Emerging Technological Solutions to Access to …...To that end, mobile and web-based apps intended...

EmergingTechnologicalSolutionstoAccesstoJusticeProblems:OpportunitiesandRisksof

MobileandWeb-basedApps

KnowledgeSynthesisReportSubmittedto:SocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncil

October13,2016

JenaMcGillAssistantProfessor

PrincipalInvestigator

AmySalyzynAssistantProfessor

Co-Investigator

SuzanneBouclinAssociateProfessor

Co-Investigator

KarinGalldinLLMCandidate

ResearchAssistant

FacultyofLawUniversityofOttawa

TableofContentsKeyMessages ............................................................................................................................................. 1

ExecutiveSummary..................................................................................................................................... 2

KeyFindings................................................................................................................................................. 5

Context..................................................................................................................................................... 5

Implications.............................................................................................................................................. 7

ApproachandLimitations ........................................................................................................................ 8

Results...................................................................................................................................................... 9

InventoryandTaxonomyofA2JApps ............................................................................................ 9

PolicyIssues:OpportunitiesandRisks .......................................................................................... 14

BestPracticesforA2JApps........................................................................................................... 24

KnowledgeGapsandFutureResearch ......................................................................................... 27KnowledgeMobilization ........................................................................................................................... 28

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 29

Endnotes.................................................................................................................................................... 30

AppendixA:CompleteBibliography......................................................................................................... 39

AppendixB:SurveyofLawSocieties’ApproachestoA2JApps ........................................................... 56

AppendixC:CanadianApps ...................................................................................................................... 57

AppendixD:AmericanApps ..................................................................................................................... 64

AppendixE:ListofLawSchoolCourses.................................................................................................. 102

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KEYMESSAGES

Canadiansexperiencemultiplebarrierstoaccessingjustice,includingfinancialconstraints,psychologicalbarriers,informationalobstaclesandphysicalbarriers.Membersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunities,whoaremorelikelytofacemultiplejusticiableproblemsasonce,experiencethesebarriersacutely.Appsthatpurporttofacilitateaccesstojusticebyprovidingassistancewithlegaltasksareincreasinglybeingdeployedinthelegalservicesarena.ThisKnowledgeSynthesisdevelopsthegroundworkforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofaccesstojusticeapps,canvassingtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontext,consideringexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfuturepolicyandresearchdirectionsinthisarea.

• ThereisvirtuallynoCanada-specificscholarlywork,regulatoryconsiderationorpolicyinitiativesaddressinglegalappsgenerally,oraccesstojustice-enhancingappsinparticular.WhiletheAmericanexperiencemaybeinstructive,andtherearelessonstobelearnedfromappuseincomparabledisciplines,likethehealthfield,aCanada-specificapproachtolegalappsisnecessary.

• Appspresentarangeofopportunitiesforimprovingaccesstojusticeincluding:mitigatingthefinancial,psychological,informationalandphysicalbarriersassociatedwithtraditionallegalservices;addressingneedsbeyondconventionallegalservices;providinginsightintointerrelatedlegalneedsandmodernizingpubliclegaleducation.Usingappstoaddressaccesstojusticeneedsalsocarriessignificantrisks,including:privacyandsecurityissues,thepropagationofthedigitaldivideandunequalaccesstojustice;regulatoryissuesconnectedtotheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw;uncertainreliabilityoftheinformationprovided;andskewingtheaccesstojusticedebateawayfromtheongoingneedforstructuralchange.

• Thereisnobestpracticeguidancespecifictoaccesstojusticeenhancingapps.General

guidanceonbestpracticesinappdevelopmentfromsourcesincludingthePrivacyCommissioneronissuesofprivacyandsecurityandtheWorldWideWebConsortiumonaccessibilityforpersonswithdisabilitiesshouldinformbestpracticesforlegalapps.GuidelinesonhealthcareappspromulgatedbytheCanadianMedicalAssociationarehighlytransferableandmayprovideausefulstartingpointforthecreationofparallelguidelinesinthelegalcontext.

• Futureresearchisurgentlyrequiredtogainamorecompletepictureofthestateof

accesstojusticeappsinCanadaandtoassessthepotentialfortheseappstocontributetoimprovingthestateofaccesstojusticeforCanadians.Moreinformationisneededontopicsincluding:thedemographicsofappusersandtheirusagepatterns;whetheraccesstojusticeoutcomesareinfactimprovedthroughtheuseofapps;and,theregulatoryoptionsavailableandtherisksandbenefitsofregulationofappsinthisarea.

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EXECUTIVESUMMARYContextThereisawidelyacknowledgedaccesstojusticecrisisinCanada.ManyCanadiansdonothaveaccesstolegalinformation,lawyers,courtsandthebroaderconditionsoflegalempowermentneededtoresolvelegalissues.Studiesindicatethatindividualsexperienceavarietyofinterconnectedbarrierstoaccessingthejusticesystem,including:financialconstraintsconnectedprimarilytothesignificantcostsassociatedwithhiringalawyer;psychologicalbarriersincludingfear,embarrassmentandstressinrelationtopursuingordefendinglegalrights;informationalobstaclesincludingalackofknowledgeaboutthelegalsystemandavailablelegalsupportservices;andphysicalimpedimentslinkedtotheunavailabilityoflocallegalservicesinmanyruralandremotecommunities.Thesebarriersareacutelyexperiencedbymembersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunities,suchaspersonsofAboriginalancestry,membersofvisibleminoritygroups,personswithdisabilitiesandthosewhoreceivesocialassistance,whoareallmorelikelytofacemultiplejusticiableproblemsasonce.WhilestrategiestargetingtheaccesstojusticecrisisinCanadahavehistoricallyfocusedonrefiningexistingcourtprocessesandincreasingaccesstolegalrepresentation,technologyisincreasinglyacknowledgedasameansofcreatingnewpathwaystojustice.Tothatend,mobileandweb-basedappsintendedtoassistindividualswithlegaltasksarenowbeingdeployedinthelegalservicesenvironment.Althoughtheseappsarerecentadditionstotheaccesstojusticeworld,theyarealreadychangingthewaysthatCanadiansinteractwiththelegalsystem.ThisKnowledgeSynthesisdevelopsthegroundworkforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofaccesstojusticeapps,canvassingtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontext,consideringexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfutureresearchdirectionsonthistopic.Findings

1. InventoryofAccesstoJusticeApps

WecreatedacomprehensiveinventoryofaccesstojusticeappsinCanadaandaparallelinventoryofappsintheUnitedStates.Wecodedtheseinventoriesaccordingto:(1)developer(s);(2)intendedusers;(3)type(s)oflawtheappengages;(4)briefdescriptionoftheapp;(5)costaccessibility;and(6)function(s)servedbyapp(i.e.,providinglegalinformation,offeringadministrativeinformation,document/formcreation,evidencecollection,legaladvice,self-help).Theseinventoriesilluminatethreetrendsaboutaccesstojusticeapps.First,privatedevelopersareresponsibleformostaccesstojusticeapps.However,Canadiangovernmentactorsandpublicbodieshaverecentlyincreasedtheirinvolvementinpromotingtechnologicalsolutionstoaccesstojusticeissuesthrough,forexample,publiccompetitionsliketheOntarioAccesstoJusticeChallenge.LawschoolsinbothCanadaandtheUnitedStatesarealsoleadinginnovatorsinthedevelopmentofaccesstojusticeapps.

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Second,accesstojusticeappstargetthreedistinctend-users:(1)lawyers;(2)thegeneralpublic;and(3)non-lawyerserviceproviders.Appstargetinglawyersaredesignedtoimprovetheefficiencyoflegalservicedelivery,oftenthroughstreamliningpracticemanagementissuesorlitigationtasks.Appsforthegeneralpublicfocusonmakinglegalservicesorinformationeasiertoaccess.Asignificantnumberoftheseappsshiftthewaythatindividualsinteractwiththelegalsystembyallowinguserstobypasstheneedtoretainalawyerorminimizingtheamountoftimealawyerneedstospendonalegalissue.Examplesincludeappsthat:providelegalandproceduralinformation;allowuserstocreatelegaldocumentsincludingcontractsandwills;automatethecommonstepsofalegaltransactionlikeadivorce;and,assistwithlegalresearch.Thefinalcategorytargetsserviceproviderslikesocialworkersbyprovidingatoolforthemtoconductabasic“legalscreening”fortheirclients.Third,themajorityofpublic-facingappsareavailableforfree,thoughtheremaybehiddencostsassociatedwithupgradesoradvancedfeatures.Appsaimedatlawyersorthatconnectausertolegaladvicearemorelikelytocostmoneythanotherkindsofapps.

2. RisksandBenefitsofAccesstoJusticeAppsDuetothemarkedlackofavailableinformationandanalysisonaccesstojusticeapps,itisimpossibletodrawfirmconclusionsaboutthepotentialforappstorevolutionizethelegalarena.However,weidentifiedsixpreliminaryopportunitiespresentedbyappstoimproveaccesstojusticeforCanadians.

• Mitigatingfinancialbarriers:Forexample,appsthatallowindividualstogeneratelegaldocumentswithoutassistanceorwithreducedassistancefromalawyerarelikelytoreducethecostsassociatedwithcreatingbasiclegalagreements.

• Mitigatingpsychologicalandinformationalbarriers:Appscanhelpdemystifythelawandlegalinstitutionsbyprovidingnewopportunitiesforthepublictoeducatethemselvesaboutthelaw,contributingtoanincreaseinclientempowerment.

• Mitigatingphysicalbarriers:Assumingauserhasaccesstotheinternet,appsallowforlegalinformationtobeaccessedonananytime,anywherebasis.Thisflexibilitycanimproveaccessforthoseinruralandremotecommunitieswhomaynothaveeasyaccesstoalocallawyer.

• Addressingneedsbeyondconventionallegalservices:Somelegalself-helpappsprovidetoolsbeyondthosegenerallyofferedbylawyers.

• Developingbigdataandinsight:Thedatacollectedbyappscouldbeusedtogaininsightonconnectionsbetweenlegalissues,allowingserviceproviderstobetteraddressinterconnectedclientneeds.

• Modernizingpubliclegaleducation:Appsencouragestudentstocommunicatelegalinformationinanaccessibleway,tothinkabouttheresponsivenessoflawtoreal-worldlegalproblems,andtosituatetheroleoflawyersinamodernized,technologicalworld.

Wealsoaddressedfiverisksapparentintheuseofappstoaddressaccesstojusticeissues.

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• Privacyandsecurityissues:Informationcollectedbyappscouldbevulnerabletocollectionandmisusebyunauthorizedthirdparties.

• Unevenorunequalaccesstojustice:Meaningfulimplementationoftechnologicallydrivenaccesstojusticeinitiativesrequiresattentiontothesocio-economic,geographicanddigitalliteracy-relatedbarrierstoaccessingtechnology.Otherwiseappswillcontributetofurtherentrenchingthedigitaldivide.

• Regulatoryissues:Non-lawyerscanofferlegalinformation,butnotlegaladvice.Thelinebetweeninformationandadviceisnotoriouslymurky.Becausemostappsoperatewithoutregulatoryoversight,thereisconcernthatsomeappscouldamounttotheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw.

• Uncertainreliabilityofinformation:Appsmustprovideup-to-date,accurateinformationthatisvalidatedandsustainedovertime.Yet,becauseappsareunregulated,thereisnowayforuserstoconfirmthattheinformationprovidedbyanappisreliable.

• Skewingtheaccesstojusticedebate:AppsmaylessenthegeneralsenseofurgencyabouttheaccesstojusticecrisisinCanada,andcoulddistractfromtheongoingneedtoimprovetheaffordabilityandaccessibilityofreal-timelegalandcourtservices.

3. BestPracticesforAccesstoJusticeAppsThereisnobestpracticeguidancetailoredtoappsoperatinginthelegalcontext.However,existingguidanceonthedevelopmentofmobileandweb-basedtechnologiesmorebroadlyisworthconsideration.Forexample,onissuesofprivacyandsecurity,theFederalPrivacyCommissionerhaspublishedabestpracticesdocumentoutliningprivacypracticesformobileapps,whichincludesreferencetohowCanada’sfederalandprovincialprivacylegislationappliestothecollection,useanddisclosureofpersonalinformationretainedbyapps.Similarly,becauseOntariomandatesthatpubliclyavailableinformationbeaccessibleforpersonswithdisabilities,developersofsomeappsmustensurethattheirappscomplywiththeguidelinesdevelopedbytheWorldWideWebConsortium,aninternationalstandardsorganizationfortheInternet.Finally,thespecificguidelinesonmobilehealthappsdevelopedbytheCanadianMedicalAssociationaretransferableinlargeparttothelegalcontext,andcouldprovideastartingpointforthecreationofaparalleldocumentforlegalserviceproviders.

4. KnowledgeGaps

Therearesignificantknowledgegapsonaccesstojusticeapps.TogainamorecompletepictureofthestateofthesetechnologiesandtheirpotentialtoimproveaccesstojusticeoutcomesforCanadians,moreinformationmustbegatheredon:(1)thebackgrounds,expertiseandmotivationsofappdevelopers;(2)thedemographicsofappusersandtheirusagepatterns;(3)whetherappsactuallyfacilitateorimproveaccesstojusticeoutcomesforusers–andifso,aretheredifferentialsintheseusers’improvedaccesstojustice;(4)whichaccesstojusticeneedsremainunmetbyapps;(5)therisksposedbyaccesstojusticeapps,particularlyinrelationtoprivacyissues,thereliabilityoflegalinformationprovidedandunevenaccesstoapps;(6)regulatoryoptionsandthecostsandbenefitsofregulationintheappcontext;and(7)thewaysinwhichappsaretransforminglegalpracticeandthelawyer-clientrelationship.

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KEYFINDINGSA. Context

1. TheAccesstoJusticeCrisisinCanada

ThereisacrisisinaccesstojusticeinCanada.Whilethereisnosingle,agreedupon

definitionofaccesstojustice,inthisKnowledgeSynthesisweadoptabroadandpurposiveviewoftheconceptasincludingmorethansimpleaccesstolegalpractitionersorcourts.Weunderstandandusethetermaccesstojusticetoincludeconditionsoflegalempowermentforallandajusticesystemthatisresponsivetoabroadrangeofindividuals’needs.AstheCanadianBarAssociation’sReachingEqualJusticereportdescribes,accesstojusticeencapsulates“atrulyequaljusticesystem,onethatprovidesmeaningfulandeffectiveaccesstoall,takingintoaccountthediverselivesthatpeoplelive.”1

Despiteourexpansiveviewofaccesstojustice,mostempiricalresearchbylegalscholars

andpolicy-makersfocusesonaccesstothecourtsandtolawyers.Forinstance,acomparativestudyfoundthatCanadalagsbehindsimilarlysituated“developed”nationsinensuringthatallcitizenscaneffectivelyaccessourjusticesystem.2OtherstudieshaveconcludedthatCanadiansarelosingconfidenceinthejusticesystem.3Thislackofconfidencemaybeoneofthereasonsthatonly7%ofrespondentsinarecentnationalsurveyreportedappearingbeforecourtsortribunalstodealwithalegalproblemandonly19%reportedconsultingalawyer.4Thissurveyindicatedthatindividualsaremorelikelytousetheinternet(33%),speakwithfriendsandfamily(61%)ordealdirectlywiththeotherparty(75%)inattemptingtoresolvelegalissues.5

Alackofconfidenceinthejusticesystemandinlawyersisinnosmallpartaresultoftheir

realandperceivedinaccessibility,oftendiscussedintermsoffinancialconstraints.TheaverageadultCanadianwithalegalissue,forinstance,willspendapproximately$6,100tohaveitresolved.6ThisisparticularlytroublesomegiventhatalmosthalfofCanadianswillexperiencealegalproblemoverathree-yearperiod.7Moreover,individualsexperiencingcertainlifeevents,likedivorce,mayfindthatretainingalawyerisfarbeyondtheirfinancialmeans.A2015surveyofCanadianlawyersfoundthelegalfeeschargedforacontesteddivorcerangefrom$6,145to$87,974.8Giventhesecosts,itisnotsurprisingthatan“extraordinary”numberofindividualsarenowself-representedinCanadiancourts.9AlthoughlegalaidprogramsareinplaceacrossCanada,thefinancialsupportprovidedbylegalaiddoesnotmeetthelegalneedsofmanyCanadians.Notonlyislegalaidvariablyfundedacrossthecountry,thetypesofmattersthatlegalaidprogramsfundoftenfocusprimarilyonrelativelyseriouscriminallawissues.10

Inadditiontofinancialconstraints,Canadianstudiesalsoreportthatindividualsexperiencemultiplepsychologicalandinformationalbarrierstoaccessingjustice,including:(1)alackofknowledgeaboutthelegalsystemandtheresourcesavailabletoassistmembersofthepublicinaccessingthelegalsystem;(2)fear,embarrassmentandstressinrelationtopursuingordefendinglegalrights;and(3)concernsaboutjeopardizingprivacy.11Thesebarriersareexperiencedacutelybymembersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunities.Thecost

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ofaccessingjustice,forexample,isuniquelyburdensomeforpersonsofAboriginalancestry,membersofvisibleminoritygroups,personswithdisabilitiesandpersonswhoreceivesocialassistance,whoareallmorelikelytofacemultiplejusticiableproblemsatonce.12Itiswelldocumentedthathomelessindividuals–aheterogeneousmixofpeoplewhoareotherwisemarginalizedinthelegalsystemforreasonsofrace,socialclass,disability,andsexualorientation/identity–experience“agamutofunresolvedlegalissues.”13AssummarizedintheCanadianBarAssociation’sReachingEqualJusticeReport,“legalproblemstendto‘cluster’,multiply,andhaveanadditiveeffectandthispatternofcascadingproblemsdisproportionatelyimpactspeoplelivinginmarginalizedconditions.”14

Physicalbarriersalsoimpactaccesstojustice.Forexample,inoneOntariostudy,“participantsidentifieddistanceasthenumberonebarriertoobtaininglegalinformationandservicesinruralorremoteareasoftheprovince.”15Inthisstudy,“[l]egalserviceprovidersspokeabouttheirruralclientswalkinganhourormore,orhitchhiking,tokeepappointmentswithlegalclinicsortoattendadministrativeorcourtproceedings.”16Thestudyfurtherreportedthatfinancial,informationalandpsychologicalbarrierstoaccessingjusticemaybepronouncedinruralsettingsduetodisproportionatelyhighratesofpoverty,highercostservicesduetoreducedeconomiesofscale,possible“‘culturalbarrier[s]’betweenpeopleinruralcommunitiesandserviceproviderslocatedincities”,andalackofpublicawarenessofavailableservices.17Supplygapsinruralandremoteareashavealsobeenidentified.Forexample,a2015reportconcludedthatindividualsnavigatingfamilylawissuesinruralandremotecontextsareunder-servicedduetoalackoflawyers,andabeliefthatproblemsshouldbedealtwithinsidethefamilystructure.18

Marginalizedandequality-seekinggroupsmayalsofaceexacerbatedbarriersinruraland

remotecontexts.PersonsofAboriginalancestryinremoteregionsfacedifficultiesinaccessingappropriatelegalservicesinpartduetogeneralizedignoranceaboutthehistoryandpositionoftheiruniquecommunitiesanddisproportionatelyhighratesofpoverty.19Thelackofspecialtyservicesinruralcommunitiesmayalsohaveadetrimentaleffectonthelegalneedsofyouth,elderly,andpeoplewithdisabilities.20Ruralwomenexperiencingintimatepartnerviolencefaceparticularchallengesinnavigatingconflictsandmaintainingconfidentialityinclose-knitcommunitieswherethenumberofavailablelawyersmaybesmall.21Insuchcircumstances,ruralwomenmayfinditdifficulttoseealawyerwithoutchildcareoradequatetransportationtotraveloutsidetheircommunities.22

2. TowardsTechnologicalSolutionstoAccesstoJusticeProblems:A2JAppsDiscussionsaboutsolvingtheaccesstojusticecrisishavehistoricallyfocusedonrefiningestablishedcourtprocessesandincreasingaccesstolegalrepresentation.23Morerecently,however,scholarsandpolicy-makershaverecognizedthatmeaningfulaccesstojusticerequiresmorethansimplyaccesstocourtsandlawyers.24Technologyisnowabroadlyacknowledgedmeansofcreatingnewpathwaystojustice.25

