Emmission Standars of Power Plant

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Performance Review of Thermal Power Stations 2004-05 Section 14 Page no. 14.1

SECTION-14

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN POWER SECTOR

14.1. INTRODUCTION

The implementation of power projects requires clearance from Ministry of

Environment and Forests/ MOEF from the following aspects:

a) Environmental aspects

b) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 angle

The above clearances are communicated separately and a Project

requiring both clearance is deemed to be cleared by MOEF only after the clearance

from both aspects is given.

14.2. ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification `1994, inter-alia,

provides that expansion or modernisation or a new power project shall not be

undertaken in the country unless accorded environment clearance by the Central

Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF).

This however, does not apply to projects with investment costs less than 50 crores.

The above EIA Notification, sets out procedure for clearance of projects. For sitespecific projects, such as hydro electric and pit head thermal power stations, the

site clearance is to be obtained first from MOEF for initiation of any surveys and

investigations. The MOEF would convey a decision regarding suitability of

otherwise of the site within 30 days. Thereafter, for such site specific projects are

to be submitted by the proponents to MOEF for clearance. The reports shall be

evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency which may consult a

Committee of Experts. If required, comments of the public may be solicited and

public hearing arranged. The Notification stipulates that the assessment shall be

completed within a period of ninety days from the receipt of the requisite

documents and data hearing, where required, and decision conveyed within thirtydays thereafter. The clearance granted is valid for a period of five years for

commencement of the construction/operation.

14.3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL OF THERMAL POWER

PROJECTS

The proponents of thermal power projects including coal/lignite fired

thermal, gas, combined cycle gas based and co-generation projects submit 20

copies of the application to MOEF in the specified Performa along with theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Report/Environment Management Plan. Theimpact Assessment Agency examines the reports and calls for additional data and

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documents, if required. On receipt of complete information, the projects are

placed before the committee of Experts for thermal power stations. If needed,

visits are made to the projects on recommendations of the Committee of Experts.

MOEF further process the projects for clearance/rejection of the proposals. The

cases rejected for non furnishing of complete information may be reopened on thereceipt of complete information.

The Expert Committee constituted by MOEF and Chief Engineer (C&E)

CEA as a member, had considered 13 schemes with 6527.8 MW installed capacity

during 2003-04. Out of these, all the schemes with 6527.8 MW installed capacity

were recommended for clearance from environmental angle by Expert Committee.

14.4.0 ENVIRONMENT CONCERNS OF THERMAL POWER STATIONS

The products of combustion in thermal power plants using coal/lignite

LDO/Naphtha are gaseous emissions containing carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur

and Nitrogen as also solid particulate matter (ash) where coal/lignite is used.

Beside these, the waste water from the process contains pollutants.

14.4.1 AIR POLLUTION

Initially, perceptions of objectionable effects of air pollutants were limited

to those easily detected like odour and smoke stacks. Later, it was the concern

over long term/chronic effects that led to the identification of six critical pollutants. These six critical pollutants are sulphur-di -oxide (S02), Carbon

mono-oxide (CO), Nitrogen oxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Suspended Particulate andnon methane hydrocarbons (NMHC). Ozone referred to as volatile organic

compounds (VOC). There is substantial evidence linking them to health effects at

high concentrations. Three of whom namely O3,SO2 and NO2 are also known as

phytotoxicants (toxic to vegetation). In the later part Lead (Pb) was added to that

list.

Green House Gases which are responsible for temperature enhancement

cause global warming. These Green House Gases are CO2. (Carbon dioxide), CH4

(Methane), N20 (Nitrous Oxide) & CO (Carbon Monoxide)

14.4.1.1. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX )

All combustion processes are sources of NOx at the high temperature

generated in the combustion process. Formation of NOx may be due to thermal

NOx which is the result of oxidation of nitrogen in the air and due to fuel NOX

which is due to nitrogen present in the fuel. In general, higher the combustion

temperature, the higher NOx is produced.

