Emotion Health

8/6/2019 Emotion Health

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Emotion, Stress & HealthEmotion, Stress & Health


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Mind and BodyMind and Body

Can the body affect theCan the body affect themind?mind?

Example?Example?

How about the mindHow about the mindaffecting the body?affecting the body?

Example?Example?

TwoTwo--way communicationway communicationbetween mind and bodybetween mind and body


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Psychosomatic MedicinePsychosomatic Medicine

Psyche (mind)Psyche (mind)

Soma (body)Soma (body)

Butterflies in theButterflies in the

stomachstomach

Anxious before givingAnxious before givingspeechspeech

Indigestion, nauseaIndigestion, nausea Stress may contributeStress may contribute

to getting an ulcer.to getting an ulcer.


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Relieve stressRelieve stress

MeditationMeditation

Listening to soothingListening to soothingmusicmusic

Taking a quiet walkTaking a quiet walk

Reduce stressReduce stress

Eliminate butterfliesEliminate butterflies


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Affects on longAffects on long--term healthterm health

Attitude towards illness canAttitude towards illness canaffect healing.affect healing.

Thought, beliefs andThought, beliefs andemotions have majoremotions have majorimpact on physical health.impact on physical health.

Link between mind andLink between mind and

body is the immunebody is the immunesystem.system.


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What isWhat is

Emotion?Emotion?

Internal conscious statesInternal conscious states

that we infer in ourselvesthat we infer in ourselvesand others.and others.

Emotions are privateEmotions are private

experiences.experiences.We use operationalWe use operational

definitions because wedefinitions because wecannot actually seecannot actually see

feelings.feelings.We infer observableWe infer observable

behavior associated withbehavior associated withemotion.emotion.


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Emotions areEmotions are

MultidimensionalMultidimensional


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Four components of EmotionFour components of Emotion

Social-

Expressive

Sense of

Purpose

Bodily

Arousal

Feelings

Emotion

Significant life event


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Feeling componentFeeling component

Emotions are subjective feelingsEmotions are subjective feelings

Make us feel in a particular way.Make us feel in a particular way.Anger or joy.Anger or joy.

Meaning and personal significance.Meaning and personal significance.

Vary in intensity and quality.Vary in intensity and quality.

Rooted in mental processesRooted in mental processes(labeling).(labeling).


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Bodily ArousalBodily Arousal

Biological activation.Biological activation.

Autonomic and hormonal systems.Autonomic and hormonal systems.

Prepare and activate adaptivePrepare and activate adaptivecoping behavior during emotion.coping behavior during emotion.

Body prepared for action.Body prepared for action.

Alert posture, clenched fists.Alert posture, clenched fists.


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Purposive componentPurposive component

Give emotion its goalGive emotion its goal--directed force.directed force.

Motivation to take action.Motivation to take action.

Cope with emotionCope with emotion--causing circumstances.causing circumstances.Why people benefit from emotions.Why people benefit from emotions.

Social and evolutionary advantage.Social and evolutionary advantage.


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SocialSocial--Expressive componentExpressive component

Emotions communicative aspect.Emotions communicative aspect.

Postures, gestures, vocalizations,Postures, gestures, vocalizations,facial expressions make ourfacial expressions make our

emotions public.emotions public.

Verbal and nonverbalVerbal and nonverbalcommunication.communication.

Helps us interpret the situation.Helps us interpret the situation. How person reacts to event.How person reacts to event.


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Emotions read in the faceEmotions read in the face

The Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database


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Biological Response to EmotionBiological Response to Emotion

Scream, Run awayinfers fear.Scream, Run awayinfers fear.

Gut reaction:Gut reaction:

Heart races, energy boost.Heart races, energy boost.

What coordinates body response?What coordinates body response?


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Sympathetic and ParasympatheticSympathetic and ParasympatheticReactionsReactions

Every situation calls for its own special mixture ofEvery situation calls for its own special mixture ofarousal by the sympathetic (fight or flight) andarousal by the sympathetic (fight or flight) and

parasympathetic (conservation of energy) N.S.parasympathetic (conservation of energy) N.S.

Flight or FlightFlight or Flight: Sympathetic response: Sympathetic responseprepares body to meet a crisis.prepares body to meet a crisis.

Rest or DigestRest or Digest: Parasympathetic calms: Parasympathetic calmsbody to aid in digestion.body to aid in digestion.


