Emotion and the Brain Emotion

Amygdala- Ability to learn emotional associations, recognize emotional expressions, and perceive emotionally charged words.

Pyramidal motor system- Voluntary facial expressions---Fake smile

Extrapyramidal motor system- Facial movements associated with emotions that are involuntary---Genuine smile

Aphasias

Neuropsychology

• Broca’s: production not comprehension– Grammatically incorrect

• Wernicke’s: comprehension not production– Word salad

Descriptive StatisticsResearch Methods

• Descriptive Statistics- numbers that describe and summarize a set of research data– Mode- occurs most often– Median- number in the middle (remember to

numerically order the numbers; take average of two middle numbers if there are an even # of scores)

– Mean- average of all the numbers– Range- difference between the highest and lowest

numbers– Standard Deviation- measures the spread of the data

Descriptive Statistics

Research Methods

• Correlation: the degree to which one variable is related to another (relationship between two variables) DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION– Correlation co-efficient- (r) shows the

strength and direction of the relationship– Positive correlation- (+) the two variables

move in the same direction—there is a direct relationship

Descriptive StatisticsResearch Methods

– Negative correlation- (-) two variables move in opposite direction—there is an inverse relationship

– No Correlation- (0) the two variables are not related to one another

Culture, Language, and Thought

Language • Consult Pages 316- 317 in the text• Linguistic determinism- language shapes thought

– Example: Snow. English language only has one word for snow; Eskimos may have multiple words for snow. So Whorf believed that Eskimos thought about snow differently.

– Also refer to the color example

• Framing Effect- language can affect reasoning, problem solving, and decision making; thinking influenced by words used to describe situation– Example: Going to the grocery store. One box says “no added

fat” and another says “15% fat”; they could easily mean the same thing.

Stages of Cognitive Development

Lifespan Development Piagets Theory

• Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2 yrs)- mental activity confined to sensory perception and motor skills – Object permanence– A not B error

• Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)- begins to use symbols to represent things that are not present (words, images, and symbols represent world…..imaginary play)– Egocentrism– Animism– Conservation

-irreversibility-centration

Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentLifespan Development

Piagets Theory• Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)- a child's thinking is no

longer dominated by visual appearance (understand conservation, able to reverse, simple logic)

• Formal Operational Stage (11+ yrs)- Abstract thinking (hypothetical (scientific) reasoning develops)

Approaches to PsychologyIntroduction

• Biological- Biological factors affect behavior and mental events

• Evolutionary- Behavior is a result of evolution and natural selection

• Psychodynamic- Behavior is the result of unconscious conflicts

• Behavioral- Behavior is the result of learning

• Cognitive- Thoughts and mental processes are important

• Humanistic- Behavior is determined by an individual’s unique thoughts and actions

Social Skills in DevelopmentLifespan Development

• Social Skills- Are learned; being able to interact and communicate with others

• Empathy- the ability to know what someone else is feeling (“I know how you feel”) – Also being able to respond to a particular emotion

• Self regulation- ability to control emotions and feelings (counting to calm down instead of throwing a temper tantrum)

Reflexes

Neuropsychology • Definition: Involuntary, unlearned response

• The spinal cord directs some simple behaviors (reflexes) without instruction from the brain

Peripheral Nervous SystemNeuropsychology

• Peripheral Nervous System- parts of the nervous system not housed in bone.– Somatic- Transmits info from senses to the CNS and

carries signals from CNS to the muscles

– Autonomic- (memory gimmick- automatic) Regulates

involuntary function (heart rate, BP, digestion, ect.)

Sympathetic or ParasympatheticFall under the autonomic system

Peripheral Nervous SystemNeuropsychology

Sympathetic• mobilizes body for action • FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE

Parasympathetic• helps body conserve energy and calms body down after

fight or flight

Areas of the BrainNeuropsychology

• See chart on page 91 of text

or

• The handout on CAT's website

Students

Here are some guidelines for the ten most

missed questions from midterm one. Please use the lines to the right of the slide to add additional notes. Also, please beware that not every topic from the most missed is necessarily on here.

Enjoy and happy studying! Anne