14.4.1.2 OXIDES OF SULPHUR




The combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels, especially coal is the

primary source of SOX. About 97 to 99% of SOX emitted from combustion

sources is in the form of sulphur dioxide which is a critical pollutant, the

remainder is mostly SO3, which in the presence of atmosphere water is

transformed into Sulphuric Acid at higher concentrations, produce deleteriouseffects on the respiratory system.

14.4.1.3. PARTICULATE MATTER

The terms particulate matter, particulate, particles are used interchangeably

and all refer to finely divided solids and liquids dispersed in the air.

14.4.2 WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution refers to any change in natural water that may impair

further use of the water, caused by the introduction of organic or inorganic

substances or a change in temperature of the water.

In thermal power stations the source of water is either river, lake, pond or

sea where from water is usually taken. There is possibility of water being

contaminated from the source itself. Further contamination or pollution can occur

by addition of the pollutants of thermal power plant waste as inorganic or organic

compounds.

14.4.3 LAND DEGRADATION

The thermal power stations are generally located on the non-forest land and

do not involve much Resettlement and Rehabilitation problems. However it’s

effects due to stack emission etc, on flora and fauna, wild life sanctuaries and

human life etc. have to be studied for any adverse effects. Large land requirement

for ash disposal and hazardous elements percolation to ground water through ash

disposal in ash ponds are the serious effects of thermal power stations. Due to

enormous quantity of ash content in Indian coal, approximately 1 acre land per

MW of installed thermal capacity is required.

14.4.4 NOISE POLLUTION

Some areas inside the plant will have noisy equipments such as crushers, belt

conveyors, fans, pumps, milling plant, compressors, boiler, turbine etc. Various

measures taken to reduce the noise generation and exposure of workers to high

noise levels in the plant area will generally include:

I) Silencers of fans, compressors, steam safety valves etc.

ii) Using noise absorbent materials.ii) Providing noise barriers for various areas.

iv) Noise proof control rooms.




v) Provision of green belt around the plat will further reduce noise levels.

14.5.0 REGULATORY MEASURES

14.5.1 AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981.

In India, 1st Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in

1981 with amendments in 1987 for prevention, control and abatement of air

pollution and it came into force with effect from May 91. The act provides for

Central as well as State Boards with such powers and functions as necessary to

provide and control the quality of Air. National ambient air quality standards by

Central Pollution Control Board have been issued vide Gazette Notification of

April 94. For wider dispersal of SO2, stack height of different capacity units have

been stipulated. For units less than 500 MW the stack height has been stipulated

as 220 meters whereas 500 MW units it is 275 meters.

14.5.2 ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT 1986

Environment (Protection) Act 1986 came into force w.e.f. 19.11.86 and

provides for protection, improvement of environment and for matters connected

therewith. It empowers the Central Govt. to take all such measures as deemed

necessary for protecting and meeting quality of environment and preventing,

controlling and abating environmental pollution. Standards for liquid effluents

have been issued under EPA Notification, dated 19th

November, 1986

1986 Environment Protection Act has much sharper teeth and provides for stringent punishment for any violation of Act. As per Sec. 15 of the Act,

whosoever fails to comply or contravenes any of the provisions of this Act, may be

punished with imprisonment which may extend upto five years or with fine

extending upto Rs. one lakh or both. In case the failure continues for more than

one year, the imprisonment may be extended to seven years.




14..5.3 EMISSION/EFFLUENTS STANDARDS

The standards for emissions/effluent have been notified by theCPCB/MOEF as under :

14.5.3.1 SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPM)

The bulk of the ash produced from the combustion of coal / lignite in the

thermal power station and carried by the flue gases is trapped by the ESP’s or bag

filters and only a small quantity escapes through stacks. The ESP’s of such

designs and efficiency are to be provided to limit the SPM in the stack emissions

below the prescribed norms. The standards for SPM levels as notified by MOEF

are given at Annex – 14.1

14.5.3.2 SULPHUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

The non-cooking coal available in the country earmarked for power

generation generally contains low level of sulphur unto 0.50% except for the coal

available in the North Eastern region of the country. At present there is no

prescribed limit for sulphur dioxide in stack emission. However, minimum stack

height limits for power stations as notified by MOEF are given at Annex – 14.2.

