfrf/, hgr]tgfd"ns ;Gb]zx¿, ;fdfGo 1fgsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/]/

leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;lsG5 .

hgjsfnt sfo{qmd M afnSnan] afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf afnaflnsfx¿, kl/jf/

tyf cfd ;d'bfoaLr hgjsfnt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;sf

nflu afnSnan] kf]i6/ tyf xft] krf{, ;8s gf6s, cGt/lqmof uf]i7L / a}7sx¿,

cleefjs ;r]tgf sfo{qmd, 3/b}nf] e]63f6 / afnclwsf/ lbj; h:tf sfo{qmdx¿

cfof]hgf ug]{ ub{5g\ . hgjsfnt sfo{qmds} qmddf afnSnan] ;fdflhs lnËe]b,

hftLo e]befj, nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;, r]nLa]6L / afnaflnsf

a]rlavg, lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf] afn>d tyf

afnof}g zf]if0fsf lj?4df ultljlwx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ .

afnclwsf/af/] k|lzIf0f lbg] M Snasf gofF ;b:ox¿, ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ tyf

ljBfnosf afnaflnsfnfO{ afnclwsf/af/] k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ .

afnclwsf/ cg'udg M afnclwsf/ xgg\ ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo

jf JolQm;Dd k'¥ofpg] / To;sf] cg'udg ug'{sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfdfly x'g]

zf]if0f, lje]b / b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj?4sf] cleofgdf afnSna ;+nUg 5g\ .

66 ;zQmLs/0f

k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng M afnclwsf/;DaGwL sljtf, syf, n]v n]Vg] / k|sfzgug]{ tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .

afnclwsf/ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u M ufpF3/sf ljBfno ghfg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodfk7fpg pTk|]/0ff lbg tyf ljBfnodf egf{ ug{ / snd sfkL tyf kf]zfs lsGgSnasf] sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ug]{ sfd afnSnan] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

@= ;dGjo / ;xsfo{

:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M afnaflnsf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿df ;d'bfosfljleGg JolQm, sfof{no / ;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{, ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ /cGt/lqmof ug]{ . h:t} lzIfs, cleefjs, :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw, cfdf ;d"x,o'jfSna cflb;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{ . To;/L g} ;d'bfosf] jo:s JolQm,;d"x / ;+3;+:yf;Fu xft]dfnf] ub}{ :jf:Yo lzlj/, le6fldg vf]k sfo{qmddf;xefuL x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

g]6js{ u7g M uf=lj=;=, If]qLo tyf lhNnf :t/df afnSna g]6js{sf] u7g /;f]dfkm{t cfjlws ljrf/ / cg'ej cfbfg—k|bfg a}7s ug'{sf ;fy} cGo Snasfsfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL x'g] sfd klg afnSnaaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 .

#= JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO

6f]n tyf ufpF ;kmfO sfo{qmdx¿

j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{s|dx¿

JolQmut tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO ;DaGwdf ;8s gf6s, k|ltof]lutfx¿tyf cGt/lqmofx¿ ;~rfng

$= afnk|ltef k|ikm'6g / ljsf;

k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng M xflh/Lhjfkm, sljtf, gf6s, lrqsnf, g[To, v]ns'b cflbk|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng .

sf]if :yfkgf / cfod"ns sfo{qmd M afnSnax¿n] cfˆgf] 5'§} sf]if v8f u/Lafnclwsf/ k|j4{g ug{ tyf afnaflnsfsf k|ltef k|ikm'6g u/fpg sfo{qmdul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] ;fy} sltko :yfgdf afnSnan] cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .

67;zQmLs/0f

tflnd ;+rfng M g]t[Tj ljsf;, afnaflnsf Ps csf{sf] nflu -C to C_ sfo{qmd,afnclwsf/, pb\3f]if0f, ;[hgfTds n]vg, leQ]klqsf k|sfzg, Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;, hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx¿ h:tf ljleGg tflndx¿ ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g .To;}u/L tflnd tyf ljrf/, cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg u/L cGo 7fpFsf afnaflnsfnfO{;d"x÷Sna vf]Ng k|]/0ff / ;xof]u lbO/x]sf 5g\ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg ;xof]u M afnSnasf efOalxgLx¿n] ljkGgju{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno hfg cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ / cleefjsx¿nfO{;Demfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

$= cGo sfo{x¿ M

afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n] gofF–gofF bf}+t/Lx¿aLr ldqtfk"0f{ ;DaGwljsf;, Snaleq} lg/If/ /x]sf afn ;fyL;+uLx¿nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg], cfˆgf]JolQmTjsf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf 5g\ .

afnSnadf ug{ kfOg] t/ cGoq st} ug{ gkfOg] ultljlwx?

;df/f]x÷ljz]if lbgx¿

pks/0f k|fKt ug{

lqmofsnfkx¿

;r]tgf j[l4

k|lt:kwf{x?÷k|ltof]lutfx¿

dgf]/~hgfTds v]nx¿

v]ns'b

Sna Joj:yfkg

snf÷;f+:s[lts cleJolQm

ljsf; sfo{

bf}t/L ;DaGw ljsf;

ldqjt\ u'0f

;+:yfut ¿kn] kl/lrt x'g afnaflnsf / v]n

68 ;zQmLs/0f

afnaflnsf / v]n

afnSna ;~rfng ug]{ ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf nflu v]nsf] dxTjsf] af/]dfklg yfxf kfpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

;a} afnaflnsfx¿ v]n v]Ng dg k/fpF5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ plrt 9+uaf6 v]Ngd2t ug{ ;lsG5 . plrt v]nn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|/L l;Sg / x's{g ;xof]uk'¥ofpF5 . plrt v]nn] afnaflnsfdf ;dembf/L Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . km/s–km/s pd]/df leGg–leGg v]nx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ;fgfafnaflnsfnfO{ plrt v]n v]Ng ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ . hGd]b]lv g} lzz'x¿nfO{pTk|]/0ff lbg'kb{5 . lzz';Fu v]n]/, af]n]/ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L hlt lzz'x¿sf]z/L/ / lbdfu rnfodfg agfpg ;lsG5 Tolt a9L z/L/ / lbdfusf] k|of]u /Jofofd ug{ d2t k'U5 . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] lzz'x¿sf] ljsf;sf] af/]df hfgsf/Llng;S5g\ . s;/L ljleGg k|sf/n] ljleGg pd]/sf lzz'x¿;Fu v]Ng'kb{5 To;af/]hfgsf/L lnP/ lzz'x¿nfO{ x's{g d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ .

