Emerging threats to the growing oil and gas industry off ...
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Emerging threats to the growing
oil and gas industry off the
eastern coast of Africa
www.newportafrica.com Third International Conference
on Strategic Theory
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Introduction
• O&G offshore potential currently spans from Somalia to
Mozambique
• How offshore O&G could shape future security paradigm off
east Africa
• Future threat environment has largely been untested
• Explore potential impact of threats on commercial operations
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Three main threat areas
• Eastern Africa offshore environment & Somali pirates
• Land-based threats
• West Africa offshore O&G experience
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Eastern Africa offshore threat
& Somali pirates
• Since 2006, to highest levels 2008-2011
• Armed assaults; Hijacking; Ransom demands for cargo & crew
• 2012 Piracy cost the global economy US$18 billion a year
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• Pirates’ catchment area has expanded significantly
• At its height, pirate incidents extended over approx. 2.5
million sq nautical miles
Source IMB 2012
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Source Oceanview
Somalia Piracy Incidents mapSept 2012-Sept 2013
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Counter-piracy measures
• International naval patrols in the Gulf of Aden & Indian Ocean
– US-led Combined Task Force 151
– EU NAVFOR Operation Atalanta
– NATO Operation Ocean Shield
– Naval escorts
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• Information-sharing centres
established
• Best management practices
(BMP4) guidelines
• Embarked armed security
on board vessels
• Improvements to the legal
systems and jurisdiction to
prosecute suspected pirates
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Achievements
• No commercial vessel hijacked since May 2012 (though
fishing vessels have been hijacked subsequently)
• No vessel with AST has been successfully hijacked
• Over 1100 pirates in prison in 21 countries on remand or
serving sentences
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• Vessels using self-
protection measures
(BMP4)
– Use of citadels
– Hardening measures
(razor wire etc.)
• Piracy at lowest level since
2006
– Only 8 armed assaults in
2013
– No hijacks of commercial
vessels in 201310
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Is Somali Piracy finished?
• Piracy threat only contained
• Pirate business model evolved and active
• Provide ‘protection’schemes for illegal fishing
• Provide security to vessels engaged in smuggling and illegal regional trade
• Possibility of collaboration with al-Shabaab – overlap in bases, vessel hijack, land-based kidnap for ransom
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Potential Future Piracy Threat
• International counter-piracy presence post 2014?
• Possible resurgence of Somali piracy if maritime efforts
reduced
• Pirates adapt to new business opportunities
• Pirate impact on O&G offshore as operations increase
• Vulnerable O&G offshore operational profile
– Slow speed for seismic runs
– Limited manoeuvrability
– Numerous support vessels required
• Pirates adapt TTPs to similar model as West Africa
counterparts?
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Land based threats
• East Africa littoral countries differ in context and security
environments
• Many have functioning state institutions and a rule of law, but
possible spoilers:
– Political transition
– Civil unrest
– Secessionist movements
– Terrorism
– Kidnap for ransom
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Potential land-based threats
• On land transit / R&R for personnel and assets
• Operations at port or anchorages within a country
• Terrorists/ local rebel groups/ militias focus on strategic
resources and assets
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• Important to understand
country and local area
dynamics, and develop a
robust security plan based
on risk profile
• EA littoral states keen to
build investment,
companies develop good
government relations
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Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea
& impact on O&G operations
• Gulf of Guinea home to several oil producing nations
• About 10% of world’s crude oil exports
• 40% Europe, almost 30% US imports of petroleum products
travels through GoG each year
• 2012 more piracy attacks off West Africa than off Somalia
• Maritime security off West Africa and safe access to ports is
critical for global energy production
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West Africa piracy
• Highest incidents Nigeria, Benin and Togo waters
• Incidents reported up to 150 nautical miles from the West
Africa coast; use of mother ships
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West Africa Piracy TTPs
• Type of pirate incidents
– Hijackings of tankers for theft of refined petroleum
products
– Robbery of crew and ship property
– Kidnap for ransom
• Target
– Tugs and supply vessels
– Also increasing against merchant vessels – tankers and
cargo - transiting and operating within region
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• Mainly Nigeria-based pirate gangs, well-organised, local
backing
• Usually a high-level of violence used
• Motivation of attacks tends to be theft of cargo rather than
less common kidnapping, little concern for the welfare of
crew
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• Most attacks occur when vulnerable of being identified and
boarded
– Vessels moored
– Carrying out ship to ship transfers at sea
• Cargo transferred to hijackers’ smaller vessels and then sold
on black market
• Pirate groups TTPs suggest knowledge of ships’ locations,
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Key security considerations to
offshore O&G operations off east Africa
• Private security working with host nation navies
• Revised best management practices
• Focused reporting mechanisms
• Partnership with national governments
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Private security
• How address armed security in respective EA countries’ EEZs?
• EA country naval capacity to service offshore contracts?
• Impact of AST on static or slow moving vessels?
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Private security
• AST or military escorts not a panacea, but one key element
• Private security companies operating in a non-armed
capacity, support could
– Develop of bespoke security plans
– Undertake risk assessments of areas such as port facilities
– Allocate ship security officers to advise on security
protocols and undertake hardening activities
– Advisory roles with host nation armed forces
– Ensure adherence to VPSHR
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Best Management Practices
• Designed for vessels transiting not working in EA waters
• Self-protection measures more difficult
– Exploration or drilling vessels slow moving or static
– Commercial vessels stopping at ports along coast
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• Can BMP be adapted for commercial offshore activity?
• Develop individuals security plans and SOPs based on
offshore O&G operational profile
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Reporting mechanisms
• Only one third attacks in GoG reported (IMB)
– Delay business, time-consuming
– Unlikely to result in prosecution
• Build on Indian Ocean reporting systems and info sharing
• Poor reporting of attacks on fishing vessels
– More efforts with local fishers
• Good maritime cooperation with international bodies and EA
littoral countries
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Partnership with
national governments
• O&G company friendly environment for operations
• EEZ territory defined, regulations
• EA country naval capacity? Ability to provide support to
offshore operations without private sector involvement
• Liaison and training with host country security forces
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Summary• Piracy has not gone away it
has been contained up to now………..
• Oil and Gas operations will present slow and fixed targets some close to Somalia and more on land
• National and Coalition navies don’t do have the resources…. scope for private sector engagement
• Good security will be critical to development and success of EA offshore oil and gas sector
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