The Indian Air quality Standards prescribed by CPCB stipulates the limits of SOx,in the ambient air. These standards are given at Annex – 14.3

Even using high sulphur coal, the sulphur dioxide emission can be reduced

in the boilers using fluidised bed combustion technology. The sulphur dioxide

produced in the combustion is mixed in the boiler with the lime fed alongwith the

coal.

14.5.3.3 NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS

The formation of Nitrogen oxide depends on the temperature and residence

time of gases in the combustion chamber at that temperature. The formation of

Nitrogen oxide can be reduced by providing low nitrogen oxide burners. No

norms for the nitrogen oxide emission at stack have been notified by MOEF for

coal/lignite fired thermal power stations.

The levels of Nitrogen dioxide in the ambient air are prescribed by the

AAQ standards which would limit the concentration of nitrogen oxide in air by

regulating NOx producing industries in an area. These standards are given at

Annex – 14.3




14.5.3.4 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE The process of power generation produces liquid effluents. The standards

for liquid effluents from power stations have been prescribed in the EPA

Notification dated 19th Nov. 1986 as reproduced at Annex – 14.4.

14.6.0 OTHER ISSUES

14.6.1 COAL WASHING/BENEFICIATION.

Number of studies have been conducted in the past to quantify the economics of

using beneficiated coal in Indian power stations. These studies have indicated in

quantitative terms the benefits of using washed coal both in terms of O&M as well

as capital cost of the project. Vide MOEF Notification dated 19th September,

1997, (Annexure vi) certain categories of thermal plants are required to use

washed coal containing ash not more than 34 % by June 2001. These plants

include the thermal plants located beyond one thousand Km. from pitheads and

thermal plants located in urban areas or sensitive areas. Subsequently a committee

was formed under the chairmanship of Member (Thermal), CEA to examine the

ways and means of implementation MOEF Notification vide MOP Office Order

No. dated. The committee submitted its report in February 2000. Subsequently

MOP has set up two more committee for implementing the recommendations of

the main committee.

14.6.2 FLY ASH UTILISATION

The Coal/Lignite fired thermal power stations produce enormous quantitiesof ash. The ash has traditionally been disposed off in the ash ponds, which has the

potential of polluting the surface and ground water unless adequate care is taken.

In order to check the percolation of ash effluents to the ground water,

ash pond lining is being provided wherever necessary. The fly ash collected in the

dry form, could however, be beneficially used for brick making and cement

manufacturing. Incentives have been issued by the ministry of Power letter of 27th

May 1996. Which are reproduced at Annexure –14.5. Inspite of all out efforts

only 5 % of ash is being utilised for gainful purpose at present. The notification

dated 14-9-99 issued by MOEF in respect of Fly ash is reproduced at Annexure

14.6.




14.6.3 FLUE GAS DESULPHRISATION (FGD) PLANT The MOEF insists on making space provision for FGD Plant in the designs

of thermal power units of 500 MW and above capacity and also at stations with

capacity of 1500 to 2000 MW to facilitate their retrofitting at a later stage in caseof the need for such plant is established. In case of sensitive areas the installation

of FGD is insisted upon even for stations with smaller installation.

14.6.4 MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THERMAL

POWER STATIONS IN INDIA CEA has also been actively engaged in the monitoring of environmental

status of thermal power stations in the country. Monthly environmental status

reports in respect of Stack emission, AAQ and effluent discharges are received

from the thermal power stations, analysed and remedial measures suggested

wherever required. Some of thermal units being operated do not have requisite

infrastructure for environmental monitoring. Whereever the units are not meeting

statutory environmental requirements, are unable to install/replace existing ESP`s

etc. due to paucity of funds. Though provisions exist in the law for closing down

of the thermal power stations for not meeting environmental standards, we can

hardly afford to close any unit in the power starved situation. Though, at present

emphasis is laid on meeting particulate matter from stack emission, even for that

data is not being received from some of thermal power stations regularly.