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In2015,ChiefJusticeBeverleyMcLachlinimploredthelegalprofessionto“accepttheideaofchange”,includingtherealitythatsometasksthathavebeentraditionallyperformedbylawyerscannowbemoreeffectivelyperformedthroughtechnologicalmeans.26Thereisalsosignificantinterestinternationallyinusingtechnologicalmeanstofacilitateaccesstojustice.Forexample,includedamongtherecommendationsintheAmericanBarAssociation’s2016ReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStatesisarecommendationthatstatebarorganizations“explorehowlegalservicesaredeliveredbyentitiesthatemploynewtechnologiesandinternet-basedplatformsandthenassessthebenefitsandriskstothepublicassociatedwiththoseservices.”27

Onetechnologyincreasinglydeployedinthelegalservicesenvironmentismobileandweb-

basedapplications(“apps”).Insimpleterms,“amobileappisasoftwareapplicationdesignedtorunonmobiledevicessuchassmartphonesandtabletcomputers.”28Mobileappsmaycome“preloaded”onsuchdevicesormaybeavailableforuserstodownloadthroughappstoreslike“GooglePlay”orApple’s“AppStore.”29Incontrasttoamobileapp,aweb-basedappor“webapplication”ishostedonthewebandaccessedfromabrowseronacomputerormobiledevice.30Although“thegeneraldistinctionbetweenaninteractivewebsiteofanykindandawebapplicationisunclear,”31inthisKnowledgeSynthesisweadoptaninclusivedefinitionofaccesstojusticeapps(A2Japps)asincludingbothmobileandweb-basedresourcesthatpurporttoassistindividualswithaspecificlegaltaskorsetoftasks.32

Canadiansuseappswidely.Forexample,a2014studyconductedbytheInformationand

CommunicationsTechnologyCouncilfoundthatthereareroughly18millionappusersinCanada.33Notwithstandingthisextensiveuse,wehavenotlocatedanycomprehensivedatadetailingwhousesappsinCanadaandhowthoseappsareused.ResearchbyprivatetechnologycompanyCatalystrevealsthat“apphoarding”onsmartphonesisdecreasing–meaningthatCanadiansarekeepingfewerandfewerappsontheirphone.34In2014,forexample,theaverageCanadianhadjustunder27appsontheirphone,whilein2016thisnumberfellto18.35TheCatalyststudyalsofoundthat“[m]onthlyappdownloadbehaviorincreasedyearoveryear,butsodidmonthlyappuninstallbehavior,indicatingaficklenessamongthegeneralpopulationtowardsapps,especiallyappsthatgounused.”36Itisunclearwhetherthesegeneraltrendsincludeorarereflectiveoflegalapps.ItisworthnotingthattheCatalyststudyfoundthatappusageinanotherspecializedsector–health—isontherise:30%surveyedhadoneortwohealthappsontheirsmartphoneand7%hadthreeormore.37

B. ImplicationsTheinformationcontainedinthisKnowledgeSynthesiswillassistgovernment,lawyerregulators,legalserviceproviders,appdevelopers,andlegaleducatorstobetterunderstandthepotentialbenefitsandlimitationsofusingappsasameanstoaddressCanada’songoingaccesstojusticecrisis.Theanalysiscontainedhereinistimelyas,althoughA2Japps“areintheirnascentstageofdevelopmentandusage”,thesetechnologiesarealreadybeginningtochangethewaysthatCanadiansinteractwithlaw.38ThereisariskthatdiscussionsaboutA2Jappswillfollowthepatternofmanyearlydiscussionsaboutaccesstojusticeandtechnology

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generallyandwill“reflect[]anoverlynarrow,instrumentalistviewoftechnologythatfailstoadequatelytakeaccountofpossiblebroaderpoliticalandsocialimplicationsaswellasthistechnology’stransformativepotential.”39ThisKnowledgeSynthesisseekstoavoidthisriskbydevelopingthefoundationforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofaccesstojusticeapps,canvassingtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontext,consideringexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfutureresearchdirectionsonthistopic.C. ApproachandLimitations

ForthisKnowledgeSynthesis,weemployedavarietyofresearchtechniques,particularlyconventionalsubjectandcitationsearchinginthefollowingareas:

1. Mobileappstorestoidentifyandgatherinformationaboutrelevantapps;2. Googlesearchestoidentifyandgatherinformationaboutmobileappsandweb-

basedapps;3. Scholarlyjournalsandmonographswithinrelevantdisciplines,includinglaw,media

studies,computerscienceandtechnology;4. Greyliterature,includinglawschoolcurriculaandlegaltradepublications;5. Newspapersandpopularmediasourcesincludingblogs;and6. Policyreportsanddocumentsfromgovernmentagencies,non-governmental

organizationsandprofessionalbodies.

AcompletebibliographyofworksconsultedisincludedasAppendixA.Additionally,weconductedashortsurveyofallCanadianlawsocietiesonlegalapps.ThesurveyquestionsareincludedasAppendixB,below,andresultsfromthissurveyareincorporatedintotheResults,below.

OurpreliminaryresearchrevealedvirtuallynoCanada-specificscholarlywork,regulatoryconsiderationorpolicyinitiativesaddressinglegalappsgenerally,orA2Jappsinparticular.Wethusexpandedourresearchtoinclude:(1)AmericansourcesonA2Japps;and(2)researchonhealth-relatedapps,includingevidence-basedappsforusebyhealthprofessionalsandhealthandfitnessappsdesignedforusebythegeneralpopulation.40Healthappsareameaningfulcomparator,asthelegalandhealthenvironmentssharemanykeyfeatures,includingtheinvolvementofexpertsdeliveringspecializedservicesinaself-regulatedenvironment,andprivacyandsecurityconcernsrelatedtosensitivepatientorclientinformation.

ThisKnowledgeSynthesisissubjecttosomelimitations.First,theresearchwasconducted

entirelyinEnglishandlackssufficientengagementwithscholarshippublishedinotherlanguages,includingFrench.FutureresearchmaybedoneincollaborationwithcolleaguesfromFrench-speakingCanada.Second,muchofourresearchdrawsfromtheAmericanexperienceinpartbecausetherearesignificantlyfewerA2JappsinCanada,andaccordingly,lessassociatedliterature(seeinventoryofCanadaapps,AppendixC,versusinventoryofAmericanapps,AppendixD).WhiletheAmericanexperienceisinstructive,itwillbenecessarytodevelopa

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Canada-specificapproachtoA2Jappsandtoaddressingtheopportunitiesandrisksoftheseapps,discussedbelow.Third,whiletheresearchatthecoreofthisKnowledgeSynthesisiscomprehensive,itisbynomeansexhaustive.Forexample,ourworkhereislimitedtotheNorthAmericanexperiencewithA2Japps,buttherearemanyappsgrapplingwithaccesstojusticeissuesinternationallyandinotherjurisdictions.41Similarly,increatingourinventoriesofA2Japps,wefocusedprimarilyonthoseappsavailablethroughmobileappsstoresandsimpleGooglesearches.Itisprobablethatthereareadditionalappsnotlocatedthroughthesesearchesthatcouldbeincludedinourresearch.D. Results

1. InventoryandTaxonomyofA2JApps

ThisKnowledgeSynthesiswasmotivatedinpartbythelackofconsolidateddataon

availableA2JappsinCanada.Todate,therehasbeennoattempttocomprehensivelylistorcategorizeCanadianA2Japps.Ourinventoryandtaxonomyseekstofillthisgap.Additionally,asnotedabove,giventhattheUShasmoreexperiencewiththeseapps,weincludedthoseinourdatagatheringforthesakeofcomparisonandinordertoprovideabroadersetofdata.TheCanadianandAmericanappsgatheredinAppendixCandAppendixD,respectively,werecodedaccordingtosixfeatures:

1. thedeveloper(s)oftheapp;2. theapp’sintendedusersortargetaudience;3. thetype(s)oflawtheappengages(i.e.,family,criminal,tax);4. abriefdescriptionoftheapp(asprovidedbytheappitself);5. theaccessibilityoftheapp(whetheritisfreeorforafee);and6. thefunction(s)theappserves(i.e.providinglegalinformation,offering

administrativeinformation,documentorformcreation,evidencecollection,legaladvice,self-help,or‘other’)

AlleffortsweremadetoensuretheinformationlistedinAppendixCandAppendixDis

accurate.Somelimitationsshouldbenoted,however.First,thisinformationwascollectedbetweenMayandAugust2016andsomeoftheinformationmayhavechangedintheensuingmonths.Second,informationonthesixfeatureslistedabovewasobtainedfrompublicresourceslocatedbyourresearchteam.Itispossiblethattheremaybeadditionalinformationcontainedinprivatesourcesorotherpublicsourcesthatisnotincludedhere.Third,wedidnotindependentlyverifyinformationaboutanappprovidedbyitsdeveloper(s).Forexample,ifanappdeveloperindicatedthattheappperformedacertainfunction,weincludedthisfunctioninourtaxonomyanddidnotusetheapptoconfirmthattheappinfactperformedthestatedfunction.

TheinformationgatheredinthecourseofcreatingtheinventoriesinAppendicesCandD

shedslightonanumberoftrendsemerginginA2JappsinNorthAmerica.WesummarizethreeofourkeyfindingsaboutA2Japps,below.

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a. A2JAppDevelopers

First,privatedevelopersareresponsibleformostA2Japps.42Althoughdetailedinformationaboutthebackgroundsofthesedevelopersisgenerallynotavailable,ourinventorysuggeststhatdevelopersrangefromsmalldevelopersworkingaloneorinsmallteamstolargedeveloperswithsignificantfinancialandhumanresourcescapacity.OneexampleofthelatteristhecompanyLegalZoom,whichhassystematicallyenteredthelegalservicesdeliveryfieldonalarge-scalebasisandoffersmultipleappstothepublic.43

TherearemorepublicdevelopersintheUnitedStatesthaninCanada.Onereasonforthis

maybethattheUnitedStates’LegalServicesCorporation,“anindependentnonprofitestablishedbyCongressin1974toprovidefinancialsupportforcivillegalaidtolow-incomeAmericans”hasrecentlyrequiredthatitsgrantrecipientsleverageresourcesthroughtechnology.44Additionally,asaresultofanationaltechnologysummitin2012,theLegalServicesCorporationrecommendedthatlegalaidserviceproviderstakeadvantageofmobiletechnologiestoreachthepublicmoreeffectively.45ThatourUnitedStatesinventoryincludesmultipleappsdevelopedbyAmericanlegalaidorganizationsisatleastinpartattributabletotheLegalServiceCorporation’sinterestintechnology.AlsonotableintheUnitedStatesisthefactthatanumberofcivillibertiesorganizationshavedevelopedA2Japps.Forexample,closeto20statechaptersoftheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU)havecreatedMobileJusticeappsthatallow“userstorecordlawenforcement,toalertotherMobileJustice…appuserstonearbylawenforcementencountersandtosubmitvideosandincidentreportsautomaticallytotheACLU.”46Finally,anumberofAmericancourtshavedevelopedappsthatprovideinformationaboutcourtproceedingstothepublicandlawyers.47

InCanada,therearefewerpublicdevelopersofA2Japps.Appscreatedbypublic

developersincludeaLegalAidOntarioappthatallowscitizenstoassesstheirfinancialeligibilityforpartiallysubsidizedlegalrepresentationinOntario,48andanappcreatedbyHaltonCommunityLegalServicesthatprovidesa“legalhealthcheck-up”forindividualsinselectOntariocommunities.49Recently,governmentactorsandpublicorganizationshavebecomemoreinvolvedinthesupportandpromotionoftechnologicalsolutionstoaccesstojusticeissues.Forexample,in2013,CanLIIdevelopedanapplicationprogramminginterface(API)toallowdeveloperstoaccesstheCanLIIdatabaseofcaselawandlegislationforuseintheirapps.CanLIIalsoco-hostedahackathonwiththeUniversityofOttawaFacultyofLaw’sCentreforLaw,TechnologyandSocietythataimedtofacilitatethedevelopmentoftechnologicalsolutionstoaccesstojusticeissues.50In2016,twohigh-profilepubliccompetitionstargetedlegalinnovation:ThePitch,co-hostedbytheCanadianBarAssociationandLegalX(ateam“dedicatedtomovingthelegalsectorforwardthroughenterprises—whetherstartuporestablishedcorporatesandlawfirms”andhousedattheToronto-basedMaRSDiscoverydistrictinnovationhub);51andtheOntarioAccesstoJusticeChallenge,apartnershipoftheOntarioMinistryoftheAttorneyGeneralandtheLegalInnovationZoneatRyersonUniversity.Bothcompetitionsintendedto“fosterthegrowthandsuccessofstartupsthataredevelopingproducts,technologies,processes,andsolutionsthathaveadirectpositiveimpactonaccesstojusticeinOntario.”52

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Interestingly,lawschoolsintheUnitedStatesandCanadaarealsoplayingaroleinthedevelopmentofA2Japps.Lawprofessorsandlawstudentsareleadinginnovationthroughcoursesthatserveasthinktanksonhowtousetechnologytoaddressaccesstojusticeissues.AnOsgoodeHallstudentinacourseentitledLegalInformationTechnologydevelopedtheideaforJusticeTrans,anappthatprovideslegalinformationonhumanrightsrelatedtogenderidentitytothetransgendercommunity.53Similarly,studentsatThompsonRiversUniversityenrolledinLawyeringinthe21stCenturydesignedSUMMONS,anappcurrentlyindemomodethat“allowscourtadministratorstoprovideliveupdatesofcourtschedulesandwhenlitigantsortheirlawyersaretoappeartohelpcutdownontheseexpenses.”54

SimilartrendsareapparentintheUnitedStates.GeorgetownLawhostsanannualIronTech

Lawyercompetition,wherestudentstestappscreatedintheirTechnologyInnovationandLawPracticepracticum.55Thegroupthatwon“BestIronTechLawyer2016”developediHealfortheNationalImmigrationLawCentre,to“helplow-incomeimmigrantandmixedcitizenshipstatusfamiliesdeterminehealthcarecoverageeligibility.”56StanfordUniversity’sLegalDesignLab57andtheCentreforLegalServicesInnovationatMichiganStateUniversityCollegeofLaw58arecentersdedicatedentirelytoexamininghowtechnologycanimproveaccesstojusticeandlegalservicesdelivery.Someofthedevelopmentworkintheeducationalsectorishappeningincollaborationwithindustrypartners.Forexample,NeotaLogic,whichproduces“anadvancedandinnovativeAI[artificialintelligence]platform”tobeusedbynon-programmerstodevelopapps,providessupporttotheGeorgetownLawIronTechcompetitionaswellasasimilarcompetitionatMelbourneUniversityLawSchool.59AsampleofaccesstojusticeandtechnologycoursesandprogramscurrentlyonofferatCanadianandAmericanlawschoolsisatAppendixE,below.

b. Diverseend-users,functionsandareasoflaw

OurinventoriesrevealthatA2Jappstargetseveraldistinctend-users:(1)lawyers;(2)thegeneralpublic;and(3)non-lawyerserviceprovidersengagingwiththepublic.60ThediversityoffunctionsperformedbyA2Jappsandthedifferentareasoflawtheycoverarediscussedinthissectioninrelationtothesethreeend-usercategories.

(1)End-users:Lawyers

A2Jappstargetinglawyersaregenerallydesignedtomakelegalservicedeliverymoreefficient.Forexample,theappStandInuseslocationservicestoconnectlawyerswhoareavailabletoappearincourtforoneanother.61Anotherlawyer-targetedappisiProBono,whichallowslawyerstoviewcurrentprobonolistingsinArkansasandrequestcasesthroughtheapp.62ManyoftheNorthAmericanappsdirectedatlawyerstargetdiscretepracticemanagementfunctionssuchasbilling,time-trackingandcasefilemanagementorfocusonlitigationtaskssuchasmanaginge-discoveryanddocumentreviewfunctions,assistinginpreparingcourtformsandkeepingtrackofcourtdockets.63

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Anemergingareainlawyer-facingappsislegalanalytics.Legalanalyticstools“analyzepastlegalreferencedatatoprovideinsightsintofutureoutcomes.”64Forexample,intheUnitedStates,LexMachinaoffersfivedifferenttypesofLegalAnalyticsApps:(1)Courts&JudgesComparator,which“enablesattorneystocompareuptofourfederaldistrictsandjudges,togaincriticalinsightsregardingcaseloads,timingtokeymilestones,caseresolutions,specificfindings,anddamages”;(2)LawFirmsComparator,which“enablespowerfulside-by-sidecomparisonofuptofourlawfirms,withinstantdisplayofabroadrangeofcase-specificdata”;(3)EarlyCaseAssessor,which“enableslawyerstoquicklyassessthethreatposedbyanewcase….[by][e]nter[ing]thenameoftheplaintiffandtheplaintiff’slawfirm,andimmediatelyget[ting]anoverviewoftheplaintiff’slitigationhistory”;(4)MotionKickstarter,which“makesiteasytodraftwinningmotionsbyhelpingattorneyscomparetheargumentsandmotionstylesthathavebeensuccessfulbeforeaspecificjudge”;and,(5)PatentPortfolioEvaluator,which“givesattorneysthecompetelitigationhistoryforanentirepatentportfolioinonereport.”65InCanada,LoomAnalytics“use[s]acombinationofmachinelearningandlegalanalysistoclassifycaselawalongmultiplevectorsallowingforstatisticalanalysis…[toallowusersto]seehowaparticularjudgehasruledonspecificmotionsorclaimsattrial,whatkindsofcasesmakeittocourtmostfrequently,theaveragedecisionturnaroundtime,andtheaveragecostanddamageawardsbrokendownbycasetype.”66

Anotherfocusoflawyer-facingappsistheuseofmachinelearningtoprovideanswersto

legalquestionsorallowlawyerstomoreefficientlyanalyzelegaldocuments.Forexample,BlueJLegal“analyzesfactsituationsusingdeeplearning”toprovide“authoritativeanswers”relatingtoanumberofspecificlegalsubjectssuchasdeterminingifanindividualisaresidentofCanadaorofanothercountryfortaxpurposes.67AnotherexampleisBeagle,whichusesartificialintelligencetoreadcontracts,highlighttheimportantinformation,andfacilitatelawyerreview.68

(2)End-users:GeneralpublicOurinventoriesincludeawidevarietyofpublic-facingapps.Anumberofthesedonot

disrupttheconventionalmodesofdeliveringlegalservicesbutfocusonmakingexistinglegalserviceseasiertoaccess.Forexample,therearemanyappsthatsimplyconnectindividualswithlegalissuestolawyers,eitherinprivatepractice69orthroughlegalaidandprobonosystems.70Thereisalsoarangeofappsthatallowuserstoaccessconventionallegalservicesininnovativeways.Forexample,Notarizeallowsuserstonotarizedocumentsonlinewithe-signatures–usersuploadtheirdocuments,andanotarypublicwhohasavideoprofilewiththeappnotarizesthedocument.71

Therearealsoasignificantnumberofappsthatseektomateriallychangethewaythatindividualsinteractwiththelegalsystembyallowinguserstoengageinself-helpeitherbybypassingtheneedtoretainalawyerorbyminimizingtheamountoftimealawyerneedstospendonthelegalissueathand.Examplesofthesetypesofappsinclude:

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• Appsthatprovidelegalandproceduralinformation:Forexample,JusticeTransisaweb-basedappthatofferslegalinformationabouttransgenderrightsinCanada.72OtherexamplesincludemultipleAmericanappsdesignedtoassistindividualswithexpungement(i.e.acourtorderthatremovesanentryfromacriminalrecord)73andMarylandLawHelpAppwhichhelpsusersfindcourts,lawyersandlawlibrariesinMaryland,produceofficialcourtdocuments,andseekself-helpthroughself-helpquestionnaires.74

• Appsthatallowuserstocreatelegaldocuments:Forexample,OntarioSmallClaimsWizard,anappthatiscurrentlyindevelopment,aimstoguideindividualsthroughOntariosmallclaimsprocessesbyadvisingusersonwhichdocumentstheyneedtofilefortheirlegalissue,andallowingtheformstobecompletedonline.75IntheUnitedStates,CitizenshipWorksguidesusersthroughthestepsofacitizenshipapplicationandconnectsuserswithfreelegalhelpiftheyfaceproblems.76Asmentionedabove,LegalZoomisanindustryleaderinprovidingonlineproductsthatfacilitatelegaldocumentcreation.

