EMOTION ‘NOTHING GREAT IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD WITHOUT PASSION’ G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831.

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EMOTION EMOTION NOTHING GREAT IS NOTHING GREAT IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD WITHOUT PASSION’ WITHOUT PASSION’ G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831 G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831

Transcript of EMOTION ‘NOTHING GREAT IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD WITHOUT PASSION’ G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831.

Page 1: EMOTION ‘NOTHING GREAT IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD WITHOUT PASSION’ G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831.

EMOTIONEMOTION

‘‘NOTHING GREAT IS NOTHING GREAT IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD ACCOMPLISHED IN THE WORLD

WITHOUT PASSION’WITHOUT PASSION’G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831

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Emotion (objectives)Emotion (objectives) Know how to define Know how to define

‘emotion’‘emotion’ List the basic List the basic

emotionsemotions Give one example Give one example

how knowledge and how knowledge and emotions are linkedemotions are linked

Know what intuition Know what intuition isis

Compare the role of Compare the role of emotions in two emotions in two Areas of KnowledgeAreas of Knowledge

Know that culture Know that culture affect emotional affect emotional expressionexpression

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=RQaEaUwNoiwv=RQaEaUwNoiw

Explain what Explain what emotional emotional intelligence isintelligence is

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What is an emotion?What is an emotion?

Psychology defines "emotion" as a Psychology defines "emotion" as a reaction that involves physiological reaction that involves physiological changes, such as an accelerated changes, such as an accelerated pulse rate or change in body pulse rate or change in body temperaturetemperature

There is a cognitive element to There is a cognitive element to emotions i.e. our emotions are also emotions i.e. our emotions are also influenced by our beliefs and influenced by our beliefs and viceversaviceversa

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The nature of emotionsThe nature of emotions ‘‘emotion’ is derived by the Latin verb emotion’ is derived by the Latin verb

movere movere meaning…meaning… It includes: feelings, passions and moods. It includes: feelings, passions and moods. It usually consists of various internal It usually consists of various internal

feelings and external forms of behavior, feelings and external forms of behavior, and it can vary in intensity (mild and it can vary in intensity (mild irritationirritationblind anger)blind anger)

Passion= strong emotionPassion= strong emotion A mood is an emotion that continues for A mood is an emotion that continues for

a period of timea period of time

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Now, draw a scale on a large Now, draw a scale on a large piece of paper, like this:piece of paper, like this:

Choose one emotion, which is Choose one emotion, which is neither positive nor clearly neither positive nor clearly negative and put it at zero:negative and put it at zero:

0

StrongStrong

WeakWeak

Place each emotion on this Place each emotion on this scale according to the degree scale according to the degree of its "positiveness" or of its "positiveness" or "negativeness“, and its "negativeness“, and its relative strength.relative strength.

PositivPositivee

NegativNegativee

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ResentmentResentment EagernessEagerness PainPain MerrinessMerriness JealousyJealousy HateHate FrustrationFrustration AnxietyAnxiety PityPity Self-PitySelf-Pity SadnessSadness LoveLove GuiltGuilt

EnvyEnvy PleasurePleasure PassionPassion Covert hostilityCovert hostility AppreciationAppreciation ShameShame AnnoyanceAnnoyance CynicismCynicism InterestInterest Aesthetic FeelingAesthetic Feeling Love for a PartnerLove for a Partner Love for a Pet or a Love for a Pet or a

LandscapeLandscape

Contemplate about and try to re-feel Contemplate about and try to re-feel somesome of the following more of the following more subtle emotions/feelings/moods. Try to fit those on your scale too. subtle emotions/feelings/moods. Try to fit those on your scale too. Link these emotions with the ones already on your scale (so that you Link these emotions with the ones already on your scale (so that you put the similar category of emotions close to each other on the put the similar category of emotions close to each other on the scale)scale)::

When you have When you have completelycompletely finished, compare and discuss your finished, compare and discuss your scale of emotions with those of others in your group. scale of emotions with those of others in your group.

