Empirical Investigation into the Effect of Orientation on Text Readability in Tabletop Displays...
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![Page 1: Empirical Investigation into the Effect of Orientation on Text Readability in Tabletop Displays Daniel Wigdor Ravin Balakrishnan Presented at ECSCW, Paris,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052706/5a4d1b187f8b9ab05999289e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Empirical Investigation into the Effect of Orientation on Text Readability in Tabletop Displays
Daniel WigdorRavin Balakrishnan
Presented at ECSCW, Paris, France
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Tabletop Displays
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Text Orientation• .• Solutions:
1: 3:
2:
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Multiple CopiesAdvantage:• Spatial proximity for freeDisadvantages:• More space used• SDG shared interaction space lost
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Diff’ View for Each User• Agrawala et al 1997• Matsushita et al 2004Advantages• Conserves real-estate• Optimal to all usersDisadvantages• Loss of shared position of objects
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Algorithmic Rotation• Many different techniques
(see Hancock et al Tabletop 2006)
Advantages:• Only one copy of object• Collaboration cues (CHI03)Disadvantages• Adds complexity to system• Optimal orientation to only 1 viewer
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But, Why Reorient?• Orientation used for other things:
• Preferred for drawing & design• Denotes ownership• Denotes intention to share• See Kruger et al CHI ’03• See Fitzmaurice et al CHI ‘99
• Users may prefer right-side up, but what is performance penalty?
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Past Work• Tinker 1972: Paragraphs• Koriat & Norman 1985: Words
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• Used Chapman SoRT (1923)Tinker (1972)
Orientation Penalty
+/- 45o 52%+/- 90o 205%
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Koriat & Norman (1985)• Classify real/fake words
Orientation Penalty+-60o Not significant> 60o > 120%
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Limited Applicability• Head position constrained• Identification of non-conforming text• Does not allow for “natural” reading • Penalties may be exaggerated
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Our Experiments• Study on tabletop• Free movement of the head• Task allows more natural reading• Apparatus:
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Experiment 1: Speed of Reading• 3 types of text: phrase, word, number• Phrases:
• Coherent & Meaningful• Mackenzie phrase set (Mackenzie 2003)
• Words: 5-6 letters• Numbers: 6-digits
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Procedure1. Location of string primed2. Text appears & timer begins3. User begins to type:
• text disappears, timer stops
1. 2. 3.
(printing error in proceedings)
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Design3 treatments (single word, number, phrase) X4 on-screen positions (each corner of tabletop) X 8 orientations (starting at 0o, in 45o increments) X 3 strings at each position/orientation X 15 participants
= 4320 strings entered in total.
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Hypotheses• Orientation on SoR significant• Not as dramatic as others showed• Numbers would be most affected
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Results: Speed of Reading• Orientation on SoR:
• single word (F7,10 = 28.0, p < .0001)• short phrase (F7,10 = 64.28, p < .0001)• numbers (F7,10 = 7.76, p < .0001)
• Position not significant on SoR
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Results: SoR Single Wordμ (seconds) σ % off 0o
-135o 1.19 0.67 64.70%-90o 0.92 0.40 26.60%-45o 0.78 0.60 7.98%0o 0.72 0.22 -45o 0.77 0.22 5.93%90o 0.91 0.37 25.78%135o 1.35 1.00 86.42%180o 1.11 0.57 53.67%
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Results: SoR Short Phraseμ (seconds) σ % off 0o
-135o 3.82 1.52 107.13%-90o 2.66 1.07 44.25%-45o 2.07 1.02 12.62%0o 1.84 0.86 -45o 1.97 0.70 7.19%90o 3.09 1.30 67.71%135o 3.90 1.97 112.82%180o 3.69 1.89 100.27%
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Results: SoR Numbersμ (seconds) σ % off 0o
-135o 2.85 1.06 17.48%-90o 2.85 1.63 17.19%-45o 2.36 1.17 -2.71%0o 2.43 1.57 -45o 2.39 1.19 -1.65%90o 2.78 1.21 14.56%135o 3.01 1.24 24.26%180o 3.03 1.16 24.87%
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Design Implications• Effects of orientation less dramatic• Longer text should be reoriented• Menus with can be shared• Numerical data can be shared
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Experiment 2• Orientation may play role in spatial
memory• “Correcting” orientation may hurt!• Measured performance repeated
search
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Procedure1. Told word to find2. Presented with search field (static)
• User enters suffix (dynamic)
1. 2.
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Design3 datasets:
no rotation small rotation (-45o, 0o, 45o)complete rotation (all 8 compass) X
24 strings per dataset (pos, orient random) X 3 searches per string (order random) X 9 participants
= 1944 searches in total.
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Hypotheses• Harder to search rotated field at first• Learning faster for rotated fields
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Results• Significant effect of orientation on search time (F2,215 =
9.80, p < .0001) • No effect of orientation on learning• But, penalty not as much as expected:
Condition Expected Penalty
Observed Penalty
No rotation - -Some rotation 5% 3%All rotations 34% 15%
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Discussion• Orientation hurts search less than
reading: not previously reported• Measured only short-term learning• Effect may assert itself long-term
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Thanks!• Jonathan Deber• John Hancock• Members of the DGP Lab• Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs • Experimental participants• ECSCW reviewers
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Questions?
1. 2. 3.
1. 2.
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Results: Errors• Error: user submits wrong text• Orientation on error: not significant• Type on error: F2,26 = 34.04, p < .0001