Emotions

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EmotionsByGladson M. RobinFinal BHMS

EMOTIONS

Definition:Emotion is a strong feeling of

the whole organism which motivates

Human behavior

EMOTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY

External changes & Internal changes

“External changes” can be easily seen by others such as-facial expression, changes in posture, etc. By reading the facial expression one can easily find if a person is angry, happy, depressed or elevated

“Internal changes” takes place inside our body and is not visible outside. Some of which are rapid pulse, respiration, increased blood pressure, tension, etc.

These changes are temporary and subside when the person becomes ‘normal’

Some of the Major Emotions:

Fear

Anger

Love

Hate

Jealousy

Moodiness

Joy Sorrow SympathyPity

LustGrief

SCIENTISTS PROVED THAT EMOTIONS CAN BE A MAJOR BARRIER TO COMMUNICATION.MAN- A SLAVE TO HIS EMOTIONS.

A DOCTOR SHOULD BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE EMOTIONS OF THE PATIENTS.

ONCE THE EMOTIONAL BARRIERS ARE BROKEN THEN THE PATIENT WILL BE FREE TO TALK EVERYTHING ABOUT HIM.

THE DESIRABLE QUALITIES OF A DOCTOR ARE CHEERFULNESS AND AN EVEN TEMPERAMENT.

MOODINESS, EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY AND GETTING EASILY UPSET ARE ALL UNDESIRABLE QUALITIES.

Some specific emotions:FEAR: -most common -produces excitement or depression -flight or fight

Common fears of man are fear of -dark

-dogs -snakes -ghosts -sickness -death

When the fear becomes exaggerated or unnecessary, it is called phobia. Such fear is common in patients with mental

disorders.

ANGER:

-another basic emotion of man-offensive type -destructive force-if not controlled may lead to

murder

ANXIETY

Symptoms: rapid pulse & breathing, flushing, tremors,

sweating, dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea, raised blood pressure, etc.

Patients admitted to hospitals are anxious. This leads to tension and subsequently to pain.

A doctor must understand the patients anxiety and give him reassurance.A kind word from a doctor or a nurse works like a magic and would give the patient considerable relief from mental anxiety.

LOVE Feeling of strong attachment to some person

It is a basic emotion of man

ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN HEALTH & DISEASE

Emotions determine human behaviour. Anger makes a person rude.

Disorders of emotions interfere with human efficiency-

lack of concentration, lack of appetite, increased risks of accidents, lack of sleep, palpitation, etc.

In children- temper tantrums, abdominal pains, spasms, tics and anti social behaviour such as aggressiveness

Psychosocial illness:

There is a group of disease called ‘psychosocial diseases’(mind acting on body)

Examples of this are essential hypertension, peptic ulcer, asthma, ulcerative colitis, which are attributed to disturbed emotional states.

Control of Emotions

A well-adjusted and mentally healthy person is

One who is able to keep his emotions under control

Should not be carried by one’s emotions Children should be shown love and

appreciation to attain emotional maturity. Adults: Happy family life is basic for

emotional maturity.

The following tips may be useful to control one’s emotions:

1. Cultivate hobbies, good habits of reading & recreation.

2. Adopt a philosophy of life to enable you to avoid mental conflicts.

3. Try to understand your own limitations, and

4. Develop a sense of humour.

MOTIVATIONMotivation is a key word in psychology. It is an innerforce which drives an individual to a certain action.

-determines human behaviour-may be positive or negative

Without motivation, behavioural changescannot be expected. Positive motivation is oftenmore successful than negative motivation.

A motivated person acts willingly and knowingly. Motivation is not manipulation.

KINDS OF NEEDS AND URGES:(a) Biologic needs:

These are survival needs. A hungry man needs food, a thirsty man water, a sick man medicine. There are other needs such as sleep, rest, recreation and fresh air. The doctor should be aware of this needs in the day-to-day care of the patients.

(B) SOCIAL NEEDS:THE NEED FOR COMPANY, THE NEED FOR LOVE AND AFFECTION, NEED FOR RECOGNITION, AND NEED FOR EDUCATION ARE ALL SOCIAL NEEDS. SOME ARE MET BY FAMILY AND OTHERS BY THE COMMUNITY.

(C) ECONOMIC NEEDS:ECONOMIC SECURITY, I.E. SECURITY FROM WANT, IS ONE WHICH EVERYONE DESIRES.

(D) EGO - INTEGRATIVE NEEDS:THE DESIRE FOR PRESTIGE, POWER AND SELF-RESPECT COME IN THIS CATEGORY.