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Primary emotionsPrimary emotions

There are six basic emotions, or There are six basic emotions, or primary emotions:primary emotions:

1.1. 2.2. 3.3. 4.4. 5.5. 66

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Emotion Emotion Can you tell what emotion each person is experiencing?

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Emotion Emotion AngerAnger Fear Fear Disgust Disgust

Surprise Happiness Sadness

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Primary emotionsPrimary emotions

When photographs of faces When photographs of faces displaying these states of mind are displaying these states of mind are shown to people they can readily shown to people they can readily identify the relevant emotion, no identify the relevant emotion, no matter what country they come matter what country they come from. Moreover, children who are from. Moreover, children who are born blind and deaf also show these born blind and deaf also show these emotions – which suggests that they emotions – which suggests that they are inborn rather than learnt.are inborn rather than learnt.

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1. The person perceives the stimulus (snake)

2. Information about the snake is processed in the visual cortex (in the neo-cortex, the reasoning part of the brain).

3. An emotional response occurs in the amygdala.

4. The emotional response triggers a physical reaction, such as fighting or running away.

The James-Lange TheoryThe James-Lange Theory

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Le Doux’s work revealed how the architecture of the brain gives the amygdala a privileged position as an emotional sentinel, able to hijack the brain. His research has shown that sensory signals from eye or ear travel first in the brain to the thalamus, and then to the amygdala; a second signal from the thalamus is routed to the neocortex – the thinking brain. This branching allows the amygdala to begin to respond before the neocortex, which mulls information through several levels of brain circuits before it fully perceives and finally initiates a more finely tailored response. (Goleman: 17)

Therefore, impulsive feeling does sometimes override the rational part of

the brain.

thalamus

amygdala

visual cortex

Counterclaim: Le Doux’s TheoryCounterclaim: Le Doux’s Theory

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When else might this happen?When else might this happen?

• when we speak without thinking

• when we react on impulse (positive: to save someone’s life; negative: to hit someone)

• when we act on a ‘hunch’ (and turn out to be right…or very wrong)

• when we have irrational fears (phobias), such as a fear of that spider, even though it’s tiny!

• when we are filled with jealousy because our girlfriend / boyfriend is talking very sweetly (or so it seems) to someone else.

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The James-Lange TheoryThe James-Lange Theory

Perception of emotion-arousing stimulus Specific

physiological changes

Interpretation of specific physiological changes as the emotion

According to this theory, emotions are essentially physical in nature, and bodily changes come before, and cause, emotional charges.

The theory also suggests that if you mimic the appropriate physical symptoms you can generate the corresponding emotion. E.g. if you smile, you will feel happy, and if you scowl you will feel angry.

According to this theory, you are afraid According to this theory, you are afraid becausebecause you run. you run.

We can empathize with other people’s feelings by unconsciously mimicking some of the physical expressions of their mood.

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The Schachter-Singer TheoryThe Schachter-Singer Theory

Perception of emotion-arousing stimulus Physiological responses

Cognitive identification of feedback from physiological

responses as a particular emotion

Physiological responses can be interpreted in different ways – different people may label the same response as a different emotion.

According to this theory, I feel my heart beating According to this theory, I feel my heart beating fast because I’m afraid. fast because I’m afraid. HeHe feels his heart beating feels his heart beating

fast because he’s fast because he’s excitedexcited……

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The Cannon-Bard TheoryThe Cannon-Bard Theory

Perception of emotion-arousing stimulus

Conscious experience of emotion

General physiological changes

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that conscious feelings of emotion and physiological changes occur as separate but simultaneous reactions to external emotion-arousing stimuli.

According to this theory, you feel fear at the sight of a According to this theory, you feel fear at the sight of a bear even before you run away from it.bear even before you run away from it.

