EMPOWERING THE POOR

Community-Based Environmental & Financial Management in Adilabad District, India

CFI Project Goals

MAJOR GOALS Identify rural development investments strategies

that have a sustainable impact on target populations & environments

Minimize transaction costs to maximize effectiveness of development investments

Secure rights over assets for the beneficiary group Empower tribal women Identify Incentives and projects that support

community-based natural resource management

cont. CFI Project Goals

OPERATIONAL GOALS Assess how Self Help Groups (SHGs) and SHG

federations can sustain and expand benefits from IFAD project investments

Explore how community-based watershed restoration projects can provide environmental service payments for the rural poor

Evaluate the potential of SHGs to receive and manage environmental service payment contracts

Examine how environmental service payments are being utilized and reinvested

Challenges in Adilabad

Heavy tribal dependence on natural resources High poverty area High levels of illiteracy (up to 85% among tribals) Growing land and resource pressure from migrants Increasing tribal landlessness Lack of rights to forest resources Rampant illegal logging Degradation of upland watersheds

The Gond Tribals of Adilabad

Program Timeline

1994: IFAD begins support to Andhra Pradesh Participatory Tribal Development Project through Integrated Tribal Development Authority (ITDA)

$25 million budget for natural resource restoration and development, small-scale irrigation, reforestation, and soil & water conservation - $12 million for small scale credit & community institutions building (SHGs)

1995-2000: 500 SHGS formed in Adilabad District 2000: IFAD begins contracting with SHG for small projects 2001: World Bank funds DPIP creating Velegu and SHG

Federations 2003: IFAD-APPTDP ends

Participatory Research Design

PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH METHODS In-depth Interviews

-IFAD

-Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA)

-Dhan Foundation

-Velegu

-SHG leadership & members

-Community members

cont. Participatory Research Methods

Group discussions with SHGs Process documentation of SHG federation

meetings Spatial analysis of the increase in SHGs and

cluster patterns

cont. Participatory Research Methods

Research Sites

-2.5 million people

-High proportion of tribal people (Gond, Lambada, and Kolam)

-Heavy dependence on forests

-Critical watersheds

cont. Participatory Research Methods

Case Study Sites

-SHG formation in Pittabangaram Village

-SHG clusters in the Movad Valley

-SHG federation of Kerimeri Sub-district

-SHG federation in Indravelli Sub-district

Study Areas in Adilabad District

cont. Participatory Research Methods

Research Process

Jun - Aug 2002 Research Design

Sep 2002 – Aug 2003 Data Collection

May – Dec 2003 Analysis & Report Development

Oct 2003 – Jan 2004 Film Production

Institution Building Process

SHG FORMATION (6-12 months)

(catalyzed by ITDA, Velegu, and the Dhan Foundation)

-8 to 18 women form an SHG

-Develop a common vision & identity leaders

-Start a savings account & begin contributing

-Develop basic accounting system

-Undertake project & market activities

cont. Institution Building Process

SHG CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT (12-24 months)

-Meeting of SHGs (2-12) within walking distance

-Form an SHG Cluster Executive Committee

-Register as cooperative society

-Open a joint bank account

-Participate in training program

-Bid on joint projects

cont. Institution Building Process

SHG FEDERATION DEVELOPMENT (24-56 months)

- Velegu and Dhan hold meetings of SHG and SHG clusters in Kerimeri and Indravelli Sub-districts in June 2001

- Sub-District SHG federations have 100 to 120 SHGs - Election of office bearers and federation accounts opened- Member SHGs pay monthly dues for federation activities- Federations are registered under the Indian Trust Act of 1882

Cont. Institution Building Process

-Federations functions:-Provide training support to SHGs-Represent SHGs with local

government, rural banks, line agencies and other organizations

-Address social issues (e.g. mass weddings, etc.)