Annexure – 14.1

THERMAL POWER PLANTS : EMISSION STANDARDS

NOTIFICATION

MOEF vide Notification of 19th May 1993 issued as amendment rules to

environment (Protection) Act 1986. The particulate matter emission limits for

thermal power stations are as follows: -

(i) Generation capacity 62.5 MW or more - 150

mg/Nm3

(ii) Generation capacity less than 62.5 MW and plant

Commissioned prior to 1.1.82 - 350 mg/Nm3

(iii) Units located in protected area irrespective of

generation capacity. - 150 mg/Nm3




Annexure-14.2

THERMAL POWER PLANTS : STACK HEIGHT/LIMITS

Generation Capacity Stack Height (Metres)

500 MW and above 275

200 MW/210 MW and above to less than 500

MW

Less than 200 MW/210 MW

220

H=14 (Q)0. 3

where Q is emission rate of SO2,

in Kg/h, and H is Stack height in

metres

Source : EPA Notification (G.S.R. 742 (E), dt. 30th Aug, 1990.




Annexure-14.3

ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, NOTFN. 11.4.94

S.O. 384(E) - The central pollution Control Board in exercise of its

power conferred under section 16 (2) (n) of the Air (Prevention and Control of

pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981) hereby notify the National Ambient Air

Quality standards with immediate effect.

As per CPCB notification dt. 11.4.94,A.A.Q standard has been given

below in brackets.

SCHEDULE – I

Concentration in Ambient Air

Pollutant Time

weighted

average

Indl.

Area

( g/m3

)

Res.

Rural

Other

areas

( g/m3)

Sensitiv

e Area

( g/m3)

Method of

measurement

Sulphur

Dioxide

(SO2)

* Annual

average

** 24 hours

80

120

60

80

15

30

1. Improved West &

Gacke method

2. Ultraviolet

fluorescenceOxides of

Nitrogen

* Annual

Average

** 24 hour

80

120

60

80

15

30

1. Jacob and

Hochheiser modified (Na

Arsenite )

2. Gas Phase

Chemilumine

scence

SuspendedParticulate

Matter

(SPM)

* AnnualAverage

** 24 hour

360

500

140

200

70

100

High Volumesampling, (Avg. flow

rate not less than

1.1m3/min)

Respirable

particulate

matter (size

less than 10

um)(RPM)

• Annual

Average

** 24 hours

120

150

60

100

50

75

Lead (Pb) • Annual

Average

** 24 hours

1.0

1.5

0.75

1.0

0.50

0.75

AAS method after

samplingusingHPM2000 or

equiv. filter paper.




Carbon

monooxide

(CO)

** 8 hour

1 hour

5000.0

10000.0

2000.0

4000.0

1.0

2.0

Non dispersive infrared

spectroscopy

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice

a week 24 hours at uniform intervals.

** 24 hours/8 hours values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However,

2% of time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

ANNEXURE –14.4




THERMAL POWER PLANT : STANDARDS FOR LIQUID EFFLUENT

SOURCE

PARAMETERS STANDARDS MAX.

LIMITING

CONCENTRATION mg/1(EXECPT FOR pH &

TEMP.)

Condenser Cooling Water

(once through cooling

system)

PH

Temperature

6.5 to 8.5

Not more than 7deg. C

higher than the intake

Free available

chlorine

0.5

Boiler Blowdown Suspended

Soilds

Oil & Grease

Copper (Total)

Iron (Total)

100

20

1.0

1.0

Cooling Tower Blowdown Free available

Chlorine

Zinc

Chromium

(Total)

Phosphate

0.5

1.0

0.2

5.0Other corrosion Limit to be inhibiting material established on case by case

basis by Central Board in case of Union Territories and state Boards in case

of states.