• Appsthatstreamlineconventionallegalprocesses:Forexample,Wevorceuses“mediationandtechnologytomakedivorcelessadversarialandcostly”andautomatesthecommonstepsofthedivorceprocesssothat“lawyerscanfocusontheuniqueaspectsofthedivorce”.77AnotherexampleisEqualyzr,anAmericanweb-basedappthatallowsuserstobuildadiscriminationreportthatisthensubmittedtoaCivilRightsattorneyforreview.78

• Appsthatassistwithlegalresearch:Insomecases,legalresearchappsaredesignedspecificallyforindividualswhoarenotlegallytrained.79Inothercases,itisclearthattheintendedend-useriseitheralawyeroranindividualwithafairlysophisticatedleveloflegalexpertise.80ACanadianexampleisRangefindr,atooldesignedtohelplawyersandjudgesquicklydetermineappropriatesentencingrangesincriminalmatters.81

Afinalcategoryofappsprovideslegalself-helptoolsandassistanceofthesortnottypically

offeredbylawyers.Somearedirectedatprovidingrealtimesupporttocitizenswhoarestoppedbypolice.IntheCanadiancontext,LegalSwipeaimstoinformpeopleoftheirrightswhenstoppedbypolicebutcanalso“sendemergencycontactsapersonalizedmessagewithongoingupdatesof[one’s]geographiclocation”and“recordaudioandvideotobee-mailedtoemergencycontactsanduploadedtosynchronizedDropboxaccounts.”82AnAmericanapp,HeatSeek,providesasystemwherebytenantshaveaspeciallydesignedtemperaturesensorinstalledintheirapartmentfornocostandHeatSeekanalyzesthetemperaturedatafromthesensortodetermineheatingcodeviolations.83Thedataobtainedcanbeusedtoprovide“objectiveevidence”aboutheatingcodeviolationsinhousingcourt.84

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(3)End-users:Non-lawyerserviceproviders

AfinalsetofA2Jappstargetsuserswhoarenon-lawyerserviceproviders,includingsocialworkers.Forinstance,DebtandEvictionNavigator“enablessocialworkerstoperformquicklegalscreeningsforhomeboundanddisabledseniors.”85Likethepublic-facingapps,above,appstargetingnon-lawyerserviceprovidershavethepotentialtodemocratizelegalinformationbyincreasingthenumberofpeoplewhounderstandagivenlegalissueorproblemandknowhowtotakestepstoremedyit.

c. Costs

Affordabilityisanimportantconsiderationindeterminingthedegreetowhichanappmightcontributetoimprovingaccesstojustice.ThemajorityoftheA2Jappswecanvassedareavailableforfree,especiallythosetargetingthegeneralpublic.However,appsaimedatlawyersorlawfirms,andthosethatconnectauserandalawyerforalegalconsultationoradvicearemorelikelytocostmoney.86Evenappsthatarefree,however,mayhavehiddencostsassociatedwithupgradesoradvancedfeatures.Thesehiddenfeesmayimpactthepotentialreachofcertainlegalapps.Forexample,inthehealthcarecontext,asurveyfoundthatoverhalfofmobilephoneusersintheUnitedStateshaddownloadedahealth-relatedmobileapp,butthathalfoftheseusersstoppedusingappsduetohighdataentryburdenandthehiddencosts,especiallychargesforupgrades.87

2. PolicyIssues:OpportunitiesandRisks

Asmentionedabove,thereisvirtuallynoscholarshiporpolicyliteratureinCanadathatspecificallydiscussestheopportunitiesandrisksassociatedwithlegalapps.Thereissomehelpfulcommentary,however,relatingtotechnologyandlegalservicesdeliverygenerally.Thiscommentaryisdiscussedbelow,alongwithAmericanliteratureontheuseoftechnologyinlegalservicesdeliveryandliteraturefocusedonheathapps.PreliminaryassessmentsofthepotentialopportunitiesandriskspresentedbyA2Jappsarealsoprovided.

a. Opportunities

Hereweconsidersixopportunitiestoimproveaccesstojusticeissuespresentedbymobileandweb-basedapps:(1)mitigatingfinancialbarriers;(2)mitigatingpsychologicalandinformationalbarriers;(3)mitigatingphysicalbarriers;(4)addressinglegalneedsoutsideofconventionallegalservices;(5)theuseofbigdatatogeneratenewinsights;and(6)themodernizationofpubliclegaleducation.

(1)Mitigatingfinancialbarriers

Wedidnotlocateanyempiricalstudiesaddressinghowlegalappsmightmitigatefinancial

barrierstoaccessingjustice.Moreover,giventhediversityofA2Jappstracedinourinventories,itisimpossibletomakeauniversalstatementregardingtheabilityofappstoaddressfinancial

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barrierstoaccesstojustice.Herewecanoffersomegeneralcommentsaboutthepotentialofcertaincategoriesofappstomakelegalservicesmorefinanciallyaccessibletomembersofthepublic.

Withrespecttothoseappstargetinglawyerend-users,thereislittleempiricalevidenceas

towhethersuchappsinfactmakelegalserviceslessexpensiveand,ifso,whetherthecostsavingsareactuallytransferredtoclients.Formanyoftheseapps–forexample,appstargetingdiscretepracticemanagementissueslikefileorganizationandbilling–itseemsdoubtfulthatanycostsavingstoanindividualclientwouldbesignificant.Forexample,in“personalplight”areasoflegalservice,likefamilylawandcriminaldefense,wherethereexistprofoundaccessgaps,itisunlikelythatanappyieldingevenrelativelysubstantialcostsavingswouldmateriallyimpacttheoverallaccesstojusticeissuesthatexist.88Forthesetypesofverycostlymatters,evenifalegalappgeneratedasignificantcostsavings–say,forexample,a20%reductioninfees–itisunlikelytobethedifferencebetweenbeingabletoaffordalawyerornotformanyindividuals.Inaddition,asnotedabove,manymembersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunitiesexperiencepsychological,informationalorphysicalbarrierstoretaininglawyers.Thefactthatlegalservicesmightbecheaperbecauseofanappwilldolittletoovercomethenon-financialbarriersthatpreventindividualsfromcontactingalawyerinthefirstplace.

MorepromiseforimprovingtheaccessibilityoflegalservicesresidesinA2Jappsdirected

towardsthepublicornon-lawyerserviceproviders.Inparticular,thoseappswhichallowindividualstogeneratelegaldocuments,likecontractsorwills,withoutretainingalawyerorwithreducedassistancefromalawyer,havethepotentialtoincreasepublicaccesstocertainlegalservicesatsignificantlyreducedcosts.Forexample,LegalZoomnowcharges$79toprepareanonlinewillwhichisreviewedbyalawyer,incontrasttotheseveralhundredtoseveralthousanddollarsitmightcosttoretainalawyertoperformthesametask.89

Ultimately,aswiththecaseoflawyerend-userapps,thereislittleresearchastowhouses

legalappsdirectedtomembersofthepublicandwhethertheuseofsuchappsresultsinindividualsobtaininglegalservicesthattheywouldnototherwisebeabletoafford.Moreresearchonthistopicisneeded.

(2)Mitigatingpsychologicalandinformationalbarriers

Theexistingliteratureincludesgeneraldiscussionsofhowtechnologicalinterventionsmay

provideopportunitiestodemystifylegalinstitutionsbycreatingnewopportunitiesforthepublictoeducatethemselvesaboutthelaw.90Itisargued,forexample,thattechnologycanoffergreatertransparencyaboutthelegalsystemthroughfreepublicresourcesandoffertoolstopeoplewhoareeitherunabletoaccesslegalservicesorwhoareself-representinginalegalmatter.91Onceagain,thediversityofA2Jappsprecludesanyumbrellaconclusionsastowhetherappsinfactrealizethesesortsofbenefits.Moreover,thefactthatwedonothavereliableempiricalinformationaboutwhousesA2Jappsandhowtheyareusedmeansthatweareunabletoreachdefinitiveconclusionsregardinghowsuchappsmighthelpmitigatepsychologicalandinformationalbarrierstoaccesstojustice.

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However,areviewofA2JappsinlightofwhatweknowaboutthepsychologicalandinformationalbarrierstoaccessingjusticefacedbymanyCanadianssuggestssignificantopportunitiesforappstoaddresssomespecificobstacles.TheCanadianBarAssociation’sReachingEqualJusticereport,forexample,notesthatonesignificantbarrierfacedbyindividualsattemptingtoresolveaciviljusticeproblemis“lackofknowledgeaboutthelegalsystemandresourcesavailabletosupportindividuals,especiallyknowledgeregardinghowtoaccesslegalaidoraffordablelegalservicesandinformation.”92Appsthatassistusersinunderstandingthelegalaidsystemandavailableprobonoservicescanhelpaddressthisinformationalgap.Similarly,accesstothecourtsthroughmobileorweb-basedappscanbeusefulforcommunitieswhofeeldisenfranchisedfromthelegalsystem.FocusgroupmembersconsultedduringthedevelopmentoftheWashingtonStateCourts’AccesstoJusticeTechnologyPrinciplessharedthattheyweremistrustfulofcourtsandthuspreferredtheideaofdealingwiththejusticesystemremotely.93

A2Jappscanalsohelpovercomepsychologicalandinformationalbarriersbyproviding

moreholisticorclient-centeredassistancetothepublicthanthatgenerallyofferedbysimplelegaladvice.Forexample,CitizenshipWorks,anAmericanappthatwalkscitizenshipapplicantsthroughvariouscalculations,studyaids,anddocumentchecklists,presentsitselfasaproblem-solvingassistant,enablingittobemorehelpfultoitsuserthanalawyerofferingstrictlylegalinformation,whomaynotunderstandotheraspectsofthecitizenshipprocess.94Further,legalappsmaycontributetogreaterlegalliteracybyincreasingthequantityandqualityoflegalinformationavailableonline.95

TheimpactofA2Jappsinaddressinginformationalorpsychologicalbarriersmaydependon

whethermobileorweb-basedappsareused.Forexample,inexplainingthemotivationsbehindanumberofA2Japps,Americanlegalaidlawyerssuggestedthatimmigrantcommunitiesweremoreaccustomedtohandheldtechnologythantocomputers.96Similarly,theimpetusforLegalSwipewasthefounder’sobservationsthatyoungblackmenbetweentheagesof18-30yearsoldwerealienatedfrompubliclegaleducationresources,butdisplayeddisproportionatelyhighmobilephoneusage.97

Inlightoftheseopportunities,A2Jappsholdpromiseforcontributingtoanincreasein

clientempowerment.Whiletheconventionallegalworldtendstosituateclientsasrelativelyuninformedrecipientsoflegalinformation,inthehealthcarecontext,theadoptionoftechnologicalinnovationsincludingtheuseofappshasfacilitatedaculturalshiftfromapassivepatientculturetoconsumerempowermentandpatient-centeredcare.98Asaresult,thereisgrowingrecognitioninthehealthcareworldofthe“e-patient”whoisempoweredandinformedbyvirtueoftheavailabilityofhealthinformationthroughvariousonlinetoolsandapps.99Similarly,A2Jappsmaycontributetotheevolutionofan“e-client”inthelegalrealmbyincreasingtheavailabilityandaccessibilityoflegalinformation.

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(3)Mitigatingphysicalbarriers

Appscanbeaccessedonananytime,anywherebasis,assumingthatanindividualhasaccesstotheinternet.100Thisflexibilitymaybeparticularlyhelpfulforremoteuserswhomayhavedifficultiesobtainingappropriatelegalinformationandservicesin-personduetoalackoflocallawyers.Indeed,theUnitedStates’LegalServicesCorporationhasendorsedtheuseofmobiletechnologiesaspartofacohesivestrategytotriagethelegalneedsofremoteusersintoaharmonizedsystem.101

(4)Addressinglegalneedsoutsideofconventionallegalservices

Asnotedabove,thereisasetoflegalapps–includingHeatSeekandthepoliceencounterappsLegalSwipe,MobileJusticeandStop&Frisk–thatprovidelegalself-helptoolsandassistanceofbeyondthattypicallyofferedbylawyers.Theseappsappeartobefillingasetoflegalneedsnotcurrentlyprovidedforbytheconventionallegalservicesmarket.

(5)Bigdataandinsightdevelopment

Therearefewstudiesabouttheuseofdatageneratedbylegalapps.Thismaybeduetothenewnessofthetechnologyorconcernsaboutthecollection,ownershipanduseofdatageneratedbytheapps.AttheAmericanBarAssociation’srecentEqualJusticeSummit,however,therewasabriefbutimportantdiscussionaboutusingdatacollectedbylegalserviceproviderstogaininsightintoconnectionsbetweenlegalissues.NewMexicoLegalAid,whichemploysanonlinetriagetoolfornewserviceusers,foundacorrelationbetweenautomobilerepossessionsandhomeevictionswithinathree-monthperiod.NewMexicoLegalAiddoesnottypicallyassistwithautomobilerepossessions;however,theyarenowconsideringwhethertheyshouldhelpserviceusersontheseissuesknowingthatitcouldhelpthemavoidbiggerlegalissuesdowntheroad.102AnadditionalinterestinguseofdatageneratedbyanexistinglegalappisHeatSeek’suseoftemperaturedatafromindividualapartmentsto“trackpatternsofabuse”andassistusersinworkingwith“responsiblelandlordstodiagnoseproblemswiththeirbuildings’heatingsystems.”103

(6)Modernizationofpubliclegaleducation

ThepossibilitiespresentedbynewtechnologieslikeA2Jappspresentimportantpedagogicalexperiencesforlawstudents.HavinglawstudentsstudyandcreateA2Jappsenablesthemtoseelawasasystem,tocommunicatelegalinformationinanaccessibleway,andtodemonstratetheresponsivenessofthelawtousers’individualproblems.104ProfessorTaninaRostain,oneoftheinstructorsoftheTechnology,Innovation,andLawPractice:AnExperientialSeminarcourseatGeorgetownLaw,findsthatlawstudents’rolesinbuildinglegalexpertsystemsenablethemtogainabetterunderstandingofuserneeds.105Similarly,RonaldStaudtandAndrewMedeirosexplainhowtheJustice&TechnologyPracticumatChicago-KentCollegeofLawteachesbothestablishedlawyeringcompetencies,likeempathyandclient-centeredprofessionalism,andnewcorecompetencieslikelegalprojectmanagement,

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collaboration,andtransactionalproblem-solving.106Thesepedagogicalexperiencesareausefulgatewaytogetstudentsthinkingbroadlyabouttheroleoflawyersinamodernized,technologicalworld.

b. Risks

Thissectionidentifiesfiverisksinherenttousingmobileandweb-basedappstoaddressaccesstojusticeissues:(1)privacyandsecurityissues;(2)theperpetuationofunevenorunequalaccesstojustice;(3)theunauthorizedpracticeoflawandotherregulatoryimpediments;(4)theuncertainreliabilityoflegalinformation;and(5)skewingtheaccesstojusticedebate.

(1)Privacyandsecurityissues

Thereislittleanalysisoftheprivacyandsecurityissuesarisingfromtheuseoflegalapps.

Thereis,however,significantdiscussionoftheserisksinrelationtoappsgenerally,andinrelationtohealthapps,specifically.ThisdiscussionprovidesusefulinsightthatshouldbeconsideredinthinkingabouttheprivacyandsecurityissuesinherentinA2Japps.

Thatappscollectdatagivesrisetoasignificantsetofprivacyandsecurityrisks.AsJohnTorousandAdamPowellnoteintheirdiscussionoftheuseofappsfortrackingmooddisordersinthehealthcarecontext,datacollectioncanbebothactiveandpassive.107Activecollectionofdatarequiresdirectparticipationfromusers(inthecaseofthemooddisorderappsstudiedbyTorousandPowell,activecollectionwouldinvolve,forexample,providingmoodlogsorrecordsofsubjectiveexperiences)whilepassivecollectioninvolvestheappautonomouslygatheringdatathroughaGPSorothersensors.108Bothpassiveandactivedatacollectionraiseprivacyandsecurityconcerns.

Themostobvious,andperhapsmostsignificant,issueisthatdatacollectedbyappscould

bevulnerabletocollectionandmisusebyunauthorizedthirdparties(i.e.hackers).Theriskthatcollecteddatacouldbemisusedisreal:evensophisticatedappproviderslike,forexample,theride-shareserviceUberhaveexperiencedsecuritybreachesresultinginthemisuseofusers’personalinformation.109Anotherissueisthatappusersmaynotunderstandhowappdevelopersareusingtheirdata.Inthehealthcarecontext,forexample,manyofthecompanieswhoproducewearablefitnessproducts,likeFitbit,reserverightstothedatatheycollect.Thisenablesthecompaniestocommerciallysharethedata,analyzeit,providetheinformationtogovernmentauthoritiesand/ordisposeofthedataasanassetintheeventofabankruptcyorcorporatemerger.110Userdatacanthusbesharedorsoldtothirdpartiesforpurposesunrelatedtothespecificmandateoftheapp,likeadvertisers,insurancecompanies,ordrugcompanies.111ConcernsrelatingtothemisuseorsellingofdataarelikelytobeparticularlyacuteinrelationtoA2Jappsgiventhatsensitivepersonalorfinancialinformationmaybecollectedbysuchapps.

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OnepotentialmeansofensuringthatA2Jappusersunderstandhowtheirinformationwillbeusedistoemploydetailedtermsandconditions.However,individualsusingappsmaynotcarefullyreadthetermsandconditionsorhavethecapacitytomeaningfullyunderstandtheircontent,givingrisetoissuesofinformedconsent.Moreover,thetermsandconditionsthemselvesmaynotbeclearorfullyforthcoming.ResearchbyOpenEffectfoundthetermsofserviceoffitnesswearableshavevariablepoliciesrelatingtoaccessto,collectionof,ordeletionofthedatacollectedbywearables,donotdisclosethedurationofdataretention,failtodisclosewithwhomdataisshared,andoftenrequireconsumerstoagreetoadisputeresolutionprocessoutsideofdomesticcourts.112Moredramatically,recentsocialscienceresearchfoundthat98%ofparticipantsagreedtosignfictionaltermsandconditionstoaccessafictionalwebsitenotwithstandingthattheyincludedaclauserequiringuserstogiveuptheirfirstbornchildasaformofpayment.113

Further,whenA2Jappusersneedtousepublicspacesorpubliccomputerstoaccessapps,

theycouldbeatriskofidentitytheftordatabreaches.114Low-incomeand/orhomelesspeoplewithoutreadyaccesstoapersonalcomputerorreliableinternetconnectionmaybeparticularlyatrisk.Whilelow-incomepeoplearetargetedlessoftenforidentitytheft,theysuffergreaterharmsfromidentitybreaches.115Asaresult,peoplewhohaveconcernsabouttheprotectionoftheirsensitiveinformation–suchasthoselivingwithmentalhealthissues,survivorsofintimatepartnerviolence,orhomelessveterans,forinstance–maybedisinclinedtouseopen,web-basedtechnologiestoaddresslegalissues.116

Issuesofconfidentialityhaveanadditionalregulatorydimensionincaseswhereanapp

deliverslegalservicesandthuscreatesalawyer-clientrelationship.Subjecttonarrowexceptions,lawyershaveamandatorydutyto“holdinstrictconfidenceallinformationconcerningthebusinessandaffairsofaclientacquiredinthecourseoftheprofessionalrelationship.”117TheLawSocietyofUpperCanadahasconfirmedinitsTechnologyPracticeManagementGuidelinesthat“[l]awyersusingelectronicmeansofcommunicationsshallensurethattheycomplywiththelegalrequirementsofconfidentialityorprivilege.”118Datastorageisalsoanissue.Forexample,incaseswherethirdparty“cloudcomputing”providersareusedtostoredataonline,significantprivacyconcernscanarisewhenthethirdpartyproviderislocatedinadifferentjurisdictionandsubjecttodifferent(andpotentialmorelax)privacyandsecurityregulation.119Incasesinwhichalawyer-clientrelationshipisnotcreated–forexample,whereanappoffersonlylegalinformationasopposedtoadvice–thereisariskthatmembersofthepublicwillnotunderstandthattheconfidentialityprotectionsinherentinthelawyer-clientrelationshipdonotattach.