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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic flow ofSympathetic and Parasympathetic flow ofAutonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System


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Limbic SystemLimbic System

Brain mechanism in emotionBrain mechanism in emotion

A group of structures in the interior ofA group of structures in the interior ofbrainbrain

Form a border around brain stemForm a border around brain stem

Critical for emotionCritical for emotion


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Limbic SystemLimbic System


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JamesJames--Lange TheoryLange TheoryAutonomic arousal and skeletal actions comeAutonomic arousal and skeletal actions come

beforebefore emotional responseemotional response

I experience fearI experience fear becausebecause I run awayI run away

Cognitive awareness isCognitive awareness is separateseparate Brain can categorize events as pleasant or unpleasantBrain can categorize events as pleasant or unpleasant

in as little as 120 millisecondsin as little as 120 milliseconds

What we experience as an emotion is actuallyWhat we experience as an emotion is actually

the label we give to our response.the label we give to our response. I am afraidI am afraid becausebecause I run awayI run away

I am angryI am angry becausebecause I attackI attack


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Common Sense vs. JamesCommon Sense vs. James--LangeLange

Common Sense right?Common Sense right?

Frightening SituationFrightening Situation

FearFear

Running Away andRunning Away andIncreased Heart rate etc.Increased Heart rate etc.

JamesJames--Lange TheoryLange Theory

Frightening SituationFrightening Situation

Running Away and Increased HeartRunning Away and Increased Heartrate etc.rate etc.

FearFear


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JamesJames--LangeLange

Key Assumptions:Key Assumptions:

1.1. Bodys response comes before emotionBodys response comes before emotion2.2. Each specific emotion produces a differentEach specific emotion produces a different

body responsebody response


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Two stage theoryTwo stage theory

SchachterSchachter--Singer TheorySinger Theory

Physiological changes happen first.Physiological changes happen first.Followed by cognitive labeling.Followed by cognitive labeling.

Heart rate goes up.Heart rate goes up.

If in graveyardIf in graveyard fear.fear.If at a partyIf at a party excitement.excitement.


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LeDoux and the snakeLeDoux and the snake

Walking in woods.Walking in woods.

See what may be a snake.See what may be a snake.

Limbic system respondsLimbic system responds

first: CAUTION! STOP!first: CAUTION! STOP! Cortex catches up a secondCortex catches up a second

or two later.or two later.

Poisonous?Poisonous?

Why did I sleep throughWhy did I sleep throughthat lecture on snakes ofthat lecture on snakes ofConnecticut?Connecticut?


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Emotion and Cognitive PathsEmotion and Cognitive Paths

Amygdala

Visual thalamus

Visual cortex


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Stress and HealthStress and Health

Stress is the nonspecific response of the body toStress is the nonspecific response of the body toany demand made upon it.any demand made upon it.Failing gradesFailing grades

Scary movieScary movie

Even positive events in your life such as:Even positive events in your life such as:GraduationGraduation

New jobNew job

Stress activates the Autonomic Nervous SystemStress activates the Autonomic Nervous Systemrapidlyrapidly

Stress activates the HypothalamusStress activates the Hypothalamus--PituitaryPituitary--Adrenal (HPA) Axis more slowly.Adrenal (HPA) Axis more slowly.

Both systems have major effect on health andBoth systems have major effect on health andwellwell--being.being.


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Short term reaction to stressShort term reaction to stress

Level of responsivenessLevel of responsiveness

Sympathetic NS easilySympathetic NS easilytriggered.triggered.

Hostile heart syndrome.Hostile heart syndrome.

Tense, impatient.Tense, impatient.

Road rage causes 4XRoad rage causes 4X

more accidents thanmore accidents thandrunk driving.drunk driving.


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Executive Monkey (Brady)Executive Monkey (Brady) Pair of monkeys.Pair of monkeys. Both could get shock.Both could get shock.

One monkey could pressOne monkey could pressbar to avoid shock for himbar to avoid shock for him

and his yoked control.and his yoked control.Monkey with active barMonkey with active bar

called active monkey.called active monkey.

Other monkey in pairOther monkey in paircalled passive.called passive.

One member of pair likelyOne member of pair likelyto get ulcers.to get ulcers.

Which one?Which one?


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Bradys experimentBradys experiment

Active monkey isActive monkey ison the left.on the left.

Press lever toPress lever to

avoid shock.avoid shock. Passive monkeyPassive monkey

is on the right.is on the right.

Pressing thePressing the

lever does notlever does notaffect shockaffect shockdeliverydelivery

Active Passive


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Bradys mistakeBradys mistake

Brady found executive (active) monkeys gotBrady found executive (active) monkeys gotmore ulcers.more ulcers.

First monkey to learn taskFirst monkey to learn task

active.active.Attempts to replicate yield the oppositeAttempts to replicate yield the opposite

result: passive monkeys get ulcers.result: passive monkeys get ulcers.