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Quote: journalQuote: journal

““The heart has reasons of which The heart has reasons of which reason knows nothing” reason knows nothing”

Blaise Pascal, 1623-62Blaise Pascal, 1623-62

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The role of beliefsThe role of beliefs

Our emotions have a mental as well Our emotions have a mental as well as a physical aspect. They can also as a physical aspect. They can also be affected by our beliefs.be affected by our beliefs.

e.g. If you enter a badly lit cellar and e.g. If you enter a badly lit cellar and see a snake in the corner, you will see a snake in the corner, you will probably be frightened. But if you probably be frightened. But if you discover that it is not a snake but a discover that it is not a snake but a coiled rope, your fear will vanish. coiled rope, your fear will vanish.

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Emotional energyEmotional energy A passion for a subject: emotions provide A passion for a subject: emotions provide

us with the energy to engage in us with the energy to engage in intellectual activityintellectual activity

What do you think are the main qualities What do you think are the main qualities that make a person a good teacher?that make a person a good teacher?

1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.6.6.

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Emotions as an obstacle to Emotions as an obstacle to knowledgeknowledge

Strong emotions Strong emotions can sometimes can sometimes distort the three distort the three other ways of other ways of knowingknowing

Perception: biased Perception: biased perceptionperception

Reason: fallacious Reason: fallacious reasoningreasoning

Language: emotive Language: emotive languagelanguage

Biased perception

Fallacious reasoningEmotive language

Powerful emotions

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Emotions as an obstacle to Emotions as an obstacle to knowledgeknowledge

E.g. Henry has an emotional prejudice E.g. Henry has an emotional prejudice against immigrantsagainst immigrants

Biased perception: he notices only lazy Biased perception: he notices only lazy immigrants and overlooks hardworking immigrants and overlooks hardworking onesones

Fallacious reasoning: he makes hasty Fallacious reasoning: he makes hasty generalizations from his own limited generalizations from his own limited experienceexperience

Emotive language: he concludes that Emotive language: he concludes that immigrants are ‘bone idle’ and ‘don’t know immigrants are ‘bone idle’ and ‘don’t know the meaning of hard work’the meaning of hard work’

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Emotions as an obstacle to Emotions as an obstacle to knowledgeknowledge

Emotions can also lead us to make poor Emotions can also lead us to make poor decisionsdecisions

e.g. some emotions are urgent and e.g. some emotions are urgent and shortsighted and can easily blind us to the shortsighted and can easily blind us to the long term consequences of our actionslong term consequences of our actions

In ancient times, a group of philosophers In ancient times, a group of philosophers known as the known as the Stoics Stoics advocated a state of advocated a state of mind called mind called apathyapathy – literally ‘without – literally ‘without passion’ in which the mind could mirror passion’ in which the mind could mirror reality in a calm and untroubled way.reality in a calm and untroubled way.

Can you imagine a human life without Can you imagine a human life without emotions? If so, try to characterize what it emotions? If so, try to characterize what it might be like. If not, explain why notmight be like. If not, explain why not

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Emotions as source of Emotions as source of knowledgeknowledge

Mr. Spock: what impelled him to Mr. Spock: what impelled him to explore strange new worlds?explore strange new worlds? Intellectual Intellectual curiositycuriosity DriveDrive to set and solve problems to set and solve problems SolidaritySolidarity with allies with allies

Emotions help us to make rational Emotions help us to make rational decisions about things by narrowing decisions about things by narrowing down our options so that we can down our options so that we can choose between a manageable choose between a manageable number of themnumber of them

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Emotions as source of Emotions as source of knowledgeknowledge

What role do you think is usually What role do you think is usually played by reason and emotion when played by reason and emotion when people decide which university to people decide which university to apply to? What role do you think apply to? What role do you think each of these should play?each of these should play?

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Reason and emotionsReason and emotions

Since you got up this morning, how Since you got up this morning, how much time have you spent thinking much time have you spent thinking and how much time feeling? What and how much time feeling? What does this suggest about the does this suggest about the relationship between thinking and relationship between thinking and feeling?feeling?