/fd|f] v]n lsg <

/fd|f] v]ndf lzz' tyf ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] z/L/ / dlitissf] ;a} efusf];Fu;Fu} k|of]u x'G5 / lzz' / ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿ cem hLjGt x'G5g\ .

/fd|f] v]ndf cfFvf, xft, zAb, :j/sf] k|of]u x'G5 . o;af6 7"nf dflg;x¿/ s]6fs]6Lsf] aLrdf ;dembf/L / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

/fd|f] v]naf6 afnaflnsfn] M

cfˆgf] rf/}lt/sf j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;S5g\ .

gofF k|of]u / lqmofsnfkaf/] sf]lz; ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

cfkm\g} xft, cfFvf / :j/ ldnfP/ cfkm}n] ;–;fgf k|of]usf] cg'ej ug{;Sb5g\ .

cfˆgf] z/L/sf] /fd|f] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

x]g]{, ;'Gg], af]Ng], ;'F£g] / :kz{ ug]{ h:tf kfFrj6} OlGb«ox¿sf]] k|efjsf/L k|of]uug{ ;Sb5g\ .

69;zQmLs/0f

gofF larf/ Nofpg] / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu kxn ug{] afgLsf] ljsf;x'G5 .

cfˆgf] sNkgfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

cfk;L ;xof]u / ;d"xsf] dxTjaf/] a'em\b5g\ .

w}o{tf /fVg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .

km"lt{nf] agfpF5 .

cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 .

cfgGb / dgf]/~hg lbG5 .

gLlt lgodleq /x]/ a:g'kb{5 eGg] l;sfpF5 .

o;}n] v]n v]Ng kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] . ljleGg pd]/df ljleGg

vfnsf v]nx¿ afnaflnsfn] v]Ng' h?/L x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ v]Ngsf] nflu

afnaflnsfnfO{ v]nf}gf rflxG5 t/ w]/}h;f] ;dodf pgLx¿sf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f

/ jl/kl/sf jo:sx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;a} pTk|]/0ffx¿ lbO/x]sf

x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿ s] v]N5g\ eGbf klg s;/L v]Nb5g\ eGg] s'/f a9L

dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

slxn]sfxL+ xfdLn] v]nsf] of]hgf agfP/ c? k|efjsf/L 9+un] aRrfx¿nfO{ v]n

v]Ng ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}+ t/ w]/}h;f] ;dodf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] v]nsf cfkm\g} tl/sf

kQf nufO{ v]Ng ;S5g\ .

v]naf6 ;a}n] dgf]/~hg lng / w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;S5g\

s]jn lzz' / s]6fs]6Lx¿n] dfq v]naf6 l;Sg] xf]Og ls 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ;fgf

gfgLx¿sf] nflu gofF–gofF v]nx¿ cfljisf/ ubf{ v]nf}gfx¿ agfpFbf w]/} 1fg

xfl;n u5{g\ . of] sfddf w]/} ;Lk, ;[hgfTds sNkgf rflxG5 / 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n]

70 ;zQmLs/0f

;d"xdf a;]/ ;a};Fu ldnL of] sfddf h'6]/ of]hgf agfpF5g\ jf tof/ kf5{g\ .cfdfafa' / s]6fs]6Lx¿ kl/jf/sf lzz'x¿;Fu v]Ng] s'/fn] Pp6f ;'dw'/ kfl/jfl/sjftfj/0f l;h{gf x'G5 .

klxnf] b'O{ jif{sf] cjlwdf dl:tissf] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbg tyf :j:y9+uaf6 cufl8 a9fpg lzz'nfO{ vfgf, dfof / pTk|]/0ffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . of];dodf lzz'n] kof{Kt vfgf, kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff kfPg eg] Tof] lzz'sf] l;Sg] l;sfpg]sfddf cj/f]wx¿ l;h{gf x'G5 . To;sf] ;fy} hLjgsf] ;kmntfdf g} gsf/fTdsk|efj kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

blIf0f cd]l/sfdf s]xL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tLg j6f ;d"x agfO{ Pp6f cWoogul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] ;d"xdf /fd|f] :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx ul/Psf] t/ kof{Kt vfgfsf]sdL lyof] . o;/L x'sf{OPsf afnaflnsfsf] dl:tis ljsf;df ;'wf/ b]lvPg /ltgLx¿ /fd|/L x's{g a9\g ;s]gg\ . bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ kof{Kt vfg]s'/fsf] plrtk|aGw / /fd|f] x]/rfx ul/Psf] lyof] t/ pgLx¿nfO{ v]nnufotsf pTk|]/0ff hufpg]ul/Psf] lyPg . o:tf] kl/j]zdf x'sf{OPsf afnaflnsfx¿ ;fdfGotof /fd|}u/Lx'ls{P klg pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s cË tyf dl:tissf] ljsf; pNn]vgLo 9+uaf6x'g ;s]g . To;}u/L t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ :jf:Yosf] /fd|f] x]/rfx, cfjZostf cg';f/sfvfg]s'/f, pTk|]/0ffo'Qm 3/, dfof / x]/rfxsf] jftj/0fdf x'sf{Oof] . o;/L cGo;d"xsf] t'ngfdf t];|f] ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;/fd|/L ePsf] kfOof] .

;+;f/el/ g} k|foM h;f] ;a} kl/jf/x¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof / x]/rfxub{5g\ . t/ sltkon] afnaflnsfnfO{ v]Ng lbg] s'/fdf lxlRsrfpg] ub{5g\ .o;sf] ;fy} pgLx¿;Fu v]Ng], k|f]T;fxg lbg] gu/L a9L 8/ / qf; b]vfP/ cg'zf;gdf/fVg] ub{5g\ . o;f] u/]df afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg{;S5 .lgod sfg'gdf a:g l;sfpgsf] nflu v]n Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod x'g;S5 .lsgls x/]s v]ndf gLlt lgodx¿ x'G5g\ . o;df 7"nf afnaflnsfn] ;fgfnfO{af6f] b]vfpg ;S5g\ .

;dosf] cefj, v]Ng] cj;/ gkfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu t v]n cTofjZos5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf v]n v]Ng kfOg] x'gfn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu afnSnaPp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfs{if0f x'ghfG5 . o;}n] afnSnasf] cj:yf, ;'ljwf cflbsf]cfwf/df ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;Dej eP;Ddsf v]nx¿ v]Ng] Joj:yful/g'kb{5 .