(2)Unevenorunequalaccesstojustice

Theuseoftechnologyinaccesstojusticeinitiatives“raisesthespecterofadigitaldividethat[further]institutionalizesatwo-tieredsystemincapableofdeliveringappropriatejusticetolow-incomepersons.”120Itisclearthatmeaningfulimplementationoftechnologicallydrivenaccesstojusticeinitiativesrequiresconsiderationofsocio-economic,geographicandotherbarrierstotechnologyaccessinCanada.121

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WedonothaveanyreliabledataaboutwhoisusingA2JappsinCanadaorthegroupsof

peoplewhomightbenefitfromsuchappsbutexperiencebarriersinaccessingthesekindsoftechnologies.Thatsaid,itisapparentthatanumberofpotentialbarriersshouldbeconsidered.Onemajorsetofchallengesrelatestoliteracy.AsPatriciaHugheshasobserved:

Individualsusinginformation,howeveracquired,mustbeabletoreadit,understanditandapplyittotheirownsituation.Eachofthesetasksrequiresanincreasinglevelofliteracy.Yetasignificantminorityofpeoplelacktherequiredliteracyeventounderstandtheinformation,particularlysinceitisoftendifficulttoavoidlegalterminologyandtheinformationcanquicklybecomecomplex.122Ina2008reportpreparedfortheLawFoundationofOntario,KarenCohlandGeorge

Thomson,observe“[i]nternetandothertext-basedsolutionsareoflimitedusetopeoplewhodonothavetheliteracyskillstousethemortousethemeffectively.”123CohlandThomsonfurthercautionthat“vulnerablepeople,becausetheyfacelanguagebarriers,isolation,poverty,oraclusterofotherdifficultiesthatoftenaccompanyalegalproblem,[ideally]needtoreceivedirectservicesratherthantorelyonself-help[througheitherdigitalorpaper-basedresources].”124Notwithstandingthiscaution,theauthorsultimatelyfindthat“self-helpisoftenanecessaryorreasonablechoice,evenforvulnerablepersons,anditissimplyunrealistictosuggestthatthedesiredleveloflegalsupportcanalwaysbeavailable”and,withrespecttoreceivinglegalsupport,“technologyseemstobeonthecuspofbecomingarealistic,affordablemeansofsupportingwideraccesstoexpertlegaladviceandservices.”125

Inthespecificcaseoftechnologicaltoolsaimedatenhancingaccesstojustice,theexistingliteratureemphasizestheimportanceof“tailoringdesigntoensurethatthesetechnologiesdonotinfactexacerbatetheaccesstojusticegapfortheseintendedbeneficiaries.”126Baileyetalnoteintheirliteraturesurveythat“theuseofplainlanguage,availabilityofcontentinmultiplelanguageformats,designtoaccommodatevisualandotherphysicalimpairments(includingthroughadherencetoprinciplesofuniversaldesign),provisionofhumanassistancetoaugmenttechnologicalassistance,aswellasspecialprecautionstoenhanceprivacyatpublicinternetaccesspoints,andlinkingmarginalizedcommunitymemberswithtrustedintermediarieshaveallbeensuggested.”127

Therearemorespecificconsiderationsaboutthebarrierstotechnologyfacedbyparticular

communities.Forexample,incarceratedmenandwomenoftenhavelittleaccesstoanytechnologyasaresultofsecurityprecautionswithinthecorrectionalsystem.128Morebroadly,individualslivinginsupervisedinstitutions,suchasjuvenilecorrectivefacilities,psychiatricinstitutions,immigrationdetentioncenters,andnursinghomes,arenotreadilyabletoaccesstechnologyintheirday-to-daylives.129Fortheseindividuals,itmaybethatappsdesignedforusebynon-lawyerserviceproviders,likesocialworkersorcommunitysupportworkers,offerthemostpromiseforimprovingaccesstojustice.

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Asecondsetofconcernsrelatestoaccesstotechnologyitself.Forexample,accesstoanduseofinternetandwirelessservicesvariesbetweenurbanandruralorremoteregionsinCanada.In2015,theCanadianRadioandTelevisionCommissionreportedthatruralandremotecommunitieshavefewerlocalconsumeroptionsavailable.130Consequently,thesepopulationspaymoreforinternetandwirelessservicesthantheirurbancounterparts.131FurtherstudiesconfirmthatthisisparticularlytrueinNorthernregionssuchastheYukonandNorthwestTerritories,whichcontinuetohavepoorbroadbandconnectivity.132

Inadditiontotheparticularchallengesfacedbyruralandremotepopulations,theissueof

affordabilityposesthegeneralriskthatthosewhocouldbenefitfromA2Jappswillnotbeabletoaccessthemduetofinancialconstraints.In2015,thePublicInterestAdvocacyCentre(PIAC)conductedresearchontheaffordabilityofcommunicationsservicesinCanadaandfoundthat,forlow-incomehouseholds,“[c]ommunicationsserviceexpenditurestendtomakeupthefourthlargesthouseholdexpenditure,comingoutaheadofotherhouseholdexpensessuchasclothing,medicalexpenses,andchildcare”andthatmanysuchhouseholdscarrysignificantdebtsinrelationtocommunicationsexpenses(withtheaveragebeing$1,520.28).133

(3)Unauthorizedpracticeoflawandotherregulatoryimpediments

InCanada,onlylawyers(and,insomecases,paralegals)candeliverlegalservices.Thedeliveryoflegalservicesbynon-lawyers–knownastheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw(UPL)–isillegalandthosewhoengageinitaresubjecttoprosecutionbyprovincialandterritoriallawsocieties.134TheregulationofUPLbylawsocietiesisjustifiedasnecessarytoprotectthepublicfromnegligentorfraudulentdeliveryoflegalservices,althoughtherearecompellingcritiquesthatthemannerinwhichthelegalprofessionhashistoricallyengagedinUPLprosecutionsisalsomotivatedbycommercialinterests.135

Althoughnon-lawyerscannotdeliverlegalservices,itiswellsettledthattheycanprovide

legalinformation.Thelinebetweenlegalinformationandlegalservicesisnotoriouslymurky.AsBondetal.havepointedout,thereisalackofjurisprudenceonUPL,anabsenceofregulatoryguidelines,andnoregulationoflegalinformationinCanada.136ProactivelyseekingalegalopiniononwhetherparticularservicesamounttoUPLisexpensive,raisingaccesstojusticequestionsaboutwhocanaffordtoexperimentwithlegalinformationinnovations.137ThefactthatthereislittletonoguidancefordevelopersofA2JappsinCanadaonhowtonavigatetheboundariesbetweenlegalinformationandlegalservicesinordertoavoidengaginginUPLmaybeabarriertoinnovation.138

TheCanadianlawsocietiessurveyedinthecontextofthisKnowledgeSynthesisindicated

thattheyhavenotreceivedanycomplaintsinrelationtolegalapps.Multiplelawsocieties,however,expressedworrywithrespecttocertaintypesoflegalappsoperatingwithoutregulatoryoversight.Forexample,theLawSocietyofNewfoundlandandLabradorindicated,“inthecontextofregulationinthepublicinterest,theuseofappswhichpurporttogivelegaladvice,withoutcorrespondingoversightorinsurancetoaddresspotentialnegligenceissues,isofconcern.”

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IntheUnitedStates,initialregulatoryresponsestotechnologicalinnovationsinthedeliveryoflegalserviceslargelysoughttodefendthestatusquo.Forexample,severalAmericanbarassociationsproactivelyissuedopinionsorlettersstatingthatLegalZoom’sonlinedocumentpreparationservicesamountedtoUPL.139Morerecently,however,therehasbeenmorewillingnesstoaccommodatenewapproaches.Forexample,aspartofaconsentagreementresolvingananti-trustlawsuitinitiatedbyLegalZoom,theNorthCarolinaStateBaragreedtosupportlegislation,passedin2016,whichamendedthestate’sdefinitionoflawpracticetopermitwebsitesthatofferinteractivelegaldocuments.140InitsReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStates,theAmericanBarAssociationrecentlyacknowledgedthatmanyoftheinnovativelegalservicesprovidersthathaveemergedinrecentyears“havepositivelycontributedtotheaccessibilityoflegalservices”intheUnitedStates.141

TheAmericanlegalcommunityhasalsoconsideredwhetherinnovativetechnologicalsolutionsfordeliveringlegalservicesandinformationshouldbefurtherregulated,explicitlysubjecttoregulatoryexceptionsorlefttobedevelopedwithminimalornoregulatoryoversight.142TheAmericanBarAssociation’sReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStatessuggestedthatunnecessaryregulationofentitiesthatusenewtechnologiesandinternet-basedplatformstoprovidelegalservicesdirectlytothepublic“couldchilladditionalinnovation,becausepotentialentrantsintothemarketmaybelessinclinedtodevelopanewserviceiftheregulatoryregimeisundulyrestrictiveorrequiresunnecessarilyexpensiveformsofcompliance.”143TheReportfurthernotes,however,that“narrowlytailoredregulationmaybenecessaryinsomeinstancestoprotectthepublic”andthatfurtherregulationmayassistinnovatorsbygivingthem“expressauthoritytooperateandaclearroadmapforcompliance”inrelationtoUPLprovisions.144Theultimaterecommendationwasfurtherstudyofentitiesengagingininnovativemodelsoflegalservicesdelivery,collectingdataontheextenttowhichsuchentitiesarebenefitingorharmingthepublicandadeterminationofwhethertherearealreadyadequatesafeguardsagainstpotentialharms.145

(4)Uncertainreliabilityofinformationprovidedbylegalapps

Tobereliable,anA2Jappmustprovideup-to-date,accurateinformationthatisregularlyvalidatedandsustainedovertime.146Onceagain,welackinformationinthisarea:thereisnocomprehensivedataregardingtheaccuracyorcurrencyoftheinformationandadviceofferedbyA2Japps.TotheextentthatA2Jappsareunregulated,regulatorshavenoabilitytoensurethattheinformationprovidedbyappsisinfactaccurateandcurrent.Concernsaboutthecorrectnessandcurrencyofinformationprovidedbylegalappswererepeatedlyraisedbyprovincialandterritoriallawsocietiesrespondingtooursurvey.

TotheextentthatanA2Jappisdevelopedinaninterdisciplinaryteam,additional

challengestoreliabilitymayarise.Forexample,programmersmaydecidetochangecontenttobettermeetuserneeds,orimprovetheinterfaceoftheapp,butinsodoing,theycouldaltercriticallegaltermsandinformationintheapp.147Related,andinlightofthediscussionaboveonUPL,importantquestionsariseastowhetheralicensedlawyermustbeinvolvedinthecreationand/ormaintenanceofA2Jappstoensuretheongoingreliabilityofanylegal

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informationprovided.Inthecontextofhealthcareapps,wherethemajorityofappsarecreatedforcommercialpurposes,themarkedlackofinvolvementofmedicalprofessionalsinthedesignofappshasprompteddebateabouthowtosafeguardpatients’interestsinthefaceofappsthatprovideinaccurateoroutdatedhealthinformation.148

Existingresearchsuggeststhat,whileconsumersoftenassumetheyareabletomakeeducatedchoicesaboutthereliabilityofinformationprovidedbyapps,theseassumptionsarequestionable.Ina2016studyofusersofhealthcareapps,ahealthsociologistconcludedthatinassessingthetrustworthinessofanapp,mostusersaremoreinfluencedbythedesignandappealofawebsitethanthecurrencyandaccuracyofitsinformation.149Inthissurvey,investigatorssoughttofindoutwhetherinformationseekersundertaketo:readdisclosurestatements;checkthecredentialsandinstitutionalaffiliationsofthosewhoprovideinformationonwebsites;checktheownershipand/orsponsorshipofwebsites;checkforfinancialtiesbetweenwebsiteinformationandthewebsite’ssponsors;checkforstatedgoalsandobjectives;andcheckwhethertheonlineinformationiscurrentandupdatedand/orthelasttimetheinformationwasupdated.150Ingeneral,surveyparticipantsfelthighlyconfidentabouttheirabilitiestodiscernthequalityoftheinformationtheyfoundonline,butthesameparticipantsreportedlowratesofbehavioursthatactuallyservedtoverifythecredibilityandqualityofonlineinformation.151Asinthehealthcarecontext,theconsequencesofrelyingonlegalinformationthatislow-quality,incomplete,out-datedorsimplywrongcanhaveseriouslegal,financialandpersonalconsequencesforindividuals.

Finally,theremaybeparticularlimitationstowhatcanbecommunicatedinamobile

context.Commentatorshavenotedthatthewritingformobileappsneedstobebriefandconcisebecausepeopletendnottoread,butrather,scan,mobilecontent.152Theinabilitytopublishexpansiveorhighlydetailedcontentinthecontextofamobileappmaycompromisetheintegrityofthelegalinformationbeingprovided.

(5)Skewingtheaccesstojusticedebate

Finally,theflourishingofA2JappshasthepotentialtosignificantlychangeaccesstojusticedebatesinNorthAmerica.ManylawyersandcommentatorsinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswonderwhethertheproliferationofA2Japps,marketedascheaper,seeminglyeasiersubstitutesforfull-servicelegalrepresentation,reducesthegeneralsenseofurgencyabouttheaccesstojusticecrisis,153anddistractsfromtheongoingneedtoimprovetheaffordabilityandaccessibilityofreal-timelegalandcourtservices.154

3. BestPracticesforA2JApps

Thereiscurrentlynobestpracticeguidancespecificallytailoredtolegalappsgenerally,orA2Jappsinparticular.Inthissectionwelooktoexistingguidanceonthedevelopmentanddeploymentofmobileandweb-basedtechnologiesgenerally,withaviewtoconsideringthetransferabilityofgeneralbestpracticeadvicetotheA2Jappscontextinrespectoffourspecificissues:(1)privacy;(2)security;(3)usability;and(4)accessibility.Finally,welookto

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comparativebestpracticeadviceonhealthcareapps,whichcouldserveasameaningfulstartingpointforthedevelopmentofcomparablebestpracticesonA2Japps.

(1)Privacy

Incertaincases,federalorprovincialprivacylegislationmayapplytoinformationobtained

ortransferredviamobileorweb-basedapps.155ThefederalPersonalInformationProtectionandElectronicDocumentsAct(PIPEDA),appliesto“federalworks,undertakingsorbusinesses”incircumstanceswherepersonalinformationisbeingcollected,used,ordisclosedinthecourseofacommercialactivity.”156PIPEDAalsoappliesinthoseprovinceswithoutsubstantiallysimilarprivatesectorprivacylegislation.157Tohelpdevelopersandbusinessesadministeringappscomplywiththislegislation,theOfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,withthePrivacyCommissionersofAlbertaandBritishColumbia,publishedadocumentcalledSeizingOpportunity:GoodPrivacyPracticesforDevelopingMobileApps.158

TheCommissionersinSeizingOpportunityadvise,“[n]omatterwhatkindofappyoudevelop,youractivitiesarelikelysubjecttooneofCanada’sprivacylawsbecausetheymayinvolvethecollection,useanddisclosureofpersonalinformation”andphotographs,IPaddresses,contactlists,locationinformationandvoiceprintbiometrics(used,forexample,invoicerecognitionapps)canconstitutepersonalinformation.159Importantly,SeizingOpportunityconfirmsthat“[e]venifyouaren’tgeneratingrevenuefromanapp,youmaystillbecoveredbyCanadianprivatesectorprivacylaws….[as][c]ollecting,usinganddisclosingpersonalinformationtoimproveuserexperience,whichindirectlycontributestothecommercialsuccessofyourapp,couldstillbeconsideredacommercialactivityunderthelaw.”160ThebestpracticesinSeizingOpportunityareofvaluetothosedeveloperswhofallwithinthejurisdictionofPIPEDA,andtoindividualsandcompaniesconcernedwithprivacygenerally,eveniftheyarenotcapturedbythefederallegislation.Thedocumentcontainsachecklistforappsencouragingconsiderationthefollowingfivekeyprivacyconsiderations:(1)accountabilityforone’sconductandcode;(2)opennessandtransparencyregardingprivacypractices;(3)collectionandretention(withappropriatesecuritymeasures)ofonlywhattheappsneedstofunction;(4)ensuringmeaningfulconsentisobtained;and(5)appropriatetiminginrelationtousernoticeandissuesofconsent.161In2014,thefederalPrivacyCommissioner,againinconjunctionwiththePrivacyCommissionersofAlbertaandBritishColumbia,publishedGuidelinesforOnlineConsent162andTenTipsforCommunicatingPrivacyPracticestoYourApp’sUsers.163Thesedocumentscontainsupplementaryprivacyguidelinesforappdevelopers.

IntheUnitedStates,theFederalTradeCommissionpublishedareportentitledMobilePrivacyDisclosures:BuildingTrustThroughTransparency,withrecommendationsforbestpracticesonmobileprivacydisclosures.164MobilePrivacyprovidesspecificrecommendationsforappdevelopers,including:(1)havingaprivacypolicywhichisavailablethroughtheplatform’sappstore;(2)providing“just-in-time”disclosuresandobtaining“affirmativeexpressconsentwhencollectingsensitiveinformationoutsidetheplatform’sAPI,suchasfinancial,health,orchildren’sdata,orsharingsensitivedatawiththirdparties”;(3)improving“coordinationwithadnetworksandotherthirdpartiesthatprovideservicesforappssothat

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theappscanprovidetruthfuldisclosurestoconsumers.”;and(4)considering“participatinginself-regulatoryprograms,tradeassociations,andindustryorganizations,whichcanprovideindustry-wideguidanceonhowtomakeuniform,short-formprivacydisclosures.”165MobilePrivacyalsooffersrecommendationsforplatformsoroperatingsystemproviders,advertisingnetworksandotherthirdpartiesandapptradeassociations.166AnumberofAmericanindustryorganizationshavealsopublishedbestpracticeguidanceonprivacyinthemobileworld.167

(2)SecurityBecauseofthelinksbetweenprivacyandsecurityofpersonalinformation,thefederaland

provincialPrivacyCommissionersareagainasourceofbestpracticeguidanceoninformationsecurityinCanada.Forexample,theFederalPrivacyCommissionerhaspublishedaself-assessmenttooltohelporganizationsdetermineiftheyareadequatelysecuringpersonalinformation.168Withrespecttomobileappsecurity,theUnitedStatesFederalTradeCommission’sMobileAppDevelopers:StartwithSecurityoffersspecificguidanceonthetopic.169SomeoftheissuesaddressedintheFTC’ssecurityguidanceare“bigpicture”,including,forexample,thesuggestionthatanappdevelopmentteamappointonepersontoberesponsibleforensuringsecurityissuesgetsufficientattentioninthedevelopmentprocess,whileotheradviceistechnical,includingrecommendationsonappropriatetypesoftransitencryptionandmethodsforstoringpasswords.170Therealitythatbestpracticeguidanceonsecuritywillnecessarilyincludetechnicalstandardssuggeststhatsuchguidancewillhavetoberegularlyupdatedtokeeppacewithtechnologicaldevelopments.

(3)Usability

Anotherareaofbestpracticethatmustbeconsideredbyappdevelopersrelatestothedesignofauserinterface(UI)thatenhancesusability(i.e.the“userexperience”orUX).Forexample,bothGoogleandApplehaverecentlypublishedsuggesteddesignprinciplesthathighlightissuessuchas:organizingandlabelingmenucategories,offeringdifferentpaymentoptions(e.g.,PayPal,creditcard),communicatingformerrorsinrealtime,makingtextsizelegibleandensuringsufficientcontrastbetweenfontandbackgroundcolours.171Numerousadditionalonlinesourcesandtextsaddresstheimportanttopicofappusability.172

(4)Accessibility

TheleadingauthorityonbestpracticesformakingwebcontentaccessibletopersonswithdisabilitiesistheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C),aninternationalstandardsorganizationfortheInternet.173TheW3ChascreatedtwoseriesofWebContentAccessibilityGuidelines(WCAG).Itsintentionistomakewebcontentaccessibletothosewith“blindnessandlowvision,deafnessandhearingloss,learningdisabilities,cognitivelimitations,limitedmovement,speechdisabilities,photosensitivityandcombinationsofthese.”174TheWCAGhavethreelevelsofconformance(A,AA,andAAA),butnoconformanceispossiblewithoutmeetingtheminimumcriteriaassetoutinLevelA.175

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W3ChascreatedaMobileAccessibilityTaskForcetoofferguidanceonhowtheWCAGcanbeappliedtomobilecontentandmobilewebapps.TheTaskForceissueditsFirstPublicWorkingDraftonbestpracticesandintegrationwithexistingstandardsinFebruary2015.176TheWorkingDraftnotesthatmobiledevicespresentamixofaccessibilityissuesthatdifferfromthetypicaldesktoporlaptop,andexplainhowtheseissuescanbeaddressedinthecontextofexistingWCAG2.0standardsorothersuggestedbestpractices.Forexample,theadviceincludesbestpracticesforhelpingusersmakethemostofsmallscreenssincesmallscreensizesarecharacteristicofmobiledevices,andrecommendationsonhowtoensuregoodcontrastonmobiledevicesgiventhattheyaremorelikelytobeusedinenvironmentswithglarefromsunorstronglighting.177

Thelegalcontextofaccessibilitymustalsobeconsidered.Canadahasapatchworkoflawsonaccessibilityofservices,andOntariodirectlymandatesaccessibilitystandardsforpubliclyavailableinformationandcommunicationsthroughtheAccessibilityforOntarianswithDisabilitiesAct,whichrequirestargetedcompliancewiththeWCAG.178Itsrelatedregulation,IntegratedAccessibilityStandards,identifiesspecificstandardstobemetintheprovisionofinformationandcommunications.179Designatedpublicsectororganizationsandlargeorganizations(i.e.thosewithmorethan50employees)mustmaketheirinternetwebsitesandwebcontentconformtoWCAG2.0atLevelA,withamandatedupgradetoLevelAAbyJanuary1,2021.180Therearenocomparableprovisionsformobileapplications.