INCENTIVES

Incentives is a factor that stimulate motivation and encourage specific behaviour.Incentives can be

> intrinsic or extrinsic > material or psychological > self determined or selected by

others

An Intrinsic incentive is the benefit that comesfrom solving one’s own problem. Extrinsic incentives are rewards that do not

relatedirectly to the goal towards which the desired behavior is aimed, for example, financial compensation of individuals undergoing sterilization operation for family planning. Material incentives are tangible goods or

services; Psychological incentives include the satisfaction, self-esteem, or enhanced capabilities gained through a proposed course of action.

LEGISLATION

Legislation can serve as an important tool tosupport, promote and sustain activities at the

community level.Laws should satisfy requirements & be compatible

with political, cultural, social and economic situation of a country. This is essential

because laws may antagonize the population andmake the community uncooperative

OBSERVATION

Treatment involves lot of correct observation of the patient’s condition.

Observation involves two mental activities-

perception and attention.

A doctor should cultivate the habit of correctobservation. Correct observation leads to correct thinking, reasoning and learning.

Observation promotes attention. To observemore carefully is called attention.

A moving object attracts more attention than a static object, an uncommon object than a common one, a bright color than a dull colour.

In attention, certain adjustments of sense of

organs are involved such as turning the head,

converging the eyes, in other words, attention

means closer observation.

Concentration, i.e..the focusing of consciousness on a particular object to the exclusion of all other objects has been defined as sustained attention.

Errors in perception Perception – observation, recognition and

discrimination.It takes place with the help of sensory organs.Thus we have different perceptions like:

visual, auditory, olfactory and muscular.

Some of the disorders of perception are:(1) Imperceptions : Inability to recognize. May

be due to damage of sense organs. e.g.anaesthesia

(2) Illusion: An illusion is a false perception, mistaking a rope for a snake, a tree for an animal, are called illusions. It occurs in mental diseases and may be visual or auditory.

(3) Hallucination: Hallucination is an imaginary perception. Seeing objects that do not exist, hearing sounds that are false, seeing objects moving in a room are called hallucinations.Hallucination occurs in mental disorders.

ATTITUDES

Attitudes are acquired characteristics of an individual. They are more or less permanent ways of behaving.

An attitude includes three components:

(a) a cognitive or knowledge element

(b) an effective or feeling element, and

(c) a tendency to action

An attitude has been defined as a relativelyenduring organization of beliefs around anobject, subject or concept which pre-disposesone to respond in some preferential manner.

Attitudes are not learnt from text-books butacquired by social interaction.

It is said that attitudes are caught and not taught.once formed, attitudes are difficult to

change.

The responsibility to develop healthy attitudes is

upon parents, teachers, religious heads andelders.

Our success or failure in life depends on our attitudes.

Opinions and beliefs

Opinions:Views held by people on a point ofdispute based on evidence available at the time.opinions by def. are temporary, provisional. Theycan be looked on as beliefs.

Beliefs:On the other hand are beliefs are permanent, stable & almost unchanging. These are usually inherited from our parents, grand parents and other peoplewhom we respect.

Learning

Definition

• Any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice or experience.

• Acquiring something new – new knowledge, new techniques, new skills, new fears and new experiences.

• Necessity – Man’s survival and Human progress.

• It helps in:» Acquiring knowledge» Acquiring skills» Formation of habits» Development of perception

Conditions affecting learning

1) Intelligence: low IQ never learn2) Age:

0 - 22 22 25 >250

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Series 1

Series 1

3) Learning situation: Facilities such as teachers, text books, AV aids promote learning

4) Physical health5) Mental health6) Motivation: Adequate motivation leads to effective learning.Powerful motives are:

PraiseRewardSuccess Encouragement

These stimulate learning

Types of learning

i. Cognitive learning ( Knowledge)

ii. Affective learning (attitude)iii.Psychomotor learning

(Skills)

HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE?

1. BY CONDITIONED REFLEX2. TRIAL AND ERROR3. BY OBSERVATION AND

LIMITATION4. BY DOING5. BY REMEMBERING6. BY INSIGHT7. DEMONSTRATION8. FIELD EXPERIENCE9. PROBLEM SOLVING

Measurement of learning

Measured by student’s performance. Some ways of measuring are by:

MCQ’sEssay writingProject worksPractical examsOral exams

HabitsHabit is an accustomed way of doing

things. Eg. Washing hands before eating.It is the usual way of action done withoutthinking.

Habits accumulated through generation emerge as customs. Customs in turn create habits.

Habit has 3 characteristics:

I. They are acquired through repetition

II. They are automaticIII. They can be performed only at

similar circumstances.