71;zQmLs/0f

gf}afnSnadf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf

afnSna ;xhstf{n] afnSna u7gk"j{ / kZrft ljleGg lsl;dsf e"ldsfx¿

lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 M

u7gk"j{sf ;Defljt sfo{x¿

s_ >f]t kl/rfng

ljBfnodf cWoog/t 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf] nflu ljBfnosf

k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/L e]nf x'g] sIff jf xnsf]

Joj:yf ug{, tyf 3/]n' afn>lds tyf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ e]nf x'gsf] nflu

aGbf]j:t ldnfpg] .

cGo afnSnasf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ef}lts ;]jfx¿ h:t} e]nf x'g] 7fpF,

cfwf/e"t d;nGb, v]n;fdu|L, kf7\o;fdu|L -kqklqsf_ cflb h'6fpg ;xhstf{n]

;d'bfo / afnaflnsf;Fu k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;xof]usf] af/]df vf]hlag ug'{kb{5 .

v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjgsf] r/0f

;xhstf{n] cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug]{ ltlyldlt ;lxtsf] cfjlws of]hgf

tof/ u/L To;df ;DalGwt ljBfno, ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfo tyf 3/]n'

afn>lds / cGo afnaflnsf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 . o; cGtu{t afnSna

;xhLs/0fsf cnfjf ;+:yfn] lghnfO{ ;'Dk]sf cGo lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg kb{5g\

72 ;zQmLs/0f

;xhstf{n] afnSna u7g ubf{ eP u/]sf sfo{x¿, k|oTgx¿, k|fKt ;kmntf,ef]u]sf r'gf}tLx¿ cflb s'/fx¿nfO{ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ n]vL k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kb{5 .o;af6 c? JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ l;sfO x'g;S5 .

u_ d'2f klxrfg M

;xhstf{n] ;f] afnSna s'g} vf; ljifo jf d'2fdf s]lGb«t x'g] xf] jf ;fdfGotMafnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} d'2fdf sfd ug]{ vfnsf] x'g] xf] eGg] af/]df ;xof]uL;+:yf, ;d'bfo / afnaflnsfnufot ;a};Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 .

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] u7g ul/g] lsl;dsf] afnSnasf]d'2f jf ;jfn vf;u/L hf]lvdo'Qm 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt x'g;S5g\ . o;sf];fy} cfjZostf dx;'; ePdf cGo ;jfnx¿ klg p7fpg ;lsG5 .

3_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGw

;xhstf{n] /f]huf/bftf, ljBfno, 3/]n' afn>ldssf cleefjsnufotsf;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf, afnSnasf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] cfjZostf cflbsf] af/]df5nkmn ug'{kb{5 .

o;}u/L ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfnfO{ afnSna s] xf] < lsg u7g ug]{ < o;sfkmfObfx¿ s]–s] 5g\ < afnSnadf ;fd]n ePsf afnaflnsfn] s]–s] sfdx¿ug'{kb{5 < h:tf s'/fx¿sf] k|i6 hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 .

afnSna u7g ug'{cl3 ;xhstf{n] lgDg s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 M

afnSna lsg u7g ug]{ <

afnSnaaf/] ;d'bfodf sf]–sf];Fu 5nkmn ug]{ <

afnSnasf] 9fFrf jf :j¿k s:tf] x'G5 <

afnSnan] s]—s] sfd jf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5 <

;f] If]qsf afnaflnsfsf k|d'v d'2fx¿ s]–s] 5g\ <

afnSnasf ;b:osf ¿kdf sf]–sf] ;+nUg x'g;Sb5g\ <

lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf tyf ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ afnSnadf s;/L ;+nUgu/fpg] <

afnSnadf aflnsfsf] ;xeflutf s;/L a9fpg] <

73;zQmLs/0f

u7gkZrftsf ;Defljt sfo{x¿

s_ >f]t kl/rfng

;xhstf{n] afnSnan] s;/L / s'g lsl;daf6 >f]t ;+sng ug{] eGg] af/]df

5nkmn ug'{kb{5 . o;}u/L klxNo}b]lv ;+rfng ePsf afnSnax¿, uf=lj=;=:t/Lo

afnSna / lhNnf :t/Lo g]6js{ cflb;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{

;xhLs/0f ug'{k5{ . ltgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdaf6 l;Sb} gjul7t afnSna;Fu

ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;Fu} sfd ug{sf nflu cufl8 a9\g afnaflnsfnfO{

k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .

;b:ox¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ug{'kg]{ sfdsf] af/]df v'Nnf jftfj/0fdf 5nkmn

rnfpg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿s} kxndf sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, ;s];Dd

pgLx¿ cfkm}nfO{ sfd ug{ lbg], ;d:of k/]sf] a]nf ;xof]u ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .

v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd

afnSna u7g ePkl5sf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf afnaflnsfn] s:tf] lsl;dsf

sfo{qmd ug{ rfx]sf 5g\ ;f] kQf nufpg / pgLx¿nfO{ g} klxrfg ug{ nufpg

;xhLs/0f ug]{ . pgLx¿n] klxrfg u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿ Snasf] p2]Zo;Fu d]n

vfG5 ls vfFb}g eGg] s'/f x]g{ d2t ug'{kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] Snan] cfˆgf] Snaleq / aflx/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿df

afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljz]if 9+uaf6 of]hgf ug'{kb{5 . of]hgf

sfof{Gjogsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . ag]sf sfo{of]hgfx¿

kmnbfoL 5g\ ls 5}gg\ ljrf/ u/L olb kmnbfoL gb]lvP a}slNks sfo{of]hgf

agfpg d2t ug'{kb{5 .

u_ d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg

;xhstf{n] ;'? ;'?df afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Lk, ljlw

/ tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf a9L /xg] ub{5 .

t/ kl5 ;Lkx¿ l;sfO;s]kl5 lj:tf/} cfˆgf] e"ldsf sd ub}{ nfg'kb{5 .

74 ;zQmLs/0f

d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut hLjg tyf kl/jf/df s] s:tf ;sf/fTdskl/jt{g Nofof] <

sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ s]–s] /x] <

sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:of, sdL–sdhf]/L s]–s] lyP / ;f]sf]lg/fs/0f s] s;/L ul/of] <

sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L 9+udf ;~rfng ug{ s]–s] u/]sf] eP x'g]lyof] <

;xhstf{n] sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg / cg'udgsf] clen]v /fVg] af/] SnasfafnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

3_ d'2f klxrfg

3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] cltl/Qm ;xhstf{n] /f]huf/bftfsf]

kl/jf/, 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfno txdf ePsf d'2fx¿

klxrfg ug{, jo:sx¿ tyf cGo;Fu 5nkmn ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ g} afnSnadf ;+ul7t ePsf] x'Fbf pgLx¿n] ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿

lgs[i6 afn>d;F+u ;DalGwt eP ltg} ;d:ofnfO{ ;jfnsf] ¿kdf p7fpg ;lsG5 .

o;}n] afn>ldsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ef]Ug] u/]sf kL8fx¿nfO{ Snadf /fVg k|f]T;fxg

lbg] tyf pgLx¿n] /fv]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ;'Gg tyf uDeL/tfk"j{s

lngsf nflu cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ k|]l/t ug'{kb{5 .