(5)BestpracticesandhealthappsIncontrasttothelegalservicessetting,thereisbestpracticeguidancetailoredtohealth

careapps.In2015,theCanadianMedicalAssociationpublishedGuidingPrinciplesforPhysiciansRecommendingMobileHealthApplicationstoPatients,whichaims“toprovidebasicinformationforphysiciansabouthowtoassessamobilehealthapplicationforrecommendationtoapatientinthemanagementofthatpatient’shealth,healthcare,andhealthcareinformation.”181Thisdocumentdiscussesseven“characteristicsofasafeandeffectivemobilehealthapplication”:(1)endorsementbyaprofessionalorrecognizedassociationormedicalsocietyorhealthcareorganization;(2)usability;(3)reliabilityofinformation;(4)privacyandsecurity;(5)avoidsconflictsofinterest;(6)doesnotcontributetofragmentationofhealthinformation;and(7)demonstratesitsimpactonpatienthealthoutcomes.182Theseguidelinesfollowedinthefootstepsof2013guidanceonbestpracticesformobilehealthcareappspublishedbytheCanadianNursesProtectiveSociety2013.183IntheUnitedStates,theAmericanMedicalAssociationpassedaresolutionin2015callingfor“thedevelopmentanddisseminationofbestpracticestoguidethedevelopmentanduseofmobilemedicalapps.”184

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4. KnowledgeGapsandFutureResearch

ThisKnowledgeSynthesisconfirmstheexistenceofseveralsignificantknowledgegapsinrelationtotheCanadianuseofA2Japps.FutureresearchisrequiredinordertogainamorecompletepictureofthestateofthistechnologyandassessitspotentialtoimprovethestateofaccesstojusticeforCanadians.Knowledgegapsrequiringurgentresearchattentioninclude:

1. Developers:WhoiscurrentlydevelopingA2JappsinCanada?Moreinformationisneededontheeducational/professionalbackgroundofdevelopers,theirfundingsources,whetherlawyersareorshouldbeinvolvedinA2Jappdevelopment,andthemotivationsofA2Jappdevelopers;

2. Usersandusagepatterns:WhoisusingA2JappsinCanadaandhowaretheybeingused?DosomecommunitiesuseA2Jappsmorethanothers?WhataretheusagepatternsofthoseengagingwithA2Japps?DousersdownloadA2Jappsbutthenfailtoactuallyemploytheminaddressingalegalissue?Why?

3. Outcomes:HowdooutcomesdifferforindividualswhouseA2Jappstoaddressalegalissueandthosewhodonot?Howshouldoutcomesbeevaluatedinthiscontext?HowdousersratetheiroutcomesinusingA2Japps?

4. RelationshipbetweenavailableA2JappsandA2Jneeds:TowhatdegreedoexistingA2JappsmeetthediverseaccesstojusticeneedsofCanadians?WhatA2Jneedsarenotcurrentlycoveredbyappsthatcouldbe?Aretheresomeaccesstojusticeneedsthataresimplynotcompatiblewithtechnologicalinterventionslikeapps?

5. RisksofA2Japps:TowhatextentdoA2Japps,infact,poseriskstothepublic,particularlyinrelationtoprivacyandunreliableinformation?Whatprivacyandsecuritypracticesarecurrentlybeingusedbyappsandaretheyeffective?Howcurrentandaccurateistheinformationandadviceprovidedbyavailableapps?AreA2JappsavailableprimarilytomiddleclassCanadians,contributingtotheentrenchmentofthedigitaldivide?

6. Bestpractices:WhatwouldCanada-specificbestpracticesinrelationtoA2Jappslooklike?Arethereexistingbestpracticesinthehealthcarefieldthataretransferrabletothelegalcontext?WhatbodyororganizationisbestsuitedtodevelopandpromulgatetherequiredbestpracticeguidelinesforA2Japps?

7. Regulation&qualityassurance:WhatoptionsareavailabletoCanadianlawsocietiestoregulateA2Japps?Whataretherisksandbenefitsassociatedwitheachoftheseoptions?Whatoptionsforqualityassuranceareavailableoutsideofformalregulation?Inrelationtohealthapps,ithasbeensuggestedthataccountabilitycouldbeimprovedbythedevelopmentof“arefereed

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clearinghousecouldhelpconsumersfindtheirwaytotheappsmostappropriateforthem,ataskthatisdifficultinanalready-saturatedmarket”orby“themarket[offering]itsownqualityassurancesorvoluntarycertificationprocesses.”185AretheseviableoptionsinrelationtoA2Japps?

8. Transforminglegalpractice:Howareappstransformingconventionallegalpracticeandtherelationshipbetweenlawyerandclient?Isthelegalcommunityrespondingtothesechanges,andifso,how?Doappsrepresentathreattoconventionallegalpracticeoraretheycomplementarytotraditionalmodelsoflegalservicesdelivery?

E. KnowledgeMobilization

Wehaveundertakenarangeofknowledgemobilizationactivitiesinconnectionwiththis

KnowledgeSynthesisoverthepastsixmonths,targetingavarietyofaudiences.Forlegalaudiences,wepublishedablogonourprojectatSlaw.ca:Canada’sOnlineLegal

Magazine,186anddiscussedourprojectinaninterviewwithLawTimes.187Forbroaderaudiences,weauthoredanopinioneditorialthatwaspublishedintheGlobe&MailinJuly.188WehavethreesignificantspeakingengagementsscheduledforOctober2016,wherewewillshareourresearchwithstakeholderaudiences.First,wewillconveneapanelonA2JappsattheUniversityofOttawa,FacultyofLawonOctober13,2016,aspartoftheCavanaghProfessionalismSpeakerSeries,whichattractslawstudents,academicsandlegalprofessionalsfromthebroadercommunity.WehaveinvitedseveralA2Jappdeveloperstojoinusaspartofthispaneltoprovideafirst-handperspectiveonthepromiseandpitfallsoftheseapps.Second,weareinvitedpresentersattheConnectCreateCommunicate:PublicLegalEducationandtheAccesstoJusticeMovementsymposiuminTorontoonOctober21,2016,aneventjointlyconvenedbyLawConnectOntarioandtheActionGrouponAccesstoJustice.189Third,thisresearchwillbepresentedattheCanadianAssociationforLegalEthicsannualconferenceinEdmonton,Alberta,October27-28,2016.

Wewillcontinueourknowledgemobilizationactivitiesinthecomingmonths.Aversionof

thisfinalreportwillbepostedonlineandcopieswillbesentdirectlytointerestedstakeholders,includinglawprofessorsengagedinteachinglawandtechnologycourses,theprovincialandterritoriallawsocietiesandindividualA2Jappdevelopers.Overthenextyear,wewillpublishtheresultsofthisKnowledgeSynthesisintheformofatleasttwopeer-reviewedjournalarticlesinrelevantfields(e.g.,lawandtechnology,lawandpolicy,socio-legalstudies).F. Conclusion

ThisKnowledgeSynthesisdevelopsthegroundworkforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofA2Japps.Wehavecanvassedtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontextandconsideredexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfutureresearchdirectionsonthistopic.

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Twooverarchingconclusionsarisefromthisresearch.Thefirstandmosturgentconclusion

isthepressingneedformoreCanada-specificresearchonA2Japps.Withoutanycomprehensivestatisticsorscholarlyresearchonthesetechnologies,itisimpossibletoassesswhethertheopportunitiespresentedbyA2JappstocontributetoimprovingaccesstojusticeoutcomesforCanadiansareinfactbeingrealized.Second,itisclearthatappswillcontinuetopopulatetheCanadianlegalenvironmentandlawyers,regulatorsandpolicymakersmustaddressthepotentialriskstothepublicandtheprofessionpresentedbytheseappsinarobustandtimelyfashion.AmeaningfulstartingpointwouldbethepromulgationofbestpracticeguidancetailoredtoA2Japps.

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Endnotes1CanadianBarAssociationAccesstoJusticeCommittee,ReachingEqualJustice:AnInvitationtoEnvisionandAct(CanadianBarAssociation,2013)at6.2WorldJusticeProject,RuleofLawIndex2015.3CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at16.4TrevorC.W.Farrow,AbCurrie,NicoleAylwin,LesJacobs,DavidNorthrupandLisaMoore,EverydayLegalProblemsandtheCostofJusticeinCanada:OverviewReport(Toronto,Canada:CanadianForumonCivilJustice,2016)at9.5Ibid.6Ibidat13.7AbCurrie,TheLegalProblemsofEverydayLife:TheNature,ExtentandConsequencesofJusticiableProblemsExperiencedbyCanadians(Ottawa,Ontario:DepartmentofJusticeCanada,2008)(findingthat44.6%ofallrespondentstostudyexperiencedoneormorejusticiableproblemoverthreeyears)andFarrowetal,supranote4at2(stating“[a]lmosthalf(48.4%)ofCanadiansover18willexperienceatleastonecivilorfamilyjusticeproblemoveranygiventhree-yearperiod”).8CanadianLawyerMagazine,“TheGoingRate”(June2015)online:http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/images/stories/pdfs/Surveys/2015/CL_June_15_GoingRate.pdf.9JulieMacfarlane,“TheNationalSelf-RepresentedLitigantsProject:IdentifyingandMeetingtheNeedsofSelf-RepresentedLitigants”(2013),online:TheLawSocietyofUpperCanada<http://www.lsuc.on.ca/uploadedFiles/For_the_Public/About_the_Law_Society/Convocation_Decisions/2014/Self-represented_project.pdf>at32.10CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at37-39.11See,forexample,ibidat34.12Forfurtherdiscussion,seeCurrie,supranote7.13SuzanneBouclin,“RegulatedOutofExistence:ACaseStudyofOttawa’sTicketDefenceProgram”(2014)11JL&Equality35at48.14CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at32,citingAbCurrie,“ANationalSurveyoftheCivilJusticeProblemsofLowandModerateIncomeCanadians:IncidenceandPatterns”(2006)13:3IntlJLegProfession217.15KarenCohlandGeorgeThomson,“ConnectingAcrossLanguageandDistance:LinguisticandRuralAccesstoLegalInformationandServices”(Toronto:LawFoundationofOntario,2008)at32.16Ibid.17Ibid.18NicoleAylwinandLisaMoore,“Rural&RemoteAccesstoJustice:ALiteratureReview”(Toronto,Ontario:CanadianForumforCivilJustice,2015)at21.19Ibidat17-18.20Ibidat18-21.21CohlandThomson,supranote15at33.22Ibid.23Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,TrevorC.W.Farrow,“WhatisAccesstoJustice?”(2014)51(3)OsgoodeHallLJ957.24KentRoach&LorneSossin,“AccesstoJusticeandBeyond”(2010)60(2)UTLJ373.25See,forexample,discussioninCanadianBarAssociation,supranote1.26ChiefJusticeBeverleyMcLachlin,“TheLegalProfessioninthe21stCentury”,Remark,(2015)2015CanadianBarAssociationPlenary(Calgary:Alberta,14August2015),online:<https://malcolmmercer.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/cj-mclachlin-remarks-august-14-2015-2015-cba-legal-conference.pdf>.

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27AmericanBarAssociation,ReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStates(AmericanBarAssociation,2016).28“MobileApps”Wikipedia.com(accessed24August2016).29Ibid.30Ibid.31“WebApplication”Wikipedia.com(accessed24August2016).32Foradiscussionoftask-centricityasacoredefiningfeatureofaweb-basedapp,see,forexample,CiprianBorodescu,“WebSitesvs.WebApps:Whattheexpertsthink”,online:<https://www.visionmobile.com/blog/2013/07/web-sites-vs-web-apps-what-the-experts-think>.33TheInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyCouncil,TheApplicationofEverything:Canada’sAppsEconomyValueChain(2014)atv.34Catalyst,“SmartphoneBehaviourinCanadaandtheImplicationsforMarketersin2016,”online:<http://catalyst.ca/2016-canadian-smartphone-behaviour/>35Ibid.36Ibid.37Ibid.38Cabral,JamesEetal“UsingTechnologytoEnhanceAccesstoJustice”(2012)26(1)HarvJL&Tech241.39AmySalyzyn,“ANewLens:ReframingtheConversationabouttheUseofVideoConferencinginCivilTrialsinOntario”(2012)50OsgoodeHallLJ429at431-32.40Healthappsarebooming:earlierthisyear,therewere170,000healthappsavailablefordownloadontheAppleandAndroidappstores,andthereissignificantgrowthinwearabletechnologiestrackingpersonalhealth-relateddata(StephenArmstrong,“WhatHappenstoDataGatheredbyHealthandWellnessApps?”(2016)BMJ2016at1).Healthappsinclude,forexample,thosethatofferself-monitoringfordiabetesandpsychiatricdiagnoses,exergaming,smokingcessationandalcoholaddiction(includingrelapseprevention),dailylivingforpatientswithdementia,andbasictriageforthingslikeconcussionsbynon-medicalprofessionals(MagedNBoulosetal,“MobileMedicalandHealthApps:StateoftheArt,Concerns,RegulatoryControlandCertification”(2014)OnlineJPublicHealthInformatics5(3)at4-5).41See,forexample,anappdesignedbyaMalaysianlawyerintendedtoassistcitizensincreatingbasiclegaldocuments:<http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/520308-mobile-app-to-increase-awareness-and-access-to-justice-among-malaysians.html>;the“160GirlsApp”,intendedtoprovidestepbystepadviceabouthowadefilementinvestigationshouldproceedinKenya:<http://160girls.org/about/>;andtheInnovatingJusticeinitiativeoftheHagueInstitutefortheInnovationofLaw<https://innovatingjustice.com/en/>.42Thisisconsistentwithgeneraltrendsinappdevelopment.TheInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyCouncil,TheApplicationofEverything:Canada’sAppsEconomyValueChain(2014)atvreportsthatmorethanhalf(51%)ofCanada’sappsenterprisesrelyonpersonal/familyfundingtogetstarted,26%relyonfundingfromotherbusinessstreams,6%relyonventurecapital,and4%relyonpublicfunding.43LegalZoom,whichlaunched10web-basedproductsin2001thatfocusedonestateplanning,businessformation,andintellectualpropertyprotection,hasnowgrowntoofferaplethoraofonlineservices,includingnarrowlytailoredserviceslikespecializedestateplanningtoensurethatone’spets“areprovidedforwhenyou'renolongerabletocareforareprovidedforwhenyou'renolongerabletocareforthemonyourown.”TheimmensesizeofLegalZoomisquicklycapturedinthefactthatithasnowservedover3.6millioncustomers(LegalZoom,“AboutUs”,online:<https://www.legalzoom.com/about-us>andLegalZoom,“PetProtectionAgreement”https://www.legalzoom.com/personal/estate-planning/pet-protection-agreement-overview.html)ForfurtherbackgroundonLegalZoom,seeinfraandBenjaminH.Barton,GlassHalfFull:TheDeclineandRebirthoftheLegalProfession(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2015)at88-97.44Seegenerally,LegalServicesCorporation,online:<http://www.lsc.gov/>and,ontheCorporation’sincreasinginterestintechnology,seeRonaldSFlagg,“AccesstoJustice:KeepingAmerica’sPromise”(2015)24KanJL&PubPol’yat572–581.

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45TheLegalServicesCorporation’s2012nationaltechnologysummitincluded75representativesoflegalaidprograms,courts,barassociations,governmentandbusinessaswellastechnologyexperts,academics,andprivatepractitioners.Thesummit’smandatewastoexplore“thepotentialoftechnologytomovetheUStowardssomeformofeffectiveassistanceto100percentofpersonsotherwiseunabletoaffordanattorneyfordealingwithessentialcivillegalneeds.”TheSummit’sfiveresultanttechnologicalstrategiesincluded“takingadvantageofmobiletechnologiestoreachpersonsmoreeffectives”(Flagg,supranote44at572–581).46ThisspecificdescriptionistakenfromthewebpagethatdescribestheCalifornianversionoftheapps(https://www.mobilejusticeca.org/faq/).Foralistofstatesinwhichtheappisavailable,seeAmericanCivilLibertiesOrganization,“ACLUAppstoRecordPoliceConduct”(online:https://www.aclu.org/feature/aclu-apps-record-police-conduct)47See,forexample,CourtClerkMobileConnectapp(developedbytheClerkofCircuitCookCountyandwhichmakesaccessiblecourt-relatedinformationforusersinCookCounty.Userscansearchthecourt’selectronicdocketforcivilandtrafficcases,searchthecourtcallroster,getupdatedfeeschedulesandlocateandcontactCookCountycourtfacilities;forfurtherdetails,see:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/court-clerk-mobile-connect/id595694855?mt=8);OhioSixthDistrictCourtofAppealsapp(thisappallowsuserstofollowcourtdecisionsandviewthecourt’soralargumentcalendar;theycanalsoreceivenotificationswhennewdecisionsarereleasedorthecalendarisupdated.Allcasespostedonthecourtwebsitearesearchableintheapp;forfurtherdetails,see:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ohio-sixth-district-court/id1001442174?mt=8);SupremeCourtofNevadaMobileApp(thisappprovidesuserswithaccesstothelatestcaseinformation,decisionandnewsfromtheSupremeCourtofNevada;userscanalsoaccesspastoralargumentrecordingsandwatchlivesteamingoforalargumentsfromthecourtroom;formoredetails,seehttp://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Court_Information/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada_Mobile_App/).48LegalAidApp(formoredetails,see:http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/getting/legalaidapp.asp).49LegalHealthCheck-uphttps://www.legalhealthcheckup.ca/en/.Legalhealthchecks“aretoolsintendedtohelppeopleidentifyandaddresslegalproblems….[and]havethreemainpurposes:[1]tohelppeoplebecomeawarethataproblemhasalegalaspect;[2]toencouragepeoplewithlegalproblemstogethelpfromalegalprofessional,theirlocallegalclinic,ortrustedmembersoftheircommunity;and[3]tohelpcommunityworkers,othercommunityintermediaries,lawyersorotherlegalprofessionalsstartconversationswithclientsaboutthelaw.”(http://www.plelearningexchange.ca/resources/legal-health-checks/)50Formoreinformation,seeSimonFodden,“CanLIItoIntroduceAPI”Slaw.ca(27February2013),online:http://www.slaw.ca/2013/02/27/canlii-to-introduce-api/;SimonFodden,“CanLIIHackathon”(7August2013),online:http://www.slaw.ca/2013/08/07/canlii-hackathon/;andCanLII,“WelcometotheCanLIIDeveloperNetwork!”,online:http://developer.canlii.org.51TheCanadianBarAssociation,“TheFirst-EverLegalInnovationStartupCompetition”,online:http://www.cbalegalconference.org/clc/pitch/.52RyersonUniversity,LegalInnovationZone,“ACallforStartupswithInnovativeSolutionsthatimproveaccesstojustice(A2J)inOntario”,online:http://legalinnovationzone.ca/a2jchallenge/.53BenjaminVandorpe,“JusticeTrans:AddressingAccesstoJusticeIssuesThroughTechnology”,WinklerInstituteforDisputeResolution,JusticeInnovationBlog,(21January2016)online:http://winklerinstitute.ca/justicetrans-addressing-access-to-justice-issues-through-technology/.54LiamBritten,“Costly,frustratingcourtdelaystackledwithlawstudents’app”CBCNews12May2016,online:<http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/court-delay-app-1.3580285>.55GeorgetownLaw,CurriculumGuide–Courses,“Technology,Innovation,andLawPractice:AnExperientialSeminar”,online:http://apps.law.georgetown.edu/curriculum/tab_courses.cfm?Status=Course&Detail=2090.56GeorgetownLaw“2016IronTechLawyer:LinkingTechnology,AccesstoJustice”(29April2016),online:<https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/web-stories/2016-iron-tech-lawyer-linking-technology-access-to-justice.cfm>.57LegalDesignLab,online:http://www.legaltechdesign.com/.58LegalRnD,TheCenterforLegalServicesInnovation,online:http://www.legalrnd.org.