Ash Pond Effluent PH

Suspended

Solids

Oil & Greases

6.5 to 8.5

100

20

Source – EPA Notification (S.O., 844 (E), dt. 19.11.86)




ANNEXURE –14.5

COPY OF COMPREHENSIVE GUIDELINES FOR FLY ASH

UTILISATION AND DISPOSAL ISSUED BY SECRETARY, MOP

VIDE DO NO.11/16/93-RO(K)/E.II DATED 27.5.1996 COMPREHENSIVE GUIDELINES FOR FLY ASH UTILISATION AND

DISPOSAL

(i) Dry fly ash should be supplied by the power stations, free of cost, to the

entrepreneurs for a period of 10 years from the day a unit goes into fly

ash based production. The terms of the supply of ash after the initial

period of 10 years, should be settled annually by the Power Station

Authorities and the concerned entrepreneurs; in case of disagreement,

the matter could be decided by CEA or Building Materials and

Technology Promotion Council (BMTC) for which a suitable provision

should be incorporated in the contracts.

(ii) Wherever Power Stations do not have dry fly ash collection facilities,

they may be required to set up this facility. All new power stations

should provide arrangements for collection and supply of dry fly ash.

This would be ensured by CEA while appraising projects for techno-

economic clearance. If any of the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) dry

ash collection, this would considered by the Ministry of Power as a part

of R&D Scheme.

(iii) All proposals formulated and sponsored by the concernedBoards/Corporations and Utilities for setting up of the Thermal Power

Plants should, in future, invariably incorporate specific provisions for

promoting the maximum utilisation of fly ash generated by the plants.

Central Electricity Authority would examine such proposals for techno-

economic clearance as are found to comply with these requirements.

(iv) The transportation of fly ash from thermal Power Plant should be the

responsibility of entrepreneurs. No subsidy for transport of fly ash or its

end products would be advisable.

(v) Power utilities should be advised to make arrangements, wherever

possible, for giving land to the prospective entrepreneurs on

concessional terms contiguous to the power stations. However, supply

of power should be settled on case to case basis.

(vi) The Bureau of Indian Standards should formulate Indian Standards on

building materials produced from fly ash or incorporate suitable

amendments in the existing standards to cover these materials.

(vii) Financial assistance from Governmental financial institutions at

subsidised rates of interest should be made available to prospective

entrepreneurs for setting up fly ash based unit for manufacturing

building materials.(viii) Indigenous equipment required for setting up fly ash based industry

should be exempted from excise duty/sales tax. In case of imported




equipment required for manufacture of building materials utilising fly

ash should be 50 % of the normal rates.

(ix) The end products of coal ash should be exempted for the first 5 years

from excise duty, sales tax etc. where atleast 50% of coal ash is utilised

as raw materials for coal ash utilisation between 25 % to 50 % suchexemption should be 50 % of the normal rates.

(x) All incentives and according the same preferential treatment should be

provided to all coal ash using industries as are given to small scale

industries.

(xi) The technologies developed in R&D institutions should be made

available at low price to the manufacturers.

(xii) Local authorities, including States Govts. need also to liberalise their

industrial policy for establishing ash utilisation industries.




ANNEXURE –14.6

Notification of MOEF dated 14.9.1999, in respect of Fly Ash.

1. Use of Fly ash bottom ash or pond ash in the manufacture of bricks

and other construction activities:

(i) No person shall within a ratios of fifty kilometers from coal or lignite

based thermal power plants, manufacture clay bricks or tiles or blocks

for use in construction activities without mixing of least 25% of ash

(fly ash, bottom ash or pond ash) with soil on weight to weight basis.

(ii) The authority for ensuring the use of specified quantity of ash as per para (I) above shall be the concerned Regional Officers of the State

pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee as the

case may be. In case of non-compliance, the said authority, in addition

to cancellation of consent order issued to establish the brick kiln, shall

move the district administration for cancellation of mining lease. The

cancellation of mining lease shall be decided after due hearing. To

enable the said authority to verify the actual use of ash, the thermal

power plant shall maintain month-wise records of ash made available

to each brick kiln.

(iii) In case of non-availability of ash from thermal power plant in

sufficient quantities as certified by the said power plant, the stipulation

under para (1) shall be suitably modified (waived/relaxed) by the

concerned State/Union Territory Government.