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] em]ln/x]sf ;d:ofx¿ cltl/Qm ljBfno tyf j/k/ b]lvPsf

cGo ;jfnx¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;xhstf{n] ckfËtf, e]befj, zf]if0fdf k/]sf

tyf cGo >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf lrqx¿sf] 5nkmn tyf 36gf cWoog

ug nufpg] . tL lrq tyf 36gfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|Zgx¿

afnaflnsfx¿aLr /fvL ;jfn klxrfg ug{sf nflu d2t ug{ ;lsG5 .

75;zQmLs/0f

ª_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;F+usf] ;Dks{÷;DaGw

;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿ sf—sf]x'g\ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . ltgLx¿;Fu ;Dks{ tyf ;DaGw la:tf/ ug{d2t ug'{kb{5 . Sna ;~rfngsf ;'?sf lbgx¿df ;xhstf{n] o; sfddf a9Le"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 eg] kl5 afnaflnsfx¿ cEo:t x'Fb} uPkl5 cfˆgf] e"ldsf sdub}{ nfg'kb{5 .

Sna cfkm} ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf] cj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ M

s_ >f]t kl/rfng

o; cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf afnSnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos >f]tx¿kl/rfng ug{ Snasf afnaflnsfx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g\ / o;sf nflu cfjZos>f]tx¿ pknAw x'G5g\ .

o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 .

v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd

afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO,k|ltef k|:km'6g / ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿sf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{ / ;~rfngug]{ s'/fdf ;xhstf{n] d2t ug'{kb{5 . vf;u/L afnSnaleqsf ;b:ox¿aLr,afnSna–afnSnaaLr, k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmd / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿;~rfng ug{ afnSnax¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .

afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] clen]v /fVg / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ afnSnasf;b:ox¿nfO{ d2t ug'{kb{5 .

afnSnasf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf jf g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿df c?sf] klg g]t[TjIfdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ pgLx¿df klg cj;/ lbg'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf;u/fpg hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;Fu ldn]/ of]hgfagfpg] / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . o;r/0fdf ;xhstf{n] cjnf]sgstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 / afnaflnsfn] s]xL;xof]u dfu]df ;f] pknAw u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lng'kb{5 .

76 ;zQmLs/0f

u_ d"NofÍg / cg'udg

;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf tyf Ifdtfsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cg'udg

tyf d"NofÍg ug'{kb{5 . afnSnasf] sfo{qmdsf] th'{df tyf Joj:yfkgdf To;nfO{

oyf]lrt ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} afnaflnsf;Fu ldn]/ sfo{qmdsf]

cfjlws d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ug]{ / ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kb{5 . ;fy}

o;nfO{ cfufdL of]hgf tof/ ug{ pkof]u ug'{kb{5 .

3_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{÷;DaGw

;xhstf{n] a]nfa]nfdf /f]huf/bftf, 3/]n'af>ldssf cleefjs tyf cGo

cleefjs;Fu e]63f6 u/L afnSnasf ultljlwx¿ tyf To;n] xfl;n u/]sf

pknlAwx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn÷cGt/lqmof ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfdf

cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf af/]df / afnSnasf sfo{qmdsf af/]df /f]huf/bftf tyf

cleefjsx¿sf] wf/0ff a'em\g'kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] cfkm"n] ;DxfNb} cfPsf] ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lj:tf/} afnaflnsfnfO{

x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpg To;df klg

ljz]if u/L g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf jf g]t[Tj Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n]

ul/cfPsf sfdx¿ l;sfpg pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lng] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 .

afnSnax¿ cfkm} ;zQm jf ;Ifd ePsf] cj:yfdf ug'{kg]{;Defljt sfo{x¿

lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, uf=lj=;= j8f sfof{no h:tf

;+:yf jf lgsfox¿df 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] xslxt ug]{ sfd, afnaflnsfsf]

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{sf lglDt bjfj l;h{gf ug]{ / jsfnt ug]{

ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;+Fu ldn]/ of]hgf th'{df ug'{kb{5

/ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Lk tyf cg'ejx¿ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

afnSna tyf ;b:ox¿sf] lglDt cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;xhstf{n]

>f]tJolQmsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 .

afnSna jf ;b:ox¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;d:of cfOkbf{ ;f]sf]

;dfwfg ug{ ;xhstf{÷;xof]uL JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'g'kb{5 .

77;zQmLs/0f

s_ >f]t kl/rfng

o; r/0fdf >f]t kl/rfngdf ;xhstf{ / afnaflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L sl/a–sl/a

a/fa/ vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] afnSna;Fu ePsf >f]t

;fwgx¿sf] klxrfg u/fpg] tyf ltgsf] plrt k|of]u / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu

afnaflnsf tof/ x'g'kb{5 .

v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd

o; r/0fdf of]hgf th'{df / sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k"0f{¿kdf afnaflnsfnfO{ g}

lbg'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] o; cj:yf;Dd afnSna / afnaflnsfnfO{ ;zQm

agfpg'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf agfPsf of]hgfdf cfˆgf]

tkm{af6 ;'emfj k|:t't u/L of]ubfg lbg'kb{5 . afnaflnsf;Fu a;]/ of]hgf th'{df

tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;DnUg x'g'kg]{ cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf

If]qx¿ klxrfg ug'{kb{5 / To;nfO{ afnaflnsf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn u/L nfu"

u/fpg'kb{5 . o; r/0fdf afnaflnsfx¿n] cGo afnSna tyf o'jfSna,

;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df ;DalGwt

lgsfox¿df bjfj lbg], h'n'; lgsfNg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

o;sf] ;fy} !* jif{ k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] kl5 Snadf /x]sf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{

1fg tyf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpFb} cfˆgf lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ lsl;dsf

of]hgfx¿ klg agfpg'kb{5 .

u_ d"NofÍg / cg'udg

o; r/0fdf cfOk'Ubf afnaflnsf lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg

tyf d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] ePsf]n] ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf nflu tof/

ug'{kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . d"NofÍg / cg'udgaf6

cfPsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ cfufdL of]hgfsf] r/0f / k|lqmofdf s;/L ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg]

;'lglZrt ug{ ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] klg

;do–;dodf afnSnasf ;b:ox¿ tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L Snasf

lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg u/L cfjZos ;/;Nnfx lbg'kb{5 .