Good habits promote health.Bad habits may ruin health.

Principles involved in habit formation

¥ Should begin in early childhood.¥ Formed by frequent repetition¥ Takes time to form habits¥ There should be strong emotional stimulus.¥ Good habits kill bad habits

Frust

ratio

n!!

Sources: Internal – lack of intellect, etc.External – failures, defeat, etc.

When people are unable to meet up their needs and desires, they feel frustrated.

Sometimes frustration rouses the person to higher and bigger efforts to overcome failures.If it continues, it damages one’s personality.It my lead to drug addiction, suicide, etc.

It is like a tug of war between two or more courses of action or between opposing ideas.One has to weigh the pros and cons and decide as quickly as possible before emotional disturbances occur.

Defence mechanisms

• When a person is faced with problems, he employs certain ways to achieve health happiness or success. These are called DEFENCE MECHANISMS.

Different defence mechanisms

1. Rationalization: instead of correcting himself, justifies his behavior.

2. Projection: blames others3. Compensation: compensates to enhance

their self-esteem.4. Escape mechanism: Pretending illness and

quitting exam.

5. Displacement: a worker snubbed by his superior after coming home shows his anger on wife and children.

6. Regression: resort to childhood practices (weeping, etc.)

A mentally healthy person will not use these DMs for achieving success or happiness.

PersonalityIt is a key word in psychology.It implies the physical and mental trait of the

individual.

It is important to bear in mind that the personality of the doctor affects very much the well-being of the patient.

Components of Personality

I. Physical: height, weight, color, etc.,

II. Emotional: fear, anger, jealousy, worry, etc.,

III. Intelligence: Intelligent person - Forceful personality.Sub normal intelligence – Dull personality.

IV. Behavior: gentle, kind, affectionate, submissive, balanced, aggressive

Personality Traits

• HUMAN PERSONALITY IS A BUNDLE OF TRAITS.• SOME WE CULTIVATE, SOME WE CONCEAL,

SOME WE MODIFY ACCORDING TO THE SOCIETY.

• SOME PERSONALITY TRAITS:» CHEERFULNES» GOOD MANNERED» SPORTSMANSHIP» HONESTY» SENSE OF HUMOR

PERSONALITY TRAIT IN A DOCTOR

KindlinessHonestyPatienceTolerance

PerseveranceConsciousnessThoroughness

Initiative

Development of Personality

Infancy: Rapid physical and mental growth.By end of one year, tries to walk.He enjoys simple tricks and games.

Pre school child:Feeds himself, speaks, fears dark, loves stories.Mingles with other children.

School age (5-15 yrs): Active

8 yrs brain = Adult brainBegins to reasonGradual detachment from family, attachment to friendsBegins forming groupsAttains puberty

Adolescence (teenage): Period of rosy dreams, adventure, love and romance.

Strives for independence.Dislikes parental authority.Becomes aware of social values and norms.Rapid physical growth.

Adults: Mature and more balanced.

Difficult to draw a line when adolescence ceases and adulthood begins.

Old age: Difficult to say when old age begins.

Decline in physical powers and acuity in sense organs.

Thinking

• MAN IS CALLED A THINKING ANIMAL.

• INCLUDES PERCEPTION, MEMORY, IMAGINATION AND REASONING.

• HIGHEST FORM: CREATIVE THINKING LEADS TO INVENTIONS,….

• EDUCATION MAKES PEOPLE THINK.

Intelligence

• It is an important aspect of personality.• No satisfactory Definition• Widely accepted Definition:

“it is the ability to see meaningful relationship between things”

Mental Age

• 1st test of Intelligence – Binet and Simon (1896)

• It is calculated by the capacity of the individual in relationship with the

chronological age.

Intelligence Quotient

• This is an improvement over the concept of mental age.

IQ = Mental Age/Chronological age x 100

When the mental age is same as the chronological age, the IQ is 100Higher the IQ, More brilliant the child.

Levels of Intelligence

Idiot - 0 – 24Imbecile - 25 – 49Moron - 50 – 69Borderline - 70 – 79Low normal - 80 – 89Normal - 90 – 109Superior - 110 – 119Very superior - 120 – 139Near Genius - 140<

Imbecile - stupid

Intelligence Tests

TWO KINDS: GROUP TESTSINDIVIDUAL TESTS

ONE’S INTELLIGENCE IS MEASURED IN TERMS OF AMOUNT OF WORK COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY AT A GIVEN TIME.

• When a normal child has average educational opportunities, his IQ is fairly constant.

• When there are changes in educational opportunities, there is fluctuation in IQ.

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