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59Formoreinformation,see“NeotaLogic–WhoWeAre”,online:http://www.neotalogic.com/who-we-are/“NeotaLogicandProBono”,online:http://www.neotalogic.com/probono/.60ThanksareowedtoProfessorTaninaRostainwhosuggestedthishelpfultaxonomyofend-users.61StandIn(www.standin.isandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/standin/id972138344?ls=1&mt=8).62iProBono(https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/iprobono/id495613533).63See,forexample,RocketMatter(describedasassistingwithlegaltimeandbilling;https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rocket-matter/id550477925?mt=8);MyCase(describedas“designedforcustomersusingMyCase’sweb-basedlawpracticemanagementsoftware”;https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/mycase/id480009836?mt=8);DocketMinder(describedas“anapplicationwhichmonitorschangestotheOrleansCriminalCourtDocketMaster….[which]allowspractitionerstostayinformedaboutthelatestactivityintheircases;https://loyolalawtech.org/projects/);andDocketAlarm(describedas“track[ing]courtcases,send[ing]alertsofnewlitigationactivity,andautomat[ing]thecheckingofcourtdocketsforyourfirm”;https://www.goclio.com/features/integrations/docket-alarm/64EdSohn,“TheForecastforLegalAnalyticsisMostlySunny”AbovetheLaw,18May2016,online:http://abovethelaw.com/2016/05/alt-legal-the-forecast-for-legal-analytics-is-mostly-sunny/.65LexMachina,“LegalAnalyticsApps”online:https://lexmachina.com/legal-analytics-apps/.66LoomAnalytics,online:http://www.loomanalytics.com.67BlueJLegal,online:http://www.bluejlegal.com/.Itshouldbenotedthatatthetimeofwritingthisreport,thedevelopersindicatedthatthisappwas“inprivatebeta(byinvitationonly)withmajororganizations,includinggovernmentbodies,globalaccountingfirmsandleadinglawfirms.”68Beagle,online:www.beagle.ai.69See,forexample,LawKick(connectsindividualswithlawyersbasedonthelegalproblem/questiontheindividualhasandthepricetheyarewillingtopay;https://lawkick.com);BernieSez(usersuploadaphotoofatrafficticketandenterbasicinformation(ie:offencecode,city,state,ticketnumber),andlawyersconnectedtotheapppresentcompetingofferstorepresenttheuser.Userscompareoffersandselecttheirattorneyofchoice;https://berniesez.com)andFixed(givesusersafreeestimateofthelegalcostsassociatedwithchallengingatrafficoffenceandthelikelihoodoftheirinsurancecostsincreasingand,ifrequired,willmatchtheticketwithanattorney.Theuserthendecideswhethertoacceptthematchedattorney;https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/15/fixed-the-app-that-helps-you-fight-tickets-gets-acquired-by-a-law-firm/).70LegalAidApp(allowsforpeoplewithlegalissuestoassesstheirfinancialeligibilityforLegalAid(partiallysubsidizedlegalrepresentation)inOntario;http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/getting/legalaidapp.asp);NationalLegalAidNews(“providesnewsaboutlegalaidandrelatedprogramsaroundthestates”;http://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps);DueProcessrhttp://dueprocessr.org/courtcal/(ThisappallowsuserstodeterminetheireligibilityforindigentlegalservicesinMassachusetts,andforcriminaldefendantstocalculatetheirstateprisonsentences).71Notarize(describedasprovidinganonlinenotaryservice;mobileappallowsindividualstonotarizedocumentsfromtheirphone;notarize.comandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/notarize/id1022005141?ls=1&mt=8).72JusticeTrans,online:http://www.justicetrans.com.73See,forexample,ExpungeMaryland.org–awebappcreatedforpeoplewithcriminalrecordsinMarylandthataimstoclarifycriminalexpungementbyallowinguserstofillasimplequestionnairetodeterminewhethertheircaseisvulnerabletobeingexpunged(http://www.expungemaryland.org/about).74MarylandLawHelpApp,online:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/maryland-law-help/id1023213394?ls=1&mt=8).75SmallClaimsWizard,online:www.smallclaimswizard.com.76Citizenshipworks,online:https://www.citizenshipworks.org(Theappalso“includesusefulanduniquefeatures,includingtoolstohelppeopleprepareforcitizenshiptests(likereadingandwritingquizzesandtouchflashcards),calculatorstotracksavings,multimediafunctionality(usingaudiotodictatephrasestobewritteninEnglish),[and]legalassistancelocatedneartheuser”;see:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/citizenshipworks/id666058919?mt=8)

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77Wevorce,online:https://www.wevorce.com.78Equalyzer,online:http://www.equalyzr.com.79See,forexample,PlainSite(provides“non-lawyerseasytonavigateaccesstotheentireAmericanlegalsystemwithaccesstopublicrecordsfromagencies,patentapplications,corporateprofilesandpublicfederalandstatecasedockets.Non-publicanalyticdataisalsoavailable”;http://www.plainsite.org)80See,forexample,WestLawNext(https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/westlaw/id380675076?mt=8)andLexisAdvance(https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lexis-advance/id409136268?mt=8).81Rangefindr,online:http://www.rangefindr.ca.82LegalSwipe,online:http://www.legalswipe.com.83HeatSeek,online:http://heatseek.org/how-it-works/84Ibid.85JakeHertz,“PBN&JASACollaborateonInnovativeApptoHelptheHomebound”Probono.net(5November2014);online:http://www.connectingjusticecommunities.com/jasa-and-pbn-team-up-to-relax-in-the-den/2014/11/.86See,forexample,theCanadianappsJailbird,whichassistscriminallawyersincomparingproposedsentences,islistedat$3.99attheITunesStore(https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/jailbird-ios/id1033763662?mt=8)andRangerfindr,anothercriminalsentencingtoolforlawyersandjudgescosts$79/monthtoaccess(https://app.rangefindr.ca/signup).87PaulKrebsandDustinDuncan,“HealthAppUseAmongUSMobilePhoneOwners:ANationalSurvey,”2015JofMedicalInternetResearch3(4)at8.88Theoriginsoftheterm“personalplight”inrelationtolegalservicesistracedtoa1978articlebyJohnHeinzandEdwardLaumann(JohnPHeinz&EdwardOLaumann,“TheLegalProfession:ClientInterests,ProfessionalRoles,andSocialHierarchies”(1978)MichLRev1111).Forfurtherdiscussion,seealso,NoelSemple,“PersonalPlightLegalPracticeandTomorrow’sLawyers”(2014)39JLegProf25.89LegalZoom,“LastWillandTestamentPricing”,online:https://www.legalzoom.com/personal/estate-planning/last-will-and-testament-pricing.html.90Forahelpfulsummaryofthisdiscussion,see,forexample,JaneBailey,JacquelynBurkell&GrahamReynolds,“AccesstoJusticeforAll:Towardsan“ExpansiveVision”ofJusticeandTechnology”(2013)31WindsorYBAccessJust181.91Ibidat195.92CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at34.93RichardZorza,“SomeReflectionsonLong-TermLessonsandImplicationsoftheAccesstoJusticeTechnologyBillofRights”(2004)79WashLRevat393.94RichardZorza,“Multi-FacetedMobileAppforCitizenship”RichardZorza’sAccesstoJusticeBlog(January22,2013),online:AccesstoJusticehttps://accesstojustice.net/2013/01/22/multi-faceted-mobile-app-for-citizenship/.95RaymondHBresciaetal,“EmbracingDisruption:HowTechnologicalChangeintheDeliveryofLegalServicesCanImproveAccesstoJustice”(2014-2015)78AlbLRev553at577at20.SeealsoMilanMarkovic,“JukingAccesstoJusticetoDeregulatetheLegalMarket”(2016)29GeoJLegEthics63.96JoeDysart,“JusticeinYourPalm”ABAJ101(April2015)at57.97InterviewwithChristienLevien,March2015,notesonfilewithauthor.98WilliamBLoberandJanineLFlowers,“ConsumerEmpowermentinHealthCareAmidtheInternetandSocialMedia”2011SeminarsinOncologyNursing27(3):172.TheculturalshiftissogreatthatLoberandFlowersat176notethatpatientshavenowmoved,beyondsearchingforinformation,tosharinginformationabouttheirhealthjourneysonsocialmediaandonpeer-to-peerplatforms99GulSeckinetal,“BeinganInformedConsumerofHealthInformationandAssessmentofElectronicHealthLiteracyinaNationalSampleofInternetUsers:ValidityandReliabilityofthee-HLSInstrument”(2016)JofMedicalInternetResearch18(7)at2.

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100TheissueofaccesstotheinternetanddifferentialaccessamongmarginalizedpopulationsisessentialtoconsiderandisaddressedintheRiskssectionthatfollow.101SeeRonaldSFlagg,“AccesstoJustice:KeepingAmerica’sPromise”(2015)24KanJL&PubPol’y572.102DavidPantzerandTeriRoss,“AnalyzeThis!ADeeperUnderstandingofDiversityandDataCanImproveUserOutcomes”(RemarksattheABAEqualJusticeConference,Chicago,Illinois,May13,2016)[unpublished].103HeatSeek,online:http://heatseek.org/how-it-works/.104Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,TaninaRostain,RogerSkalbeck&KevinGMulcahy,“ThinkingLikeaLawyer,DesigningLikeanArchitect:PreparingStudentsforthe21stCenturyPractice”(2013)88Chicago-KentLRev743.SeealsoRonaldWStaudtandAndrewPMedeiros,“AccesstoJusticeandTechnologyClinics:A4%Solution”(2013)88Chicago-KentLRev695.105Rostainetal,ibidat754-755.106StaudtandMedeiros,supranote104.107JohnTorousandAdamPowell,“CurrentResearchandTrendsintheUseofSmartphoneApplicationsforMoodDisorders,”2015InternetInterventions2.108Ibid.109Forfurtherdetailsregardingthissecuritybreach,see,forexample,CharlieOsborne,“Uberfined$20Kindatabreach,'godview'probe”(7January2016),online:http://www.cnet.com/news/uber-fined-20k-in-surveillance-data-breach-probe.110AndrewHilts,ChristopherParsons&JeffreyKnockel,“EveryStepYouFake:AComparativeAnalysisofFitnessTrackerPrivacyandSecurity”(2016)OpenEffectReportat10,online:https://openeffect.ca/reports/Every_Step_You_Fake.pdf.111StephenArmstrong,“WhatHappenstoDataGatheredbyHealthandWellnessApps?”(2016)BMJ2016at1.112Hiltsetal,supranote110at38-46.113“YouReadTermsOfServiceContracts?NotManyDo,ResearchShows”NPR.org(23August2016),transcriptonline:http://www.npr.org/2016/08/23/491024846/do-you-read-terms-of-service-contracts-not-many-do-research-shows.114Cabral,JamesE.,etal.,supranote38at265;Baileyetal.,supranote90at197.115Cabral,JamesE.,etal.,supranote38at265.116Baileyetal.,supranote90at197;see,also,Zorza,“SomeReflections”supranote93at394.117See,forexample,FederationofLawSocieties.ModelCodeofProfessionalConduct,s3.3-1.118LawSocietyofUpperCanada,TechnologyPracticeManagementGuidelines,online:http://www.lsuc.on.ca/with.aspx?id=2147491197.119OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“ReachingfortheCloud(s):PrivacyIssuesrelatedtoCloudComputing”(March2010),online:https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/research/explore-privacy-research/2010/cc_201003/120Cabral,JamesE.,etal.,supranote38.121PatriciaHughes,“AdvancingAccesstoJusticeThroughGenericSolutions:TheRiskofPerpetuatingExclusion”(2013)31(1)WindsorYBAccessJust1.122Ibidat13.123CohlandThomson,supranote15at35.124Ibidat52125Ibidat53126Baileyetal.,supranote90at198127Ibid.(footnotesomitted)128RichardZorza,“SomeReflections”supranote93at394.129Hughes,supranote121at4,citingresearchfromNewSouthWalesonbarrierstoaccesstojustice.

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130Canada,CanadianRadio-televisionandTelecommunicationsCommission:CommunicationsMonitoringReport(October,2015)131Ibid.132Furtherdetailsregardingconnectivityintheseregionscanbefoundat:GovernmentofCanada,“ConnectivityforAboriginalandNorthernCommunitiesinCanada”online:<http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1352214337612/1353504776242?utm_source=connectivity&utm_medium=url>133PublicInterestAdvocacyCentre,NoConsumerLeftBehind:ACanadianAffordabilityFrameworkforCommunicationsServicesinaDigitalAge,byJohnLawfordandAlysiaLau(Ottawa:January2015)at72and75.134Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,LawSocietyofUpperCanada,“TakingActionagainstIllegalPractitioners”,online:http://www.lsuc.on.ca/with.aspx?id=2147486087.135Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,NoelSemple,LegalServicesRegulationattheCrossroads:Justitia'sLegions(EdwardElgarPublishing,2015)at119.136JenniferBond,DavidWiseman&EmilyBates,“TheCostofUncertainty:NavigatingtheBoundaryBetweenLegalInformationandLegalServicesintheAccesstoJusticeSector”(2016)25JL&SocPol’y1.137Ibidat23.138Ibidat14-15.139SarahKnapp,“CanLegalZoomBetheAnswertotheJusticeGap?”(2013)26GeoJLegEthics821at828.140DebraCassensWeiss,“OnlineinteractivelegaldocumentswouldbelegalinNorthCarolinaunderbillpassedbylegislature”(22June2016)<http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/online_interactive_legal_documents_would_be_legal_in_north_carolina_under_b>141AmericanBarAssociation,supranote27at41.142Ibid.143Ibid.144Ibid.145Ibid.146Rostainetal.,supranote104at746.147Bresciaetal.,supranote95at604,describingacollaborationbetweentheEmpireJusticeCenter,AlbanyLawSchool,andstudentsintheInformaticsDepartmentattheUniversityatAlbanythatresultedinaninteractive,web-basedapplicationtoassisthomeownersfacingforeclosureinNewYorkState.148MagedN.Boulosetal,supranote40at9.SeealsoTaraDonkeretal,“SmartphonesforSmarterDeliveryofMentalHealthPrograms:ASystematicReview,”2013JofMedicalInternetResearch15(11):1-13at9,findingasof2013,morethan3,000free,commercially-availablementalhealthappsavailablefordownload,comparedto8evidence-basedapps.149GulSeckinetal,“BeinganInformedConsumerofHealthInformationandAssessmentofElectronicHealthLiteracyinaNationalSampleofInternetUsers:ValidityandReliabilityofthee-HLSInstrument”(2016)JofMedicalInternetResearch18(7)at2.150Ibidat4.151Ibidat14.152Cabraletal.,supranote38at275-6.153Bresciaetal.,supranote95.154SelenaLucien,“Howdowemeasuretechnology'simpactonaccesstojustice?”NationalMagazine(3February2016)online:<http://www.nationalmagazine.ca/Blog/February-2016/How-do-we-measure-whether-technology-can-improve-a.aspx>.155Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“QuestionsandAnswersregardingtheapplicationofPIPEDA,AlbertaandBritishColumbia'sPersonalInformationProtectionActs”(November2004),online:https://www.priv.gc.ca/resource/fs-fi/02_05_d_26_e.asp.

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156Ibid.157Ibid.stating“Todate,Quebec,British-Columbia,Alberta,and,inmattersrelatingtohealthcare,Ontario,havepromulgatedlegislationdeemedsubstantiallysimilartothefederallaw.”158Canada,OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,SeizingOpportunity:GoodPrivacyPracticesforDevelopingMobileApps(October2012).159Ibid.160Ibid.161Ibid.162OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“GuidelinesforOnlineConsent”(May2014)163OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“TenTipsforCommunicatingPrivacyPracticestoYourApp’sUsers”(September2014)164UnitedStates,FederalTradeCommission,MobilePrivacyDisclosures:BuildingTrustThroughTransparency,StaffReport(February2013).165Ibid.166Ibid.167See,forexample,FutureofPrivacyForumandtheCenterforDemocracy&Technology,“BestPracticesforMobileApplicationsDevelopers”(July2012);andGSMAssociation,MobileandPrivacy:PrivacyDesignGuidelinesforMobileApplicationDevelopment(February2012)168OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“SecuringPersonalInformation:ASelf-AssessmentToolforOrganizations”,online:https://www.priv.gc.ca/resource/tool-outil/security-securite/english/AssessRisks.asp169FederalTradeCommission,“MobileAppDevelopers:StartwithSecurity”(February2013),online:https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/mobile-app-developers-start-security.170Ibid.171See,forexample,JennyGove,“PrinciplesofMobileAppDesign”(March2016),online:https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/articles/principles-of-mobile-app-design-introduction.htmlandAppleDeveloper,“UIDesignDo’sandDon’ts”,online:https://developer.apple.com/design/tips/.172See,forexample,AdrianMendoza,Mobileuserexperience:patternstomakesenseofitall,(Waltham:Elsevier,2014);JayEckert,“BestUserInterfaceDesignPracticesforTouchscreenDevices”(2016),ParachuteDesign,online:https://parachutedesign.ca/blog/best-user-interface-design-practices-for-touchscreen-devices/.173W3C,online:https://www.w3.org/.174W3C,“WebContentAccessibilityGuidelines(WCAG)2.0,”online:https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/.175W3C,“UnderstandingConformance,”online:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/conformance.html#uc-levels-head.Althoughonemightassumethattheideallevelofconformancerepresentsthemostrigorousstandard,W3CrecommendsagainstLevelAAAconformanceforentiresites,statingthatitisnotpossibletosatisfyallLevelAAAcriteriaforsomecontent.176W3C,“MobileAccessibility:HowWCAG2.0andOtherW3C/WAIGuidelinesApplytoMobile,”online:https://www.w3.org/TR/mobile-accessibility-mapping/.177Ibid.178S.O.2005,c.11.179Seesections9-19,onlineathttps://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/110191.180Ibidatss.14(2).181CanadianMedicalAssociation,GuidingPrinciplesforPhysiciansRecommendingMobileHealthApplicationstoPatients(Ottawa:2015),online:<https://www.cma.ca/Assets/assets-library/document/en/advocacy/cma_policy_guiding_principles_for_physicians_recommending_mobile_health_applications_to_patients_pd1-e.pdf>182Ibidat3-5.

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183CanadianNursesProtectiveSociety,“MobileHealthcareApps”,online:(2013)21:2at1<http://www.cnps.ca/upload-files/pdf_english/mobile_healthcare_apps.pdf>184http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2015/2015-06-09-new-policies-annual-meeting.page185PaulKrebsandDustinDuncan,“HealthAppUseAmongUSMobilePhoneOwners:ANationalSurvey,”20153(4)JofMedicalInternetResearchat2.186AmySalyzyn,“AppsandA2J:MappingtheOpportunitiesandRisks”,online:http://www.slaw.ca/2016/05/27/apps-and-a2j-mapping-the-opportunities-and-risks/.187AlexRobinson,“CanadianA2Jappsatthestartingline”LawTimes22August2016,online:http://www.lawtimesnews.com/201608225592/headline-news/legal-tech-now-part-3-canadian-a2j-apps-at-the-starting-line188JenaMcGill,“Accesstojusticeissue?There’sanappforthat”Globe&Mail,ReportonBusiness,pgB4,July13,2016,andonline:<http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/better-access-to-justice-in-canada-theres-an-app-for-that/article30887042/>.189TheActionGrouponAccesstoJustice(TAG),“CallforProposals:Connect,Create,Communicate–PublicLegalEducationandtheAccesstoJusticeMovement”,online:https://theactiongroup.ca/2016/06/call-for-proposals-connect-create-communicate-public-legal-education-and-the-access-to-justicemovement/?utm_content=bufferb3db9&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer

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56

AppendixB:SurveyofLawSocieties’ApproachestoA2JApps

ThefollowingsurveywassenttoallprovincialandterritoriallawsocietiesinCanada.

Questions

1. IstheLawSocietyawareofmobileandweb-basedappsinyourjurisdictionthatpurportfacilitateaccesstojusticebyproviding,forexample,legalinformation,legaladvice,documentdraftingservicesorevidencecollectionfunctions?