78 ;zQmLs/0f

3_ d'2f klxrfg

o; r/0fdf afnSna cfkm} cfˆgf d'2fx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd eO;s]sf x'g]5g\ .tyflk Snadf gofF ;b:ox¿ cfpg] qmd klg x'g] x'Fbf tL gofF ;b:ox¿nfO{ d'2fklxrfg ug{] tl/sfsf af/]df 1fg lbg k'/fgf tyf g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿nfO{;Ifd agfpg ;xhstf{n] d2t ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} lgtfGt gofF d'2f klxrfgul/Psf] v08df ;xhstf{n] cjwf/0ffut 1fg tyf ;Lk x:tfGt/0f ug{afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

ª_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;F+u ;Dks{÷;DaGw

o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo ug{ Pj+ ltgLx¿;dIfSnasf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ . ;xhstf{n] s'g} klg lgsfox¿df uP/Snasf] tkm{af6 s'/f /fVg' eg]sf] p;sf] JolQmut ljrf/ /fVg dfq geP/Snasf ;b:ox¿sf] efjgf JoQm ug{' klg xf] eGg] s'/f ;b:ox¿nfO{ a'emfpg'kb{5 .o;sf nflu To:tf 5nkmnk"j{ afnaflnsf;Fu k"j{tof/L a}7sx¿ ul/g'kb{5 eGg]s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;xhstf{n] lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{kb{5 .

;xhstf{df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿

;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs cfjZostfsf af/]df ;xhstf{;+j]bgzLn x'g'kb{5 .

;xhstf{df ;do ;dodf afnaflnsf;Fu e]63f6 ug]{, /dfOnf] cGt/lqmofug]{ / afnSnadf hfFbf ;Fw} gofF s'/f, k|lzIf0f k|ljlw, ;"rgf lnP/ hfg'kb{5eGg] efjgf x'g'kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf JolQmut s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg'kb{5 .;f]sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] afnSnadf cfOk/]sf ;d:of / åGåx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|of;ug'{kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf e]63f6 x'g] :yfg ;xh / ;'/lIft ePsf] Plsgug'{kb{5 .

79;zQmLs/0f

;xhstf{n] afaflnsfk|lt ldqjt\ Jojxf/ b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . t/ c?n] x]bf{To:tf] Jojxf/ c:jefljs b]lvg] vfnsf] eg] x'g' x'Fb}g eGg]tkm{ ;xhstf{;hu x'g'kb{5 .

;xhstf{n] 8/, nfh, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f jf cGo sf/0fn] kl5 k/]sfafnaflnsfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug{ ljz]if k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .

cfbz{ ;xhstf{ s:tf] x'G5 <

cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 / ;f]af/] ;"rgfsf] vf]hL u/LafnaflnsfnfO{ ;xL hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg k|oTg ub{5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg cfwf/df e]befj ub}{g / pgLx¿df klg e]befj;DaGwLwf/0ff, afgL tyf Jojxf/ x6fpg] vfnsf] jftfj/0f agfpg kxn ub{5 .

afnSna jf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu ePsf] leGg–leGg 1fg, ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{cfb/ ub{5 / To;sf] pkof]u ub}{ nfg e/dUb'/ k|of; ub{5 .

afnaflnsfdf s'g} tflnd, ;ef, uf]i7L, afnd]nfdf ;Fw} cfkm"n] PSn} dfq efuglnO{ c?nfO{ klg cj;/ lbg'kb{5 eGg] efjgf ljsl;t u/fpg kxn ub{5 .

;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u jf ;zQmLs/0f ug{ ;xhstf{n],

cfkm"n] l;s]sf ;LknfO{ c?x¿df x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg]5g\ / ;f];DaGwLtl/sf l;sfpg]5g\ .

afnSna / ao:s -JolQm tyf ;+:yf_ sf] aLrdf cfjZos k/]df dWo:ytful/lbg]5g\ .

cfˆgf cg'ej / ;LknfO{ l6kf]6 ug]{ / To;nfO{ c?x¿;Fu cfbfg–k|bfgug]{ cfˆgf] afgL afnaflnsfnfO{ klg l;sfpg]5g\ .

;w}+ cfkm}+n] dfq cfˆgf] afnSna jf g]6js{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5' eGg]

80 ;zQmLs/0f

efjgfnfO{ sd ub}{ nu]/ c?n] klg To;f] ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ;a}afnaflnsfnfO{ ljZj:t kfg]{5g\ . o;af/]df k|hftflGqs 9+un] of]hgfsfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg ;b:ox¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{5g\ .

cfˆgf] pd]/ !* jif{ k'u]kl5 :j]lR5s ¿kn] ;b:otf tyf g]t[Tjsf] x:tfGt/0fug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/fpFb} nfg]5g\ . o;f] ug{ a]nfa]nfdf;b:ox¿aLr 5nkmn ub}{ nfg]5g\ .

k'/fgf ;b:on] 5f8\b} uP klg gofF ;b:on] Sna / ;d"xsf] lg/Gt/tflbg;Sg] agfpg pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug]{ cj;/ / k|lqmof ldnfOlbg]5g\ .

;xhstf{n] ug{ gx'g] s'/fx¿

;xhstf{n] slxNo} klg

afnaflnsfn] æof] a'em\b}gg\ jf a'e\mg ;Sb}gg\Æ eg]/ ;f]Rg' jf eGg' x'Fb}g .

cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ afnaflnsfdfly yf]kg]{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

c? ;fyLx¿af6 6f9f /fv]/ s'g} afns jf aflnsf;Fu PSn} rflxg]eGbf a9L;do latfpg] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

unt cEof; tyf b'Jo{jxf/ dflgg;Sg] sfd sf/afxL tyf Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g/ To;f] ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ psf:g] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

s'g} afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj ug]{, a]Un} Jojxf/ ug]{ jf c?nfO{ pk]Iff x'g] u/Ls;}nfO{ ljz]if :g]x b]vfpg' x'Fb}g .

s'g} klg JolQm jf afnaflnsfnfO{ of}g pQ]hgf hufpg] 9+un] pgLx¿sf]z/L/sf] :kz{ ug]{ tyf To;f] ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ x'Fb}g .

uf]kgLotf eË gug]{ / ;+j]bgzLn 36gf jf kl/l:Yfltdf afnaflnsfsf] gfdh'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg v'nf;f ug'{ x'Fb}g .

81;zQmLs/0f

afnaflnsfnfO{ JolQmut cfIf]k nufpg' x'Fb}g .

afnSnadf k'/fgf]÷gofF, hftLo, n}lËs, ckfËtf ePsf ÷gePsf, pd]/, /;+:s[lt cflb s'g} klg cfwf/df s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj ug'{ x'Fb}g .