Can you ever feel literally nothing? Can you ever feel literally nothing? Can you ever think literally nothing?Can you ever think literally nothing?

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Rational emotionsRational emotions

Anyone can be angry – that is easy. Anyone can be angry – that is easy. But to be angry with the right But to be angry with the right person to the right degree, at the person to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose and right time, for the right purpose and in the right way – that is not easy.in the right way – that is not easy.

Aristotele 384-322 B.C.Aristotele 384-322 B.C. An emotion that is sensitive to the An emotion that is sensitive to the

real nature of a situation is more real nature of a situation is more rational than one that is not. rational than one that is not.

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(ir)rational emotions(ir)rational emotions Paul has arranged to meet Tom at 3:00 p.m. Paul has arranged to meet Tom at 3:00 p.m.

Tom arrives at 3:02 p.m. and apologizes for Tom arrives at 3:02 p.m. and apologizes for being late. Paul starts screaming and shouting being late. Paul starts screaming and shouting about Tom’s lack of consideration and about Tom’s lack of consideration and completely loses his self controlcompletely loses his self control

The hospital phones Judy with some terrible The hospital phones Judy with some terrible news. Her boyfriend has been assaulted by news. Her boyfriend has been assaulted by some hooligans and is lying unconscious in the some hooligans and is lying unconscious in the intensive care unit. ‘oh dear’, she says, ‘that is intensive care unit. ‘oh dear’, she says, ‘that is annoying! I was going to play tennis this annoying! I was going to play tennis this afternoon, but I suppose I had better come and afternoon, but I suppose I had better come and visit him’.visit him’.

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(ir)rational emotions(ir)rational emotions

Since you are much more likely to Since you are much more likely to die in a car on the way to the airport die in a car on the way to the airport than you are in a plane, would you than you are in a plane, would you agree that the fear of flying is an agree that the fear of flying is an irrational fear? How would you irrational fear? How would you explain it?explain it?

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Emotion Emotion

EEmotional motional IIntelligencentelligence

An An ability, capacity, or skillability, capacity, or skill to perceive, to perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of one's assess, and manage the emotions of one's self, of others, and of groups.self, of others, and of groups.

http://www.queendom.com/tests/access_page/index.htm?idRegTest=3000

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Emotion Emotion

in in

Emotional intelligence

In action

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IntuitionIntuition

Intuition: more a matter of feeling Intuition: more a matter of feeling than of thinkingthan of thinking

It’s a moment of insight when you It’s a moment of insight when you suddenly see the solution to a suddenly see the solution to a problem without going through any problem without going through any conscious process of reasoningconscious process of reasoning

It’s also our ‘sixth sense’ hunches It’s also our ‘sixth sense’ hunches about thingsabout things

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IntuitionIntuition Core intuitions: our most fundamental intuitions Core intuitions: our most fundamental intuitions

about life, the universe and everythingabout life, the universe and everything Subject-specific intuitions: the intuitions we have in Subject-specific intuitions: the intuitions we have in

various areas of knowledge such as science or ethicsvarious areas of knowledge such as science or ethics Social intuitions: our intuitions about other people, Social intuitions: our intuitions about other people,

what they are like, whether or not they can be what they are like, whether or not they can be trusted, etc.trusted, etc.

The school of thought called The school of thought called romanticismromanticism emphasizes the importance of the emotions for emphasizes the importance of the emotions for making sense of the worldmaking sense of the world

A major objection to the claim that intuition is an A major objection to the claim that intuition is an important source of knowledge is that different important source of knowledge is that different people have conflicting intuitionspeople have conflicting intuitions

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Subject specific Subject specific intuitionsintuitions

Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, bright, and very much involved in social bright, and very much involved in social issues like disarmament and equal issues like disarmament and equal rights. Which of the following rights. Which of the following statements is more likely?statements is more likely?