2. Ifso,doestheLawSocietyseeanyethicalrisksrelatingtotheuseofsuchapps?

3. HastheLawSocietyreceivedanycomplaintsorotherwiseinitiatedanyinvestigationsinrelationtosuchappsinyourjurisdiction?

4. DoestheLawSocietyhaveanyexistingguidanceorfeedbackrelatingtothedevelopmentand/oruseofsuchapps?

5. IsthereanythingelserelatingtothistopicthattheLawSocietywouldliketoaddthatisnotcoveredbytheabovequestions?

57

AppendixC:CanadianApps*pleaseseelimitationsnotedatpages9-10,above*CODESFOR“FUNCTION”COLUMN(1)legalinformation(2)administrativeinformation(forexample,courtinformationorlawyercontactinformation)(3)documentorformcreation(4)evidencecollection(5)legaladvice(6)self-help(7)otherApp Developer/Fo

under/SellerIntendedUser(s)

TypeofLaw Description Free Function

Attornedhttp://www.legalinnovationzone.ca/team/attorned/

JonathanDiFeo

Peoplelookingforlegaladviceandlawyersneedinglegalsupport

All Thisappservicesbothclientsandlawyers.Clientscanposttheirissuesonlineinsearchoflegalrepresentationandlawyerscanpostworkthatcanbebidonbyotherlawyers.

Priceunlisted

2

BardalFactorshttp://www.bardalfactors.ca

PGYAConsulting

Forthepublicandlawyers

Employment Thisapp“show[s]youtheresultsofcaseswhereCanadiancourtsapplytheBardalFactors.”[TheBardalfactorsarerelevantindetermininghowmuchnoticeorpayinlieuofnoticeanemployermustgivetoanemployee]

√ 1,6

BCLawsAPIhttp://www.bclaws.ca/civix/template/complete/api/index.html

ProvinceofBritishColumbia

Peopleconductinglegalresearch

All ThiswebappisanelectroniclibraryprovidingfreeandpublicaccesstothelawsofBC.Usersexperiencedirectandintegratedaccesstoalloftheprovinciallawsandregulationsinahighlystructureddataformatallunderanopengovernmentlicence.

√ 1

Beaglewww.beagle.ai

CianO'Sullivan

Contractingparties

Contract Thisisacontractreviewapp.Usingartificialintelligence,Beaglereadsacontract,highlightstheimportantinformation,andmakesiteasyforteamstoreviewtheircontractualdocuments.

Pricesavailableuponrequest

6,7

58

BlueJLegalwww.bluejlegal.com(currentlyinprivatebeta)

BenjaminAlare,BrettJansen,AnthonyNiblett,andAlbertYoon


Employment,immigration,tax,commercial,realestate

Thiswebsoftwareanalyzesfactsituationsusingdeep-learningandprovidesaanswerssupportedbyrelevantcaselawandmaterials.Thesystemalsogeneratesdetailedexplanationsandsuggestions.

N/A 1,5,6

CanadianLawAppshttp://www.canadianlawsite.ca/Law-Apps.htm

EarlSands


All ThisappoffersaccesstomobileversionsofCanadianlegislation,includingversionsoftheCanadianCharterandBillofRightsandFederalActs(e.g.theDivorceActandPIPEDA).

$2.99-$9.99/Act

1

CanLIIwww.canlii.org/en

Lexum Legalresearchers

All ThisappallowsuserstosearchandfindCanadiancaselawandjurisprudenceforfree.

√ 1

CivilResolutionTribunalwww.civilresolutionbc.ca

SharonSalter(ChairofTribunal);tribunalitselfcreatedbyprovinciallegislation

Self-representedindividuals

Tort,civildisputes,commercial,contract

Thisappisanonlinedisputeresolutionplatform(available24/7throughmobileorwebsite)inBCforresolvingsmallclaimsandstrataproperty(condo)disputes.

$25-$150

6

ConstitutionofCanadahttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/constitution-of-canada/id474339291?mt=8

CSCHildebrandGmbH

AnyonelookingtoreferencetheConstitution

Constitutionallaw

ThisappallowsforquickreferenceoftheCanadianConstitution.

√ 1

CopWatchhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/cop-watch-toronto/id757572626?mt=8

Pelau Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice

Criminal ThisappallowsuserstovideorecordpoliceinteractionsandwillautomaticallyuploadthevideostoYoutube.Theappalsoprovidesreferencematerialconcerningauser’srighttoobtainvideofootage.

√ 1,4

59

CourtsideEDXwww.edxontario.com

MichaelTweyman&ArinKlug

Lawyersandself-representedindividualsindiscovery

Litigation Thisappallowsfortheelectronicserviceofdocumentsincivillitigation.

Fromfreetoupto$15/mo

7

EasyBOAhttp://www.legalinnovationzone.ca/team/blue-cloud/

AsimIqbal

LawFirms All ThisapphelpslawfirmssavetimeandmoneybyproducingautomatedBooksofAuthorities(BOA).

Priceunlisted

3

FiredWithoutCause(BC)http://www.firedwithoutcause.com/

ParadigmShiftSolutionsInc.

Peoplewhohaveallegedlybeenimproperlyfired

Employment,labour,tort,contract

ThisisanonlinesystemthatdrawsfromthousandsofCanadiancourtcasestohelpaclaimantunderstandwhethertheiremployertreatedthemfairly.Theappalsohasaseverancepaycalculator.

√ 1,5,6

Jailbirdhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/jailbird-ios/id1033763662?mt=8

SacevichLawApps

Criminallawyers

Criminal ThisapphelpsCanadiancriminallawyerscomparetotalproposedsentencesinbothadultandyouthmatters.

$3.99 1,7

JusticeTranswww.justicetrans.com

BenjaminVandorpe(Founder)

Legalresearchersinterestedintransgenderrights

Humanrights,health,employment/labour,criminal

ThisappandwebsiteofferslegalinformationabouttransgenderrightsintheCanadiancontext.

√ 1

KabukLawwww.kabuklaw.com/en-ca

AshaSoares,LucasLitwiniuk,andBabakBagherizade

Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation

All Thisappconnectsuserswithlocallegalpractitioners.Userscanfindrepresentationbasedontheirlocation,reviewthelawyer’sprofileandrequestafreeconsultationin-app.

√ 2

LawScoutwww.lawscout.ca

DerekHopfner,ShaneMurphyandTravisHoulette

Smallbusinessownersandentrepreneursseekinglegaladvice

Business,CorporateCommercial,IP,Tax,Regulatory,Contract

Thisappconnectssmallbusinessestolawyerswhoworkonlineforfixedlegalfees.

$675-$1100(dependentonserviceorproduct)

3,5

LawyerLinxhttps://www.l

LawyerLinxInc.

Peoplelookingfor

All Describedas“alegalmarketplaceconnecting

√ 2

60

awyerlinx.com legalrepresentation

individualsandbusinesseswithquality,vettedlawyersandstreamliningondemandlegalservices”

LawyerLocateMobileApphttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/lawyerlocate-mobile-app/id465936835?mt=8

LawyerLocate.caInc


All Thisappisadirectoryoflawyerssearchablebypracticeareaandlocation.

√ 2

LegalAidApphttp://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/getting/legalaidapp.asp

LegalAidOntario

Lowincomepersonsseekinglegalrepresentation

Litigation ThisappallowsforpeoplewithlegalissuestoassesstheirfinancialeligibilityforLegalAid(partiallysubsidizedlegalrepresentation)inOntario.

√ 2

LegalHealthCheck-uphttps://www.legalhealthcheckup.ca/en/

HaltonCommunityLegalServices

Low-incomeindividuals

Multiple Thisisanonline"legalhealthcheck-up"tooltohelppeoplewhoarelivinginpovertyidentifypotentiallegalproblemsandgethelp.

√ 1,6

LegalSwipewww.legalswipe.com

ChristienLevien(Founder)andLegalSwipeInc(Developer)

Membersofpublicwhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice

Humanrights,constitutional,criminal,civilliberty

Thisappinformspeopleoftheirrightsduringinteractionswiththepolice.

√ 1,4

LegalAvehttp://www.legalave.ca/about-legalave

AlbertaLegalInformationSociety

Membersofthepublicandserviceproviders

Multiple Thisappprovideslegalinformationtothepublic.Italsoincludes“guidedpathways”whicharedescribedas“astep-by-stepapproachthatpointsuserstorelevantlegalinformationthatappliestothembasedontheiranswerstoaseriesofquestions.”

√ 1,6

LoomAnalyticshttp://www.loomanalytics.com/

MonaDatt(presidentandco-founder)

Litigators Litigation Thisapp“use[s]acombinationofmachinelearningandlegalanalysistoclassifycaselawalongmultiplevectorsallowingforstatisticalanalysis…[toallowusersto]seehowaparticularjudgehasruled

$25-$50/month

7

61

onspecificmotionsorclaimsattrial,whatkindsofcasesmakeittocourtmostfrequently,theaveragedecisionturnaroundtime,andtheaveragecostanddamageawardsbrokendownbycasetype.”

LSUCOntarioReportsApphttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.texterity.android.OntarioReports&hl=en

LSUC,LexisNexusandGtxcel(Developer)

Lawyers,legalacademicsandlawstudentslookingforlegalnews

Ontariocaselaw ThisonlineappisalegalmagazinethathostsleadingOntariocaselaw.ThemagazineissuescanbeaccessedofflineandreportfromallOntariocourtlevels.

√ 1

Mapyourpropertywww.mapyourproperty.com

DevinTu(CEO)

Propertyowners,realestatelawyers

Property Thiswebsolutionperformsmappingandanalyticsforthelanddevelopmentandrealestateindustry.Theonlinetoolstreamlinestheduediligenceprocessforanypropertieswithdevelopmentpotential.Italsoalertsusersofanyregulationsorrestrictionsassociatedwithapropertyandcompliesthemintoafullreport.

$495-$2095/mo

1,7

MyLegalBriefcasewww.mylegalbriefcase.com

MonicaGoyal

Membersofthepublic

Multiple Thisapphelps“ordinarypeopletohandletheircaseswithorwithoutalawyer”andprovidesassistance“inpreparingsimplelegaldocuments”

√ 1,3,6

MyLawBCwww.mylawbc.com

LegalServicesSociety,BC

Low-incomeindividualsinBritishColumbia

Familylaw Thisappprovides“guidedpathways”tohelpindividualsresolvefamilylawmatters;informationisalsoprovidedregardingavailableresourcesforlegaladvice..

√ 1,2,6

Nimonikwww.nimonik.com

Nimonikinc.

Employers,in-houselawyers,auditors

Employment/labour,tort,contract,regulatory

Thissolutionofferswebandmobileappsforenvironmentalhealth,safety,andqualitymanagers.Theappshostguideswithupdatestoregulatoryrequirements,

√ 1,4,6

62

industrybestpracticesandinternationalstandardsalong,andsoftwaretomonitorandreportoncomplianceperformance(allavailablein-app).

NotYourBabyhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.metrac.notyourbaby

MetropolitanActionCommitteeonViolenceAgainstWomenandChildren(METRAC)

Women,victimsofharassment/assault

Criminal Thisappisaninteractivegridthatguidesuserstoselectperpetratorsofharassmentanddetailsofwhenandhowtheharassmentoccurs.Theappthenrecommendsaresponsetothesituationbasedonsubmissionsfromotherusers.Italsoincludesfactsandpersonalstoriesofharassmentaswellasresourcesforthoseseekinghelp.

√ 6,7

OntarioSmallClaimsWizardwww.smallclaimswizard.com(currentlyinbeta)

RandyAlandSelenaLucien(Founders)

Self-representedlitigants

Tort,Civildisputes,Commercial,Contract

ThisappguidesindividualsstepbystepthroughsmallclaimsprocessesforOntariocourts.Itadvisesusersonwhichdocumentstheyneedtofilefortheirlegalissue,andallowsthemtocompleteformsforcourtprocessesonline.

N/A 1,3,6

Rangefindrhttp://www.rangefindr.ca

Nodeveloperlisted

Criminallawyers

Criminal Thislegalresearchtoolparsesthroughstatuteandcaselawquicklytoprovidecriminallawyerswithsentencingranges.Lawyersinputtheirfactualmatrixandareprovidedwithasentencingrangebasedoncaselawandstatute.

$79.00+HST/month

1

SOQUIJhttp://soquij.qc.ca

MinistryofJusticeofQuebec

Legalresearchers

All ThisapppublishesdecisionsfromjudicialandadministrativetribunalsinQuebec

√ 1

StandInwww.standin.is

AcmeLawCorp.

Lawyerswhocannotappearincourt

Litigation Thisappisanetworkoflawyersthatuseslocationservicestoconnectcounselwhoareavailabletoappearincourtforoneanother.

√ 7

SummonsApphttp://inside.tru.ca/2016/05/

TRULawStudents:ServeshJeet,

Lawyersandindividualswhohave

Litigation Thisappactsasaninterfacebetweencourtregistries,thepublic,andlawyersby

√ 2

63

12/law-app-could-revolutionize-court-scheduling/*currentlyindemomode*

NikitaShirazian,MeganSahlstrom,NawelBenrabah,HarmanBainsandHoutanSanandaji

ongoingcourtproceedings

allowingcourtadministratorstoprovideliveupdatesofcourtschedules.

SupportInformationExchange(SIX)http://www.supportinformationexchange.com/home.html

SupportInformationExchangeInc,

Familylawlawyersanddivorcees

Family Thisappguidesusersintheexchangeoffinancialrecordsindivorcecases.

$19.95or$39.95/year

1,6,7

Thistoowww.thistoo.co

MiralawInc. Selfrepresentedlitigantsinvolvedinfamilylawmatters

Familylaw Thisappisdevelopedforself-representedlitigantsindivorcecases.Itprovidesonlineaccesstoresources,tools,anddocumenttemplates.

$9.99-$199.99

1,3,5,6

WiseLiiwww.wiselaw.net/wiselii.html

GarryWise Legalresearchers

All Thisappaidslegalresearchers.Ithostslegalguides,caselawandlegislation.

√ 1

WorkplaceBCOHSRegulationhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/worksafebc-ohs-regulation/id447269458?mt=8

WorkaSafeBC.com

Lawyers,Employees,EmployersinBritishColumbia

Labour/employment,tort

ThisappallowsuserstosearchandbrowseOHSRegulation,Policies,GuidelinesandWCBStandards.(Availableforuseoffline).

√ 1

64

AppendixD:AmericanApps

*pleaseseeabove-notedlimitationsatpage9and10ofthisReport*CODESFOR“FUNCTION”COLUMNBELOW(1)legalinformation(2)administrativeinformation(forexample,courtinformationorlawyercontactinformation)(3)documentorformcreation(4)evidencecollection(5)legaladvice(6)self-help(7)otherApp Developer(s)/F

ounders/Sellers

IntendedUser(s)

TypeofLaw Description Free Function(s)

AccessFamilyLawhttps://www.accessfamilylaw.com

LaurenWestonandRogerTomlinson

Divorcees Family Thisappguidespartiesthroughathreestepprocesstofillandfiledivorcedocuments.

$200(divorcepackage)

3,6

ACLUofMissouriMobileJustice2.0https://www.aclu-mo.org/your-rights/mobile-justice/

AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion&Quadrant2,Inc.(developer)

Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice

Criminal Thisappisdesignedforfilmingencounterswithpoliceofficers.ThevideosaresecurelystreamedtotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionoftheStateandcannotbeeditedand/ordestroyed.Theappalsoincludes“KnowYourRights”guidesproducedbytheACLUoftheState.

√ 1,4,6

AdviseHubadvisehub.com

PalNatarajanandSanjayYadgirkar

PeopleseekingimmigrationtotheUS

Immigration Thesolutionconnectsuserswithlegaladvisorswhocanassistthemthroughimmigrationprocesses.

$50-140(dependantonphonecalllength)

2,3,5

AirHelphttps://www.airhelp.com/en/

HenrikZillmer Travellers Contract Thisappletsusersknowabouttheirrightswhentheirflighthasbeencancelled,overbookedordelayed,andthenassiststheminproducingthenecessarydocumentstobecompensated.

Chargesa25%administrativefeel

1,3,6

65

AltLegalhttps://www.altlegal.com

AltLegalInc.

Start-upsandBusinesseswantinglegalhelp

Commercial,Corporate

Thisappallows“businessesandstart-upstodescribetheirlegalissueinplainEnglish”onthewebappandcanbe“immediatelyconnectedtoadatabaseofvettedlawyerswhocanhelpwiththatparticularlegalissue”.Theapp“sortstheissueandconnectstheusertoexpertlayers”.“Thebusinessandlawyercanthenworktogetherthroughtheapp’sworkflowtoolsandthebusinesscanchoosetopaythelawyer”throughtheapp’splatform.https://www.altlegal.com

√ 1,2,5

ArbiClaimshttp://arbiclaims.com

Developernotlocated

Disputingparties

All Usersareconnectedwithqualifiedarbitratorsonlinewhoproduceabindingdecision.

$79-159/party

6

ArrestSOSarrestsos.com

Developernotlocated

Peoplebeingarrested

Criminal Theappleadsusersthroughthejailreleaseprocessbyconnectingthemwithadesignatedattorneyorbailbondagentbasedontheirgeolocation.Theappdeterminesthelocationoftheuserandthedesignatedattorneyorbailbondagentcommencestheuser’sbailprocessbeforetheyareevenbooked.

√ 2

AskaLawyer:LegalHelphttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.absmallbusinessmarketing.askalawyer&hl=en

ABMobileAppsLLC

Peoplewithlegalquestions

All Thisserviceprovidesadviceandinformationtousers’legalquestions.Usersasktheirquestionin-appandreceivefreelegaladviceviaemail.

√ 1,5

AttorneyProzhttp://www.mobogenie.com/download-attorney-proz-lawyer-search-1036906.html

PearWeb® Peoplelookingforlawyers

All Thisapplistslawyersworkingintheareaoftheuserbasedonlocation,whohavepaidtobelistedontheapp.

√ 2

AvooAdvisorhttps://www.avvo.com/advisor

Avoo Peoplewantinglegaladvice/counsel

All Thisappconnectscustomerswithattorneysbasedonthelegalproblemandtheattorney’sspecializationfor15-minutelegalconsultations.

$39.00

2,5

66

BernieSezhttps://berniesez.com

TerenceMcNally&JamesYoung

Peoplechargedwithtrafficviolations

Criminal(traffic) Usersuploadaphotoofatrafficticketandenterbasicinformation(ie:offencecode,city,state,ticketnumber),andlawyersconnectedtotheapppresentcompetingofferstorepresenttheuser.Userscompareoffersandselecttheirattorneyofchoice.

√ 2

BloombergLawhttp://www.bna.com/bloomberglaw/app

BloombergBNA

Legalprofessionalsconductinglegalresearch

All Thisapp“deliversnewsandanalysis[forlawyers]tostayontopofthedevelopmentsimpacting[their]work”.Personalizedupdatescanbecreated.AlsouserscanreceivethelatestBloombergLawalertsforlegalandnewssearchesandeasilytrackdockets,opinionsorbillsintheirinterestarea.http://www.bna.com/bloomberglaw/app

√ 1

BlueLinehttps://blueline.blue

TJCAutomationInc


All Thisappisadesktop-basedprogram“designedforlawyerstocheckcitations,quotationsandpincites”.Theapp“provideslawyerswithamarkupoftheirdocumentsandconnectsthemwithasignificantbodyoffreecaselaw”.https://blueline.blue

√(60dayfreetrial)

1,7

BluetreeLegalConnecthttp://www.bluetreelegal.com/

Developernotlocated

Vietnamesespeakinguserswhowanttofileforbankruptcy

Bankruptcy Vietnamesespeakingusersareconnectedtoattorneysafterfillingoutpersonalquestionnaires.Theappthenaidstheuserandattorneyinschedulingameetingandgrantstheusersafree30minconsultation.

√ 2

BridgeUShttp://www.bridge.us

RomishBadaniandForrestBlount

PeopleseekingimmigrationtotheUS

Immigration Thisappconnectsuserswithimmigrationattorneyswhoassistusersincompletingdocumentsandcompilingthenecessaryinformation.


1,2,3

Cakehttps://www.joincake.com/welcome/

CakeInc Individuals Health Thiswebappallowsuserstodiscoverendoflifepreferencesandstorethemsecurely.Usersproduceprofilesoftheirendoflifewisheswithacoachwhoguidesthemthroughplanningresources.