/ft af; a:g] u/L s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ s;}sf] ;'kl/j]If0flagf cfˆgf] 3/jf cGt st} nfg' x'Fb}g . olb nfg'kg]{ eP cleefjs / cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf]lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ c? afnaflnsfsf ;fy nfg'kb{5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ ufnL ug]{, lk6\g] jf cGo s'g} vfnsf] zf/Ll/s oftgf lbg] jfb'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

afnaflnsfnfO{ nlHht kfg]{, xLgtfaf]w x'g], jf cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 efjgfdf7]; k'Ug] lsl;dn] sfd sf/afxL ug'{ x'Fb}g .

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fgf] 5 eg]/ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL gu/fpg' x'Fb}g .

afnaflnsf;Fu l/;fpg] / emsf]{kmsf]{ ug]{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

cfkm" dfq af]Ng,] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ cleJoQm ug{ cj;/ glbg]ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] aLrdf t'ngf ug'{ x'Fb}g . h:t} æsÆ eGbf æuÆghfGg] 5 cflb .

/flt ca]nf;Dd ldl6Ë a}7s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ x'Fb}g . olb s]xL u/LTo;f] x'g uPdf afnaflnsfn] PSn} 3/ hfg ;S5' eg] klg s;}sf] ;fy nufP/dfq 3/ k7fpg'kb{5 .

82 ;zQmLs/0f

bz;~rf/ / afnd}qL ;~rf/

;~rf/sf] cy{ (Meaning of Communication)

;~rf/ eg]sf] ;Gb]z, ;"rgf, ljrf/ tyf efjgfsf] cfbg k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .

;~rf/sf tTjx¿ (Elements of Communication)

;~rf/df rf/ d'Vo tTjx¿ x'G5g\ .

s_ >f]tM ;~rf/ k|lqmofdf ;Gb]z jf ;"rgf lbg] JolQm cyjf ;+:yfnfO{;"rgfsf] >f]t elgG5 .

v_ ;Gb]zM ;"rgfsf] >f]t / ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{sf] cfk;df h'g s'/fsf] cfbfgk|bfg x'G5 To;}nfO{ ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z elgG5 .

u_ dfWodM h;åf/f >f]t / k|fksaLr ;Gb]zsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 To;}nfO{dfWod elgG5 . To:tf dfWod dflg;b]lv lnP/ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,k':ts, kq–klqsf, lr7Lkq, x'nfs, uLt, ;ef, 6]lnkmf]g, cfjfh, gf6s,a}7s÷uf]i7L, cfsfzjf0fL, rnlrq, O;f/f OToflb x'g ;Sb5g\ .

3_ k|fks M ;"rgfsf] >f]taf6 k7fOPsf] ;"rgf jf ;Gb]znfO{ k|fKt ug]{

JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ k|fks elgG5 .

;"rgf jf ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfgsf] qmddf >f]t tyf k|fKtstf{ b'j}n] k|fKt ;"rgf

/ ljrf/k|lt cfkm\gf] ljutsf cg'ej / 1fgsf] cfwf/df k|ltlqmof cyjf lkm8Jofs

83;zQmLs/0f

-kl/k|]if0f_ hgfO/fv]sf x'G5g\ . oxL lkm8Jofssf] cfwf/df laifoj:t'af/] /fd|f]hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ b'j}nfO{ d2t ldN5 . ;~rf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL agfpgsfnflu lkm8Jofssf] k|lqmof cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

;~rf/ ljljw ls;dsf x'G5g\ . afnSnasf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ ;~rf/nfO{ ljz]ifu/L b'O{ k|sf/n] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

s_ cfd -PstkmL{_ ;~rf/

ck|ToIf ¿kdf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kq–klqsf h:tf dfWodaf6 lbOg] ;"rgfjf ;Gb]znfO{ cfd -PstkmL{_ ;~rf/ elgG5 .

o;df k|ToIf ¿kdf cfDg] ;fDg] eP/ 5nkmn ug]{ df}sf x'Fb}g .

xfpefp, ;+s]tnfO{ csf]{ kIfn] a'em] ga'em]sf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ t'?Gt yfxf kfpg;lsGg .

Ps} k6s nfvf}+ dflg;nfO{ ;Gb]z lbg ;lsG5 .

t/ bf]xf]/f] s'/fsfgL ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] o;sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ykhfgsf/L lbg / lng ;ls+b}g .

v_ cGt/JolQm -b'O{tkmL{_ ;~rf/

b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQmx¿sf] cfk;df ;"rgf, ljrf/, efjgf tyf ;Gb]zsf]cfbfg–k|bfg x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ cGt/JolQm -b'O{tkmL{_ ;~rf/ elgG5 .

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/sf ljz]iftfx¿

s'g} s'/f a'em] ga'em]sf] ;f]w]/ :ki6 ug]{ df}sf kfOG5 .

k|ToIf ¿kdf cfDg] ;fDg] a;]/ bf]xf]/f] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

efiff jf zAbsf] ;fy} xfpefp jf ;+s]taf6 s'/f a'em\g / a'emfpg ;lsG5 .

84 ;zQmLs/0f

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/åf/f lbOg] ;Gb]z jf ;"rgfnfO{ Ps} k6sdf w]/}nfO{ lbg;lsb}g . of] s]xL JolQm tyf ;d"xdf dfq x'g ;Sb5 .

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/df ;xefuL x'g]n] Ps csf{sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ykhfgsf/L lbg / ljrf/ a'em]/ dgdf nfu]sf z+sf pkz+sfnfO{ t'/Gt xn ug{;lsG5 .

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/sf lsl;dx¿M

s_ b'O{ JolQmaLrM >Ldfg >LdtLaLrsf] s'/fsfgL, 8S6/ / lj/fdLaLrsf] s'/fsfgL,Pp6f h]=l6=P= / s[ifsaLrsf] s'/fsfgL, 3fF; bfp/f vf]Hg hfg] cyjfkFw]/f]df kfgL eg{ hfg] b'O{ dlxnfaLr x'g] ;/;Nnfx cflb .

v_ Ps JolQm / ;d"xaLrM h:t} sIffdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr jf dlxnf :jf:Yo:jo+;]ljsf / cfdf ;d"xaLrsf] s'/fsfgL .

u_ b'O{ ;d"xaLrM af6f], k'n, s'nf] agfpg] laifodf Ps} ufpFsf b'O{ ;d"x jf b'O{ufpFsf b'O{;d"x aLrsf] 5nkmn .

