Emission measurements tampered mopeds

Henk Baarbé

Contents

Motivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds

Measurement programme

Results

Conclusions

Recommendations

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Motivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds

New European legislation on emission limits and anti-tampering is

being prepared

No recent measurements on the effects of tampering on emissions

Complaint of higher fuel use after restoring speed limiter

Research question (partly):What is the effect of tampering on emissions and fuel consumption?

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Measurement programme: tested mopeds

New 2-stroke and 4-stroke moped purchased and driven 200km

4-stroke model is tested as a 25km/h and a 45km/h version, the

only difference is the type of speed limiters:

Other ignition unit (other max. engine speed)

Other variomatic limiter (other min. transmission ratio)

Mopeds are in top 3 of most sold makes in the Netherlands

Different configurations, including tampering

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Measurement programme: tested configurations

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Model Configuration Max. speed[km/h]

4-stroke: 25 km/h version Standard 27

Without variomatic limiter 36

4-stroke: 45 km/h version Standard 40

Without variomatic limiter 55

Tuned 60

2-stroke: 45 km/h version Standard 45

Without variomatic limiter 63

Replacement exhaust (without catalyst) 60

Tuned 75

Measurement programme: 3 cycles used

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1. R47 = official test cycle 2. 10 minutes at constant maximum configuration speed

3. 10 minutes at constant maximum allowed speed (25km/h or 45km/h)

Components measured: carbon monoxide (CO*), hydrocarbons (HC*), nitrogen oxides (NOx*), particulate matter (PM), particle number (PN) and CO2

*Limits in g/km set for these components

Emissions and fuel consumption decrease at faster moped configurations

45 km/h version is performing better than the 25 km/h version

PM and NOx low

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4-stroke results: 1. R47

Emissions lower compared to the R47

45 km/h version is performing better than the 25 km/h version

Fuel consumption decreases at faster moped configurations

Contrary to the R47 emissions of faster configurations are higher than standard configuration

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4-stroke results: 2. constant maximum configuration speed

Emissions ± the same compared to maximum configuration speed (except for the faster 25km/h version)

45 km/h version is performing better than the 25 km/h version

Fuel consumption is significantly lower at faster configurations than standard (3,5 and 1,8 times)

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4-stroke results: 3. constant maximum allowed speed

Good repeatability

Emissions increase at faster configurations, especially with replacement exhaust

Fuel consumption decreases if the variomatic limiter is removed, for the tuned version fuel consumption increases.

Low NOx emissionsHigh PM/PN emissions

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2-stroke results: 1. R47

Emissions and fuel consumption are ± the same as the R47, only the HC emissions during the first three tests are much lower

Contrary to the R47, CO emissions of the version without variomatic are lower than the standard version

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2-stroke results: 2. constant maximum configuration speed

Emissions at maximum allowed speed are lower in every aspect compared to the maximum configuration speed.

Fuel consumption is 1,6 times lower at the configuration without variomatic limiter compared to the standard version.

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2-stroke results: 3. constant maximum allowed speed

Conclusions: What is the effect of tampering on emissions and fuel consumption?

Tampering had effects on emissions and fuel consumption of mopeds, but not necessarily adverse effects.

The effect of tampering on emissions was different for the 2- and 4-stroke moped and also the driving cycle influenced the emissions.

For the 4-stroke moped the 45 km/h version performed better than the 25 km/h version, because of difference in restriction measures like the variomatic limiter and the ignition unit

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Conclusions: What is the effect of tampering on emissions and fuel consumption?

After removal of the variomatic limiter (mild tampering) at all cycles:The fuel consumption decreased for all mopedsEmission decreased and increased dependent on cycle and configuration

After removal of the variomatic limiter (mild tampering) at maximum allowed speed cycle:

The fuel consumption decreased for all mopedsEmission decreased for the 2-stroke moped

For the 2-stroke moped vigorous tampering mostly had a negative effect on emissions and fuel consumption increased

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Recommendations

Use more efficient and sophisticated measures for speed limitation of mopedsOnly allow the sale of Euro 2 compliant replacement exhaustsOther?

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Questions?

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