(iv) Each coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall constitute a

dispute settlement committee which shall include at the General

Manager of the thermal power plant and a representative of All India

Brick and Tile Manufacture`s Federation (AIBTMF). Such acommittee shall ensure unhindered loading and transport of ash

without any undue loss of time. Any unresolved dispute shall be dealt

with by State/Union Territory level committee to be set up by

State/Union Territory Government comprising Member Secretary of

the State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committee,

representatives of Ministry of Power in the State/Union Territory

Government and a representative AIBTMF.




2. Utilisation of ash by Thermal Power Plants :

All coal or lignite based thermal power plants shall utilise the ash

generated in he power plants as follows :

(i) Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall make availableash, for a least 10 years from the date of publication of this notification

without any payment or any other consideration, for the purpose of

manufacturing ash based products such as cement, concrete based,

bricks, panels or any other material or for construction of roads,

embankment, dams, dykes or for any other construction activity.

(ii) Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant commissioned subject

to environmentally clearance conditions stipulating the submission of

an action plant for full utilisation of fly ash shall, within a period a of

nine years from the publication of this notification, phase out the

dumping and disposal of fly ash on land in accordance with the plan.

Such an action plant shall provide for thirty percent of the fly ash

utilisation, within three years from the publication of this notification

with further increase in utilisation by at least 10% points every year

progressively for the next six years to enable utilisation of the entire

fly ash generated in the power plant at least by the end of ninth year

Progress in this regard shall be reviewed after five years.

(iii) Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant not covered by para(ii) above shall, within a period of 15 years from the date of

publication of this notification, phase out the utilisation of fly

ash in accordance with the action plan to be drawn up by the power

plants. Such action plan shall provide for 20% of fly ash utilisation

within three years from the date of publication of this notification, with

further increase in utilisation every year progressively for next 12

years to enable utilisation of the entire ash generated in the power

plan.

(iv) All action plan prepared by coal or lignite thermal power plants in

accordance with sub para (ii) and (iii) of para 2 of this notification,

shall be submitted to the Central Control Board, concerned State

Pollution Control Boards/Committee and concerned regional office of

the Ministry of Environment and Forest within a period of six months

from the date of publication of this notification.

(v) The Central and State Government Agencies, the State Electricity

Boards, the National Thermal Power Corporation and the management

of the thermal power plant shall facilitate in making available land,electricity and water for manufacturing activities and provide access to

the ash lifting area for promoting and setting up of ash-based




production units in the proximity of the area where ash is generate by

power plant.

(v) Annual implementation report providing information about the

compliance of provision in this notification shall be submitted by the30

thday of April every year to the Central Pollution Control Board,

concerned State Pollution Control Boards/Committee and concerned

regional office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests by the Coal

or lignite based thermal power plants.

3. Specification for use of ash-based products :

(i) Manufacture of ash-based products such as cement, concrete blocks,

bricks, panels or any other material for the use of ash in construction

activity such as in road laying, embankments or use as landfill to

reclaim low lying areas including back filling in abandoned mines or

pitheads or for any other use shall be carried out in accordance with

certification and guidelines laid-down by the Bureau of Indian

Standards, Indian Bureau of Mines, Indian Roads Congress, Central

Building Research Institute, Roorkee, Central Road Research Institute,

in New Delhi, Building Material and Technology Promotion Council,

New Delhi, Central Public Works Department, State Public Works

Departments and other Central and State Government Agencies.

(ii) The Central Public Works Departments, Public Works Departments in

the State/Union Territory Government, Development Authority,

Housing Boards, National Highway Authority of India and other

construction agencies including those in the private sector shall also

prescribe the use of ash and ash based products in their respective

schedules of specifications and construction applications, including

appropriate standards and codes of factors, within a period of four

months from the publication of this notification.

(iii) All local authorities shall specify in their respective building bye-laws

and regulations the use of ash and ash based products and construction

techniques in building materials, roads, embankments or for any other

use within a period of four months from the date of publication of this

notification.

Emmission Standars of Power Plant

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