3_ cGt/ ;d"x ;~rf/M Pp6f ;d"xdf laleGg JolQmx¿aLrsf] 5nkmn . cfdf;d"xsf] a}7s, pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] a}7s, ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿sf]a}7s jf laleGg ;+3–;+:yfaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] lhlj; ;dGjo a}7scflb .

;~rf/ k|lqmofdf b]vf kg{;Sg] cj/f]wx¿ M

!= ;Gb]z k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ sfo{aLr cfO{kg]{ cj/f]wx¿ M

k|fks sfg g;'Gg], cfFvf gb]Vg] x'g' .

k|fks n]vk9 ug{ ghfGg] x'g' .

k|]ifsn] cfjfh ;fgf] u/L af]Ng', cIf/ ;fgf] u/L n]Vg' .

k|]ifs af]ln/x]sf] a]nf k|fksn] Wofg glbg' jf lgbfpg' .

k|]ifs af]Nbf es\esfpg', vf]Sg' cflb .

85;zQmLs/0f

xf]xNnf ePsf] a]nf af]Ng' .

k|fkssf] Wofg cGo s'/fdf cfslif{t x'g' .

@= ;Gb]z k|fKt ug]{ / a'em\g] sfo{aLr cfO{kg]{ cj/f]wx¿

k|fksn] ;Gb]zk|lt Wofg s]lGb|t gug'{ .

k|fksn] ga'‰g] efiff, zAb cflb af]Ng' .

k|fkssf] lbdfusf] tLI0ftf tyf z}lIfs :t/ gldNg' .

Ps} k6s w]/} ;Gb]z lbg' .

cgfjZos nfdf] Joxf]/f afFwL ;Gb]z k7fpg' .

w]/} hgfsf] tx kf/ u/L k|]ifs ;dIf ;Gb]z k7fpg' .

af]Nbf zf/Ll/s efiff -Ozf/f, xfpefp cflb_ sf] k|of]u gug{' .

x8a8df ;Gb]z k|fKt ug'{ .

unt tyf ck"0f{ ;Gb]z k7fpg' .

;Fw} Pp6} dfq dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L ;~rf/ ug'{ .

PseGbf a9L cy{ nfUg] zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ .

s'/f k"/f g;'gLsg} o:tf] xf], p:tf] xf] egL ;Gb]zsf] ckl/kSj d"NofÍg ug'{ .

c? af]ln/x]sf] a]nf cfkm" w]/} af]Ng' .

cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg]{ tyf cfkm"nfO{ ljZjf; gePsf] s'/fnfO{ jf:tf gug'{ .

;Gb]zaf/] cfkm}+ k|i6 geO{ ;Gb]z k|;f/0f ug'{ .

k[i7kf]if0f glng' cyf{t\ a'em] ga'em]sf] s'/fsf] hfFr gug'{ .

#= ;Gb]z a'em\g] / :jLsf/ ug]{ sfo{aLr cfO{kg]{ cj/f]wx¿

k|]ifs cfkm"eGbf tNnf] :t/ tyf bhf{sf] eGg] efjgf x'g' .

k|]ifsk|lt k"jf{u|x x'g' .

86 ;zQmLs/0f

cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] s'/fx¿ dfq ;'Gg, x]g{rfxg' .

km/s wf/0ff tyf d"No÷dfGotf /fVg' .

;Gb]z tyf k|]ifsk|ltsf] kIfkftk"0f{ x]/fO .

plrt ;do / :yfgdf ;Gb]z k7fpg g;Sg' .

k|]ifs / k|fksaLr efjgfTds åGå x'g' .

k|]ifsn] k|fksnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg g;Sg' .

:jLsfo{ gx'g] vfnsf] ;~rf/ z}nLsf] k|of]u ug'{ . -pbfx/0fsf nflu 8/,wDsL b]vfP/ jf cfb]zsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] ;Gb]z k|fksn] a'em]/ klg;xh} :jLsf/ ub}{g ._

$= ;Gb]z :jLsf/ ug{] tyf nfu" ug]{ sfo{aLr cfO{kg]{

cj/f]wx¿

k|fks kl/jt{g x'g grfxg' .

k|]ifs jf ;Gb]zk|lt k"jf{u|x x'g' .

km/s wf/0ff tyf d"No÷dfGotf /fVg' .

k|]ifs jf ;Gb]zk|lt ljutsf s6' cg'ejx¿ .

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/sf] nflu s]xL laz]if ;Lksf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] JolQmtyf ;d"xdf s'/fsfgL ubf{ M

· c?sf] s'/f Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg] .

;a}sf] s'/fnfO{ plrt dxTj lbg] .

c?sf] ;d:ofnfO{ cfkm\g} h:tf] 7fGg] .

;se/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uf]nfsf/ agfP/ a;fpg] .

;s];Dd c?n] a'em\g] u/L :yfgLo efiff / zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

gd| eP/ s'/fsfgL ug]{

87;zQmLs/0f

eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/fnfO{ ToxL j:t' jf To;sf] lrq b]vfP/ a'emfpg] k|of; ug]{

xfpefp jf O;f/fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .

;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ tyf s'/f eGg] a/fj/ df}sf lbg] .

s'/fsfgLdf efu lng lxrlsrfpg]nfO{ af]Ng xf};nf lbg] .

dlxnfx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ v'n]/ s'/f ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg] .

;~rf/sf] efiff k|i6, z'4 / ;+lIfKt agfpg] .

af]ln/x]sf] s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb«t ug]{ .

88 ;zQmLs/0f

afnd}qL ;~rf/

afnaflnsf;Fu sfd ubf{ pgLx¿;Fu ;~rf/ s;/L ug]{ / l;sfO /fd|f] agfpg]

tyf pgLx¿sf s''/f yfxf kfpg s:tf] ljlw k|of]u ug]{ eGg] af/]df k|i6 x'g'kb{5 .

cem aflx/L ;Dks{af6 6f9f /xL kLl8t Pj+ bldt cj:yfdf /x]sf 3/]n'

afn>ldsx¿;Fu sfd ug]{ ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ ljz]if Wofg

k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .

-!_ afnaflnsfn] ljleGg tl/sfn] ;~rf/ ug]{ ub{5g\ M

afnaflnsfn] w]/}h;f] v]naf6, ljleGg 36gfsf] gSsn u/]/, clego u/]/

;~rf/ u/]sf x'G5g\ .

afnaflnsfn] zAb, jfSo Pj+ Jofs/0f ldnfpg]tkm{ eGbf klg ;+If]k /

;f+s]lts ¿kdf elg/x]sf x'G5g\ .

afnaflnsfn] ljleGg ¿kdf -sfuh, e"O{+sf] w'nf], leQf] cflb_ lrq sf]g]{,

v]nf}gf agfpg] cflb ¿kaf6 cfkm\gf efjgf JoQm ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

c?df ePsf 36gfnfO{ syf eg] em}+ ;/;tL{ eG5g\ .

afnaflnsfx¿ w]/}h;f] zf/Ll/s Pj+ efjgfTds cfjZostfnfO{ efj's

eP/ k|:t't u5{g\ .

