EMERGING THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA Terrorism in historical perspective: definition, types...
-
Upload
reginald-summers -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
2
Transcript of EMERGING THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA Terrorism in historical perspective: definition, types...
EMERGING THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA
Terrorism in historical perspective: definition, types causes and effects.
By
MR. JOHN DENSEN TIKIGBOMENI
Paper Presented at the Security Training Organized by the Institute of Security Studies in collaboration with Geneva, at the African Centre for Peace and Security Training (ACPST),
Addis Ababa, 23-28, September, 2013.
INTRODUCTION
Today no other single issue has dominated the global strategic landscape as terrorism. We live in an age of international terrorism
with its increasing scope of violence. The nature and types of terrorism has became
more varied and complex and terrorism organizations even more evasive and difficult
to understand.
DEFINITION
It defines terrorism as all “Criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons, or group of persons or the general public.2
3Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
OTHER DEFINITIONS
According to the United Nations report :
Terrorism is “(any action) intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants, with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
4Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
26/9/2013 Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni 5
OTHER DEFINITIONS
Also, The United States Federal Statute
“Violent act or acts dangerous to human life that appear to be intended (i)to intimidate or coerce a civilian population(ii)in influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii)to effect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping”.4
6Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
OTHER DEFINITIONS Contd.
• The United Kingdoms legislation entitled: Terrorist Act 2000
• Israeli Law in its prevention of terrorism ordinance No.
• The FBI• The AU convention
7Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
ONE WIDELY ACCEPTED DEFINITION
Sees it as:
“The use of violence against random civilian targets in order to intimidate or to create generalized pervasive fear for the purpose of achieving political goals”.
8Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
ACT OF TERRORIST AS CRIME
• The act is unlawful • It involves the use of threatened use of violence
or force • That violence or force is directed against
individuals or property or society.• It is designed to coerce a government or security.• It supports political, ideological or religions
objectives.
9Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
COMMON ACTS OF TERRORISM
• Bombing.• Assassination• Kidnapping• Hostage taking• Hijacking • Skyjacking
10Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
BOMBING
11Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
ASSASINATION
12Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
KIDNAPPING
13Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
HOSTAGE TAKING
14Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
ARSON
15Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1960s – 1970s : Baadei- Meinhof gang (Germany), the Red Brigades (Italy),the weather on the ground (USA), Aum Shiutikyo (Japan), Basque Separatists (Spain) IRA (Ireland).
1970s – 1980s : Hezbollah, Hamas, Taliban, Al-Qaeda.
1990s – 2000+ : Al-shabab, Boko Haram.
16Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
TYPES OF TERRORISM
• Political Terrorism• Criminal Terrorist• State or Repressive Terrorism• Revolutionary Terrorism• Sub-Revolutionary Terrorism
17Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
EMERGING THREAT• Internet
(a) Cyber Terrorism.(b) Communication.(c) Research.(d) Websites.
• WMD(a) Extremists want to use WMD.(b) Crude recipes for WMD on the internet.(c) Tokyo Sarin gas attacks in 1995.(d) US Anthax letters in 2001.(e) Attacks against petroleum, chemical or nuclear sites.
18Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
SUICIDE BOMBING
The wave of contemporary suicide attacks is traceable back to October 1983 when a truck bomb destroyed a US Marine Barracks in Beirut, killing 241 soldiers and injuring more than 100 others.21
19Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
26/9/2013 Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni 20
CAUSES OF TERRORISM
Its cause might be political most potentially,
economic, religious, and in some cases, by the
combination of these factors.27
21Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
MOTIVATING FACTORS
• Social and political injustice: People chose terrorism when they are typing to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong – when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
• The belief that violence or its threat will be effective and usher in change.
22Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
EFFECTS OF TERRORISM TO HUMAN SECURITY
• Terror• Intimidation• Suicide• Fear• Destruction• Publicity• WMD• Insecurity• Internet Cyber-crime, Communication, etc.
23Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
CONCLUSION
The effect of terrorism which is not only to terrorize
and cause panic and intimidation to the political
system, but it also affect stability of state. The fight
against terrorism makes the terrorist one to fight
more creating a state of total insecurity to affected
nations.
24Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni26/9/2013
THANK YOU
Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni 2526/9/2013