-Resolve conflicts

Indravelli SHGs, Clusters, & Federations

Kerimeri SHGs, Clusters, & Federation

Economic Strategies

JUSTIFICATION FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECTS Reversing watershed deterioration is a high priority in India Over 50% of India’s land area is classified as degraded

watershed Problems include loss of vegetation cover, soil erosion,

declining groundwater levels, decreasing crop productivity, and out-migration

Watershed investment in the mid-1990s was over $500 million Average cost per IFAD village watershed is $4,300 over five

years Fast returns in terms of high crop yields from improved water

capture and higher soil moisture levels can recover costs within 4 years

cont. Economic Strategies

IMPACT OF CONTRACTING WATERSHED RESTORATION THROUGH SHGS

Improved design and location of structures Greater sense of ownership and improved maintenance Better use of improved resources (e.g. seasonal ponds,

woodlots, etc.) Reduced “leakage” of small project funds Improved employee payment 30% contractor’s commission added to SHG savings

Community Banking & Micro-Finance

Rural indebtedness a major cause of poverty Rural moneylenders charge 5% per month

and more for loans Chronic indebtedness leads to loss of

agricultural land, especially among tribals Lack of access to capital constrains small

enterprise initiatives

cont. Community Banking & Micro-Finance

IMPACT OF SHG SAVINGS PROGRAMS

19,500 SHGs involving 200,000 women in Adilabad District have saved an average of $27

SHG members have not only learned to save, but have learned to reinvest

Adilabad SHGs have a default rate of less than 4% with rural banks vs 33% for all borrowers

With good credit ratings, some SHGs have been able to leverage their savings with a 4:1 debt to savings ratio

Dependency on moneylenders is decreasing rapidly while land security is enhanced

Co-operative Marketing

Tribal farmers get low prices for agricultural produce due to:

Use of future harvest as collateral for agricultural input loans from moneylenders

Lack of storage facilities Absence of agro-processing facilities High transaction costs (i.e. up to 9 layers of

traders between the farmer & consumer

cont. Co-operative Marketing

SHGs and SHG clusters are using savings to: Buy soybeans and Lac harvests Establish soybean oil processing facility Intensify Lac production Purchase agricultural inputs at wholesale

rates

cont. Co-operative Marketing

Impact of SHG cooperative marketing initiatives:

Farmer’s soybean income increases 7-8% Farmer is paid 100% at the time of sale Processing adds 20% to soybean value Lac prices increase 3-5 fold

Project Impact

500 SHGs formed in 300 villages, Adilabad District Of the $3.2 million spent on small projects in Adilabad,

$638,000 was for SHG contracts SHGs saved $40,400 from contracts in Indravelli sub-district

and leveraged an additional $76,600 through bank loans SHGs saved $31,967 from environmental service contracts in

Kerimeri sub-district creating a dramatic increase in SHG savings accounts

SHG capital is used for loans for agricultural inputs, rapidly displacing dependence on moneylenders

Reduced reliance on moneylenders is slowing the rate of tribal land sales and landlessness

Risks & Recommendations

CRITICAL RISKS RECOMMENDATIONS

Unsustained political & financial commitment to Velegu

More SHG representatives on Velegu executive committee

Poor inter-agency & program coordination ITDA continues to play coordinating role. Integration of village-level microplan.

Target orientation can rush development of SHGs

Allow time for capacity building

External funders of SHGs may drive their decision making

Strengthen SHG capacity for reviewing proposed action plans

Limited financial management capacity of SHGs

Develop simple accounting procedures for SHGs.

Poor linkages of SHGs with banks Facilitate SHG relationships with rural banks

Corruption among local government administrators & bookkeepers

SHG federations should refer complaints to Velegu’s governing board. SHGs hire bookkeepers.

Constraints to EnvironmentalService Payments to Rural Poor

High transaction costs of emerging international carbon-offset and biodiversity conservation payment systems

Lack of commitment to fund by the private sector Lack of a channel or mechanism to transfer funds to

communities Absence of community capacity to receive and

manage payments Lack of “community-owned” institutions to contract

with external organizations

Advantages of SHG Approach

SHGs enhance community capacity to receive and manage funds from environmental service payments

Contracting directly through SHGs Clusters and Federations dramatically reduces transactions costs for ESP contracts

ESP project contracts empower communities as resource managers and create incentives for sustainable management

ESP projects encourage further investment in resource restoration and development

Recommendations for IFAD

Promote ESP strategies & goals through IFAD’s community institution building, livelihoods, and natural resource projects

Emphasize direct contracting small projects through community-based institutions

Coordinate with bi-lateral and multi-lateral projects to ensure continuity of strategy and support

Build an ESP alliance with major development agencies to facilitate ESP investment by governments and the private sector

THE END