-@_ afnaflnsfn] ljleGg cj:yfdf s;/L ;~rf/ u5{g\ <

sltko afnaflnsfx¿n] aflx/sf dflg;x¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug]{ cg'ej ug{

kfPsf x'Fb}gg\ . of] s'/f :yfgLo rfnrng÷;+:s[ltcg';f/ x'g] ub{5 .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;~rf/ ;Lk Ifdtf ljsf;df ;z:q åGån] k|efj kf/]sf]

x'G5 .

afnaflnsfx¿ b'Mvk"0f{ 36gf JoQm ug{ a8f] cK7\of/f] dx;'; u5{g\ .

89;zQmLs/0f

c;'/lIft cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿ af]Ng 8/fpF5g\ .

;z:q åGåsf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿ jo:sx¿;Fu v';L gePsf] l:yltx'g;S5 t;y{ ;~rf/ ug{ sl7g dfGb5g\ .

-#_ jo:ssf lgDg lqmofsnfkn] afnaflnsfsf] ;~rf/nfO{ s'l07t

ug{;S5 .

cfkm"n] w]/} af]n]/

7Ls / a]7Ls elglbP/

lv:;L p8fP/ -xfF;f]df p8fP/_, d"v{ agfOlbP/

l/;fOlbP/

w}o{tf u'dfOlbP/ -efjgfTds alglbP/_÷g;'lglbP/

a9L ts{ /flvlbP/

afnaflnsf af]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf g}/fZotf b]vfOlbP/

afnaflnsfsf] s'/faf6 c;lhnf] dflglbP/

x]lklbP/ -x]kfxf afgL b]vfP/_

s'/f ul//x]sf] a]nfdf s'g} c+udf Psf]xf]/f] x]/]/

-$_ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ ;xof]uL x'g;Sg] ljlwx¿M

afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfkm\gf ljrf/, cg'ej JoQm ug]{ ;'/lIft jftfj/0fagfpg'

lgle{s jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]/ -8/fpg] jftfj/0f x6fP/_

;+rf/ ug{ cfTdan a9fOlbP/

90 ;zQmLs/0f

7"nf] ;fgf] efjgf x6fO{ afn ldqjt\ Aojxf/ u/]/

OdfGbf/ ag]/ -OdfGbfl/tf_

;sf/fTds xfpefpaf6 k|ltlqmof b]vfP/

;xof]uL ag]/

rf;f] / Psfu|tf b]vfP/

lrq agfP/, uLt ufP/, sljtf, gf6s cflbaf6 ljrf/ JoQm u/]/, cj;/k|bfg u/]/

xf};nf k|bfg u/]/

Ps}k6s w]/} s'/f ;f]Wg] gu/]/

v'nf lh1f;f /fv]/

afnaflnsfn] lbg grfx]sf] hjfkmsf] dfu gu/]/ -s/sfk gu/]/_

w}o{tf /fv]/, ljrf/ JoQm ug{sf] nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;do lbP/

c? af]ln/x]sf] a]nf cfkm" gaf]n]/ .

ga'em]sf] s'/f ;f]w]/ .

af]Ng] JolQmnfO{ x]/]/ .

af]Ng] JolQmaf6 w]/} 6f9f gpleP/ .

c?sf] ljrf/ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / a'em\g'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fv]/ .

;Gb]zsf] d'Vo a'F bf jf ljrf/x¿ lgsfn]/ .

91;zQmLs/0f

s]xL dxTjk"0f{ egfOx¿

tf]/Ldf ltndf 5 t]n el/nf] cfkm} sxfF em5{ / .

kfg}{ kb{5 lagfk|oTg d'vdf cfP/ s] k5{ / ..

– c1ft

sf]/N5 rNnf Toltdfq kf]yL .

Gofgf] e'jfn] hlt ;S5 5f]kL ..

– slj dfwj l3ld/]

;fx;LnfO{ ;d:ofn] slxNo} klg ntfg{ ;Sb}g .

– g]kfnL nf]so'lQm

ltdL cN5L / ;'tfxf 5f} eg] cGttM bl/b« x'g]5f}

Ao"Fem, s8f kl/>d u/ clg dfq ;'v kfpg]5f} .

– afOan

cN5L dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfjZostfnfO{ lrGb}g .

– Olgo;

ha;Dd af]nL ltd|f] d'vdf /xG5 af]nL ltd|f] lgoGq0fdf /xG5 t/ af]nL ltd|f]d'vaf6 v'l:sG5, aflx/ km'TsG5 ltdL af]nLsf] lgoGq0fdf x'G5f} .

– c1ft

olb xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] dfq xfdL a;]sf] ;+;f/sf] kl/jt{g ug]{sfdsf] ;'?cft ug{ ;S5f}+ .

– c1ft

ci6fbz k'/f0f]Zo Jof;fo agr+ bf]o

k/f]ksf/ k'0ofo kfkfo k/ kL8g+

– !* j6f k'/f0fsf] ;Gb]z

92 ;zQmLs/0f

k'U5g\ x]/ lx+l8/x]/ sldnf, xhf/ sf]; k/ .

k'Ub}gg\ u?8} klg gp8L tf, To} kf“r laQ} k/ .

– c1ft

;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0faf6 g} ;dfhdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 .

– c1ft

;'jf;n] o'Qm 5 km"n sfxLF, To;nfO{ lnG5g\ zL/df r9fO{

h'g km"ndf s]xL ;'jf; 5}g, Tof] km"nsf] gfd sxLF x'Fb}g

– c1ft

h:t} dfgL wgLsf glhs x/38L 6Kk hf]8]/ xft

em'sL u5f}{ ljgol;t ;bf gd|tf;fy aft

To:t} b'MvL hgsf;Fu klg dd{ ;Dem]/ af]n

ug}{ kb}{g km]l/ j|t hk tkn] :ju{sf] df]n tf]n

– c1ft

aQL aln/xg o;df lg/Gt/ t]n ylk/xg'kb{5 .

– db/ 6]/];f

93;zQmLs/0f

;fef/ ul/Psf] c+z;fef/ ul/Psf] c+z;fef/ ul/Psf] c+z;fef/ ul/Psf] c+z;fef/ ul/Psf] c+zafn;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <

afn;xeflutf lsg <

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