1.1. Linda is a bank tellerLinda is a bank teller

2.2. Linda is a bank teller and is active in Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movementthe feminist movement

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Subject specific Subject specific intuitionsintuitions

Imagine that you are standing on a large Imagine that you are standing on a large flat plain holding a bullet in your left hand flat plain holding a bullet in your left hand and a loaded gun in your right hand. If and a loaded gun in your right hand. If you fire the gun horizontally and at the you fire the gun horizontally and at the same instant drop the bullet from your same instant drop the bullet from your left hand, which of the two bullets will hit left hand, which of the two bullets will hit the ground first?the ground first?

Take a soccer match with 11 players on Take a soccer match with 11 players on each side and a referee. What are the each side and a referee. What are the odds of two people on the field sharing odds of two people on the field sharing the same birthday?the same birthday?

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ConclusionConclusion

Emotions provide the energy that fuels Emotions provide the energy that fuels intellectual endeavour.intellectual endeavour.

Some of our deepest beliefs about the Some of our deepest beliefs about the world seem to be as much intuitive world seem to be as much intuitive matters of the heart as rational matters of matters of the heart as rational matters of the head.the head.

Strong emotions can easily cloud our Strong emotions can easily cloud our judgmentjudgment

Despite their value, intuitions do not have Despite their value, intuitions do not have any magical authorityany magical authority

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The four ways of knowing: The four ways of knowing: conclusionsconclusions

All knowledge tools are double All knowledge tools are double edged: so, rather than rely on one edged: so, rather than rely on one way of knowing, we need to test way of knowing, we need to test them against one another when them against one another when trying to establish the truthtrying to establish the truth

The step beyond that is to compare The step beyond that is to compare our own opinions with those of other our own opinions with those of other people to see how they stand up in people to see how they stand up in the free market of ideasthe free market of ideas

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Emotion: key pointsEmotion: key points Emotions are relevant to the search of knowledge because they provide us Emotions are relevant to the search of knowledge because they provide us

with energy, affect our thinking and are sometimes used to justify our with energy, affect our thinking and are sometimes used to justify our beliefs.beliefs.

The six primary emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and The six primary emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust are found in all culturesdisgust are found in all cultures

The James-Lange theory says that the emotions are essentially physical in The James-Lange theory says that the emotions are essentially physical in nature; but they also seem to be influenced by our beliefsnature; but they also seem to be influenced by our beliefs

The emotions are sometimes an obstacle to knowledge and strong The emotions are sometimes an obstacle to knowledge and strong emotions can color our perception, distort our logic and inflame our emotions can color our perception, distort our logic and inflame our languagelanguage

Nevertheless, emotions give meaning and color to our lives and studies of Nevertheless, emotions give meaning and color to our lives and studies of brain-damaged patients suggest that without them we would become brain-damaged patients suggest that without them we would become ‘rational fools’‘rational fools’

Rather than think of reason and emotion as opposites, it may make more Rather than think of reason and emotion as opposites, it may make more sense to say that our emotions can themselves be more or less rationalsense to say that our emotions can themselves be more or less rational

Intuition is an immediate insight into something, and we can distinguish Intuition is an immediate insight into something, and we can distinguish core intuitions, subject specific intuitions and social intuitionscore intuitions, subject specific intuitions and social intuitions

While there is a sense in which all knowledge is based on intuition, the While there is a sense in which all knowledge is based on intuition, the problem is that people have conflicting intuitionsproblem is that people have conflicting intuitions

Our intuitive beliefs about many subjects are not very reliable and it could Our intuitive beliefs about many subjects are not very reliable and it could be argued that one of the aims of education is to debug human intuitionbe argued that one of the aims of education is to debug human intuition

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Emotion: terms to Emotion: terms to investigate and rememberinvestigate and remember

ApathyApathy Debugging Debugging

intuitionintuition Emotional coloringEmotional coloring Emotive languageEmotive language EmpathyEmpathy IntuitionsIntuitions

James-Lange James-Lange theorytheory

Primary emotionsPrimary emotions Rational foolRational fool RomanticismRomanticism Social emotionSocial emotion stoicismstoicism