Passive monkeys lack control over situation.Passive monkeys lack control over situation.More stressful if you have no control overMore stressful if you have no control over

occurrence of stress.occurrence of stress.


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Reducing the effects of stressReducing the effects of stress

Stress is less harmful ifStress is less harmful if

Have some control (even if just belief).Have some control (even if just belief).

Predictable (going to feel a little pinch).Predictable (going to feel a little pinch).Know the duration.Know the duration.

Coping mechanism.Coping mechanism.

Some way to relieve stress.Some way to relieve stress.Positive attitude.Positive attitude.

Active participant in process.Active participant in process.


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Long term stressLong term stress

What if stress continues for months orWhat if stress continues for months oryears?years?

Stressful occupations: air traffic controllersStressful occupations: air traffic controllersWhether stress is real or imagined doesntWhether stress is real or imagined doesnt

matter to the brain and body.matter to the brain and body.

Respond in the same way.Respond in the same way.Brain activates the adrenal cortex.Brain activates the adrenal cortex.


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Brain and Adrenal CortexBrain and Adrenal Cortex

Prolonged stress leads to theProlonged stress leads to thesecretion of the adrenalsecretion of the adrenalhormone cortisolhormone cortisol

Cortisol (stress hormone)Cortisol (stress hormone)elevates blood sugar andelevates blood sugar andincreases metabolism.increases metabolism.

Body is then able to sustainBody is then able to sustainprolonged activityprolonged activity

Also reduces inflammationAlso reduces inflammation


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Response to injuryResponse to injury

Sprains ankle.Sprains ankle.

Inflammation causesInflammation causesswelling and pain.swelling and pain.

Reduce ability to move.Reduce ability to move.

Life threatening injury.Life threatening injury.

Cortisol reducesCortisol reduces

inflammation.inflammation.Mobilizes energy.Mobilizes energy.

Survival value.Survival value.


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General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome

Phases of GASPhases of GAS

1: Alarm reaction:1: Alarm reaction:

Bodys first response.Bodys first response.

2: Resistance:2: Resistance:

Body adapts to stressor.Body adapts to stressor.

3: Exhaustion:3: Exhaustion:

Body breaks down.Body breaks down.

Changes in immune systemChanges in immune system

Hans Selye1907-1982

Father of Stress


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GAS timelineGAS timeline

Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

time

Immune functionand energy


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The Immune SystemThe Immune System

Cells that protect the body against intrudersCells that protect the body against intruderssuch as viruses and bacteria.such as viruses and bacteria.

Like a police forceLike a police force

Too weak and criminals (viruses etc.) run wildToo weak and criminals (viruses etc.) run wild

Too strong and it attacks lawToo strong and it attacks law--abiding citizens:abiding citizens:

The bodys own cells (Autoimmune disease)The bodys own cells (Autoimmune disease) Ex. Rheumatoid arthritisEx. Rheumatoid arthritis


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Immune systemImmune system

Leukocytes (White bloodcells)Leukocytes (White bloodcells)

Most important elementsMost important elements

Patrol the blood & fluidsPatrol the blood & fluids

Antigens: Intruders have different surfaceAntigens: Intruders have different surfaceproteins (nonself) than our own (self)proteins (nonself) than our own (self)

WBCs attack antigensWBCs attack antigens

Macrophages and B Cells are specific defensesMacrophages and B Cells are specific defenses

T cells: cytotoxic and helperT cells: cytotoxic and helper Cytotoxic: direct attackCytotoxic: direct attack

Helper: stimulates Ts & Bs to multiply rapidlyHelper: stimulates Ts & Bs to multiply rapidly


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Effects of Stress on Immune SystemEffects of Stress on Immune System

Psychoneuroimmunology:Psychoneuroimmunology: The study of the relationship between theThe study of the relationship between the

nervous system and immune systems.nervous system and immune systems.

All experiences, especially stressful ones,All experiences, especially stressful ones,can alter the immune system.can alter the immune system.

The Immune system in turn influences theThe Immune system in turn influences thecentral nervous system.central nervous system.


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Effects of StressEffects of Stress

Continued, long term anxiety, anger orContinued, long term anxiety, anger orstress is harmful.stress is harmful.

A body focused on the cycle of increasedA body focused on the cycle of increasedcortisol & increased metabolism, it is notcortisol & increased metabolism, it is notproducing new proteins for the immune systemproducing new proteins for the immune systemand other systems.and other systems.

High cortisol levels damage hippocampusHigh cortisol levels damage hippocampus Learning and memory suffer as a resultLearning and memory suffer as a result


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Emotions, Stress and HealthEmotions, Stress and Health

They are all intricately related.They are all intricately related.

Emotion Health

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