$14.99/moor$119.99/session

1,7

67

CameraVhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.witness.informacam.app&hl=en

TheGuardianProject

Peoplewantingtocollectevidenceontheirmobiledevice

All Thisappallowsusers“tocaptureandshareverifiablephotosandvideoproofonasmartphoneortabletwhilekeepingthisinformationsecureandprivate”.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.witness.informacam.app&hl=en

√ 4

Casetexthttps://casetext.com

JakeHeller(FounderandCEO)LauraSafdie(COOandGeneralCounsel)PabloArredondo(VPLegalResearch)


All Thisapp“consolidatesuser-generatedannotationsofcaselaw,linkingittoothersourcesandupvotingusefulsources”.“Contributorsarecreditedfortheirworkandtheyreceivereputationpointsbasedonhowmanyupvotesordownvotestheyreceive.Additionally,theapphostsafeaturethatallowsuserstofollowcasesofinterestinasimpleformat”.https://casetext.com

√ 1

Cicaydahttps://cicayda.com

CicaydaLLC Peoplelookingtoreviewandsharelegaldocumentsonline

All Thisisaweb-basedappfocusedoneDiscovery.Theplatformallowsclientstoreviewdocumentswithadvancedtextsearch,relationshipanalyticsvianaturallanguageprocessing,earlycaseassessment,discoveryproductionanalyzer,ediscoverybudgetingmoduleandafastsearchengine.


1,4,6

CitizenshipWorkshttps://www.citizenshipworks.orghttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/citizenshipworks/id666058919?mt=8

ImmigrationAdvocatesNetwork,ImmigrantLegalResourceCentre,ProBonoNet,

UScitizenshipapplicants

Immigration Thisappguidesusersthroughthestepsofacitizenshipapplication.Ifusersfaceanyproblemstheyareconnectedwithlegalhelpforfree.Also“includesusefulanduniquefeatures,includingtoolstohelppeopleprepareforcitizenshiptests(likereadingandwritingquizzesandtouchflashcards),calculatorstotracksavings,multimediafunctionality(usingaudiotodictatephrasestobewritteninEnglish),[and]legalassistancelocatedneartheuser”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/citizenshipworks/id666058919?mt=8

√ 2,3,5,6

68

Clearpathhttp://www.myclearpath.com

FeliceGorordo(CEO)andMitchGrimes(ChiefProductOfficer)

Potentialimmigrants

Immigration ThisprogramallowsimmigrantstoapplytofillandfilenaturalizationformsandDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsdocumentsonline.Userschoosetheformtheywouldliketocomplete,canbrowseFAQsections,andareinstructedonhowtoprintandfilethedocumentsforgovernmentreview.Thedocumentsarereviewedforcommonmistakes.

$100–200/form

1,3,6

Clerkyhttps://www.clerky.com

ChrisField(co-founder)DarbyL.Wong(co-founderandCEO)

Start-upsneedingtocompletelegaldocuments

Corporate,Patent,Copyright,Commercial,Contract,&Tech

Thisappisaimedatstart-upbusinesses.Theapphelpsthemproducenecessarylegaldocumentation(e.g.incorporation,employeedocuments,NDAs,etc.)withaformslibrary,automaticdocumentassembly,onlinesignaturecapabilities,etc.

$29-$299(dependingonservice)

1,3

CollateralConsequencesCalculatorhttp://calculator.law.columbia.edu

ColumbiaLawSchool

Legalexperts

Criminal Thisappwasdevelopedforjudges,legalacademicsandlawyers.“ItcanprovideapreliminaryoverviewofthecollateralconsequencesassociatedwithsectionsoftheNewYorkStatePenalLaw.”http://calculator.law.columbia.edu

√ 1

Concordhttp://www.concordnow.com

MattLhoumeauandFlorianParain

Contractingparties

Contract Thisplatformfeaturese-signature,onlinecollaborativeediting,deadlinealerts,contractmanagementandcontractcompliancetools.

$24.99–49.99/mo

3,7

ContractCloudhttp://www.contractcloud.com

ContractCloud,Inc.

Contractingparties

Contract Thisprogramallowscontractingpartiestousevideotofinalizecontractsinsteadofphysicalore-signatures.“Videoisthemosteffectivewaytoimprove…witnesscontractualunderstanding”.http://www.contractcloud.com

N/A 6,7

ContractRoomhttp://contractroom.com

EmilStefanuttiandPeterThomson

Contractingparties

Contract Thisapplicationallowsuserstoproduceandcollaborateonmultipartycontracts.Userscan“definecollaborativeeditingrulesanddeploypre-approvedlegalcontenttoexpediteagreement-buildingand

$9/user/mo

3,7

69

approvals”andexecutecontractsonlineusingathirdpartye-signaturetool.http://contractroom.com/#features

Corporizehttp://corporize.com

Developernotlocated

Businessandindividualsseekingcorporatelawadvice

Corporate Thisappisaninternationallegaldirectorythatconnectsclientswithcorporatelawyers.

√(chargesforpremiumversion)

2

Counslhttps://www.counsl.co

CounslCo Lawyers Contract Thisprogramintegrateslawyergeneratedformsintoe-documentsandcollectsclientinformationandpopulateslegaldocumentsautomatically.

Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonfirmsize)

3,7

CourtListenerhttps://www.courtlistener.com

SponsoredbyFreeLawProject(non-profit)BrianWCarver(CoFounder)MichaelLissner(CoFounderandLeadDeveloper)

Peoplewantingtofollowfederalandstatejudgements

All Thisappisafreedatabaseoffederalandstatecourtopinions.Italsoallowsuserstocreatecasealertstotrackdevelopmentsonagivencase.

√ 1

CrowdLawhttps://www.crowdlaw.net

CrowdLaw Peopleinneedoffinancialassistancetoobtainlawyers

All Thisplatformisa“digitalfundraisingsolutionthatempower[s]”communitymemberstosupportclientsinneedoffinancialsupporttosecurelegalhelp.https://www.crowdlaw.net

√ 7

70

DCAffordableLawFirm–Intake&EligibilityAdvisorhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/alf-intake

StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogicInc

LowincomeindividualsinDC

All ThisprogramassesseswhetherindividualsinDCqualifyforfreelegalservices(basedonincome)andthenconnectsthemwithlawyersofferingtheseservices.

√ 2,7

Debt&EvictionNavigator(DEN)https://applications.neotalogic.com/a/jasa-den


Peoplewithalandlord-tenantorconsumerdebtdispute

Landlord-tenant,ConsumerDebt

Thiswebappenablesuserstofigureoutiftheyhavealandlordtenantissueoraconsumerdebtissuethatshouldbeaddressed.Italsoprovidesuserswithresourcessothattheycanlearnmoreaboutheissueandstepstheycantakethemselves,andfinally,connectsuserswithlegalserviceprovideswhomaybeabletohelpthemtakeaction.

√ 1,2,6

DisasterAssistance&Recovery(DART)https://applications.neotalogic.com/a/dart


Peoplewhoexperiencenaturaldisaster

All Thisapplicationassistsusersinconnectingwithdisasterassistanceresources,assesseswhetherusersareeligibleforgrantsandloansandguidesthemonhowtoapplyforfinancialassistance.

√ 1,2,7

Dlawhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bigtwit.dlaw.main&hl=en

AppsoftTechnologies

Legalexperts

All Thisappisalegalreferencetoolforlawyers,lawstudentsandprofessionals.Itincludesfederalrulesofcivilprocedure,evidence,appellateprocedure,criminalprocedure,bankruptcyprocedureandtheUSconstitution.

√ 1

Docasaurushttp://www.docasaurus.com

Developernotlocated

Corporatelawyers

Contract Thisisadocumentautomationsoftwarethatallowsuserstouploadtheirownformdocumentsandturnthemintotemplates.

Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonprojectsize)

3,6,7

71

DocketAlarmhttps://www.docketalarm.com

MichaelSander(FounderandCEO)

PeopleinvolvinginmattersbeforeaCourt

All Thisappisa“litigationactivityalertservicethatnotifiestheuserwheneverachangehappenstoacourtcasethattheyarefollowing”.“Theservicebringsallactivecasestooneplacewheretheuserwillreceivenoticeswhenfilingshappens,whendeadlinesareapproachingorwhencourtappearanceshavebeenmoved”.https://www.goclio.com/features/integrations/docket-alarm/

$99/month(flatfee)orpay-as-yougo.

2

DocketMinderhttps://loyolalawtech.org/docketminder/about

NicholasZottiMichaelTassinLoyolaLawClinic

Criminallawyers

Criminal ThisappisdesignedforattorneyshandlingcriminalcasesinNewOrleans.Aftertheattorneyinputstheclient’scasenumber,theappcheckstheOrleansParish’sDocketMasterdailyforupdatestothecase.

√ 2

DocumentIt!https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/document-it!/id669059716?mt=8

NationalFamilyJusticeCenterAlliance

Victimsofstrangulation

All Theapplicationis“designedtohelpwomendocumentincidentsofstrangulationandreferencesofanevent”.Userscan“gatherasmuchdetailaspossibleusingamobileapplicationandsubmitevidencetolawenforcementofficersortoanattorneywithaclickofabutton”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/document-it!/id669059716?mt=8

$1.99 4,6

DocumenttheAbusehttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ieaa/id538084573?mt=8

SusanMurphyMilano(creator),AllenCorporationofAmerica,Inc(seller)

Victimsofdomesticviolence

Criminal Thisapp“empowersthosewhohaveexperiencedintimatepartnerviolence”.Theappprovidesusers“withastep-by-stepmethodtocreateandrecordtheirEvidenceAbuseAffidavitusinganiPadoriPhone”.Theapp“walkspotentialvictimsthroughtheprocessofcreatingtheirownvideotestimonyandthensecurelytimestampsthevideotoproveitsexistence”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ieaa/id538084573?mt=8

$9.99 4,6

72

DOLTimesheethttps://www.dol.gov/general/apps/timesheet

USDepartmentofLabour

Employees Labour&Employment

Thisappis“atimesheettorecordthehoursthatyouworkandcalculatetheamountyoumaybeowedbyyouremployer.Italsoincludesovertimepaycalculationsatarateof1.5theregularrateofpayforallhoursworkedover40inaworkweek”.(Doesnotincludetips,commissions,bonuses,deductions,holidaypay,payforweekends,shiftdifferentials,orpayforregulardaysofrest).TheappisavailableinEnglishandSpanish.https://www.dol.gov/general/apps/timesheet

√ 4,6

Doxpophttps://www.doxpop.com/prod/

DoxpopLLC PeopleconductinglegalresearchinIndiana

All Thisappprovidesaccessto“over25,244,159casesfrom348courtsin88Indianacounties”.https://www.doxpop.com/prod/

√ 1

DraftLawhttps://www.draftlaw.com(appearstocurrentlybeinbeta)

DraftLaw,LLC Litigators All Thisappassistslawyersindraftinglitigationpapers.Theappautomaticallyformatsbriefstobecompliantwithcourtrulesandgeneratestablesofcontentsandauthorities.

√ 3

DueProcessrhttp://dueprocessr.org/courtcal/

DavidZvenyach,WilliamLi&DavidColarusso

PeoplewantingtodeterminetheireligibilityforindigentlegalservicesPeoplewantingtocalculatestateprisonsentencesforcriminaloffences

Criminal ThisappallowsuserstodeterminetheireligibilityforindigentlegalservicesinMassachusetts,andforcriminaldefendantstocalculatetheirstateprisonsentences.

√ 1,6

EasyNDAhttps://www.easynda.com/#3rdPage

EasyNDAInc. ContractingParties

Contract Thisappallowsuserstodraft,negotiateandsignnondisclosureagreementsonline.

$4-$79/month

3,6

73

Equalyzrhttp://www.equalyzr.com

SamOwens&FreemanLLC

Peoplewantingtofileadiscriminationclaim

Civil ThisappallowsuserstobuildadiscriminationreportthatissubmittedtoaCivilRightsattorney.Usersinputcontactinformationandfillaquestionnaireabouttheirexperiencebeingdiscriminatedagainst.Theythenrecordavideooftheirexperiencethatissenttoanattorneyandreviewed.

√ 1,2,3,4,6

eRegulationshttp://www.consumerfinance.gov/eregulations/

ConsumerFinancialProtectionBureau

Peopleresearchingforfederallaws

All Thisappisapublicdomainprojectthatseekstomakefederalregulationseasytounderstandandnavigate.

√ 1

Everplanshttps://www.everplans.com/#/?_k=7skgls

Beyondly,Inc Individuals WillsandEstates,Family,Health

Thiswebappallowsuserstoproduceandarchivewills,trusts,insurancepolicies,healthandmedialinformation,AdvanceDirectivesandDNRs,finalwishesandfuneralpreferences.Usersreceiveguidanceonhowtocompleteeachform,alongwithresourcesandchecklists,andeachdocumentcanbesharedsecurely.

√ 3

Evidpredicateshttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/evidpredicates/id390360684?mt=8

AnthonyShorter

Individualsengagedinlitigation.

Litigation(Evidence)

Thisappisareferenceguideforcourtroomevidentiaryfoundations.Userscan“reviewpredicatescommonlyusedingettingevidenceadmittedbylayingtheproperfoundation”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/evidpredicates/id390360684?mt=8

$1.99 1,6

ExpertBidshttps://expertbids.com

Developernotlocated


All Thissiteconnectsuserswithattorneysbasedonprice,experience,practiceareaandlocation.Theprogramisalsoaplatformforcommunicationbetweenthelawyerandclient.Clientscanalsoratetheirexperiencewiththelawyerthroughtheprogram,whichisavailabletootherpotentialclients.

√ 2

74

ExpungeMaryland.orghttp://www.expungemaryland.org/about

AdvocatesforChildrenandYouthMarylandOfficeofthePublicDefenderCathyDeng(developer)

Peoplewithcriminalrecords

Criminal ThisisanappcreatedforpeoplewithcriminalrecordsinMaryland.Theappaimstoclarifycriminalexpungement.Itallowsuserstofillasimplequestionnairetodeterminewhethertheircaseisexpungeable.

√ 1,6

Expungement-Generatorhttps://www.expungementgenerator.org/

CommunityLegalServices,Inc(Philadelphia)


Criminal Thisappisatoolthatallowsnon-legaluserstoautomaticallydraftexpungementpetitions.

√ 1,3,6

Expungement.iohttp://www.expunge.io

CathyDeng(developer)MikvaJuvenileJusticeCouncil(Chicago)KnightFoundation

Peoplewithjuvenilerecords

Criminal ThisappisaresourceforpeoplewithjuvenilerecordsinIllinois.Userscandeterminewhethertheyareeligibletohavetheirjuvenilerecordsexpunged,andapplyforjuvenileexpungementin-app.

√ 1,3,6

EzVsahttp://ezvsa.com

ConsultAddInc PotentialimmigrantstotheUS

Immigration Thisappassistspotentialimmigrantscompilenecessarydocumentsandcompletevisaapplications.Alsoservicesavailableforlawyers.

√(feesassociatedwithlawyerservices)

2,3

FairDocumenthttp://www.fairdocument.com

JasonBrewster(ChiefExecutive)

Lawyers All Thisservice“providessolutionsforvirtualizinglegalteams,handlingonlineintakeandtrackingclientactivity”.http://www.fairdocument.com

Pricesavailableuponrequest(basedonservicerequired)

7

FindACasehttp://findacase.com

VersusLaw Peopleresearchingthelaw

All Thisappprovidesfreeaccesstofederalandstatecases,specificallytargetedatthegeneralpublictohelplayusersunderstandalegalissuebeforetheyconsultanattorney.

√($7.95ifwanttoaccess“complete

1,6

75

case”,includingdocketnumber,footnotes,etc.

Fixedhttps://techcrunch.com/2016/06/15/fixed-the-app-that-helps-you-fight-tickets-gets-acquired-by-a-law-firm/

DJBurdickandDavidHegarty

Peoplechargedwithtrafficviolations

Trafficoffenses Givesusersafreeestimateofthelegalcostsassociatedwithchallengingatrafficoffenceandthelikelihoodoftheirinsurancecostsincreasingand,ifrequired,willmatchtheticketwithanattorney.Theuserthendecideswhethertoacceptthematchedattorney.

√ 2,6

ForceForGoodhttp://www.publiccounsel.org/pages/?id=0053

PublicCounselLawCenter

LawyersseekingprobonofilesClientsseekingrepresentation

All ThisappconnectsPublicCounselrepresentatives(probonolawyers)withclients.Userscanrequestlegalaidthroughtheapp,lawyerscanvolunteerthroughtheappandpickupcasesandcanstayconnectedwithcasestheyarealreadyworkingonbybuildingreports.

√ 2

ForeclosureGuidehttp://www.empirejustice.org/issue-areas/consumer/mortgage-lending--foreclosure-prevention/foreclosure-guide.html

EmpireJusticeCentreCollegeofComputingandInformation(UniversityofAlbany)&GovernmentLawCenteratAlbanyLawSchool

Peoplepotentiallyfacingforeclosure

RealEstate Thisappisaguidedesignedtoempowerhomeownerswithknowledgeofthemortgageforeclosureprocesssotheycandotheirbesttopreventthelossoftheirhomethroughforeclosure.Thetoolprovidesinformationabouttheprocessandguideshomeownersthroughthestepsthattheymusttaketodefendthemselves.

√ 1,6

HandsUpApphttp://www.handsuptheapp.com

DuncanKirkwood(creator)

Peoplestoppedbythepolice

Criminal Thisapppermitsvideoandaudiorecordingofencounterswithlawenforcement.Oncepulledoverbyapoliceofficer,theappistobeturnedon,engagingthefrontfacingcamera.Theapprecordswhilethescreenisblacktoprotectusersfrompolicethatmaketakeordestroythephone.TheappthenusesaGPSfeatureandwillgeotagthevideos.Theappwillthensavevideosevery

$1.17 1,4,6,7

76

twominutesofrecordingtoYoutubeandDropbox,andwillsendtheusers’emergencycontactanotificationthatavideohasbeenuploaded.

HeatSeekhttp://heatseek.org

See,here,forlistofcoreteammembers(http://heatseek.org/team/)

Tenants Landlord/Tenant ThisappallowsuserstoinstallaHeatSeektemperaturesensorintheirdwellingwhichsendsinformationtotheapp.Theappwillnotifyuserswhenheatingcodeviolationsoccurandiftherearerecurringpatternsofabuse.

√ 4

I-CAN!Legal(TheInteractiveCommunityAssistanceNetwork)http://www.legalican.com

LegalAidSocietyofOrangeCountyfundedbythefederalLegalServicesCorporation

PeopleaccessingtheCourtsinOrangeCounty

All Thisweb-basedappfillsoutcourtformsforclientsbyaskingthemsimplequestionsandinputtingthisdataintotheformsinthecorrectplace.Itcanalsoprintinstructionstoadviseclientsonwhattodowiththeformsandhowthecourtprocessworks.(InCaliforniatheappcanalsoprovidee-filingofcertaincourtforms).

√ 1,3

I’mGettingArrestedhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=us.quadrant2.arrested&hl=en

Quadrant2,Inc.


Criminal ThismobileappwasinspiredbyanOccupyWallStreetincidentbetweenaprotesterandthepolice.TheappenablesuserstobroadcastacustommessagetoSMSnumbersintheeventthattheyarearrested,includingageotagforthemessage.Theappcurrentlysupports:Arabic,Basque,Catalan,English,French,German,Hindi,Italian,Japanese,Portuguese,Romanian,Russian,SpanishandTurkish.

√ 6,7

ICEBlackboxhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ice-blackbox/id629336149

ICEBlackBox,IncinpartnershipwithNationalSheriffsAssociationandNationalNeighborhoodWatch

Victimsofviolence

All Thisapp“sendsauser’saudio,videoandGPSinformationtoasecureserverwhereitbecomesapermanentrecordofthreateningsituations.Videoscannotbedeletedfromthedevice,preventinganattackerfromforcingausertodeleteanincidentagainsttheirwill.”Theappfeaturesinclude:onebuttonstreamingofaudio,videoandGPS,in-app911diallingwithauto-notificationstoemergencycontacts,reviewandsharevideosfunctionbytextoremail

√ 2,4

77

andvideoscannotbedeletedwithintheapp.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ice-blackbox/id629336149

iDisclosehttp://idisclose.com

iDiscloseLLC Smallbusinessandindividualsraisingcapital

Contract,Corporate

ThisappempowersindividualsandsmallbusinessesraisingcapitaltoshieldthemselvesfrominvestorsuitsandSECactions.Theapphoststemplatestolegalformsforcapitalraisinglikegeneralsolicitationandcrowdfundingdocumentsandallowsuserstocompletethesedocumentswithoutaccruinglegalfees.

$250-2500/form

3,6

IFJDhttp://www.courts.phila.gov/mobile/andhttps://itunes.apple.com/app/ifjd/id423005525?mt=8

FirstJudicialDistrictofPennsylvania

PeoplewhosecriminalmattersareinthePhiladelphiaCourts

Criminal ThismobileappdisplaysthehearinglistsfortheTrialDivision-Criminal(fromthePhiladelphiaCourts).

√ 2

IllinoisLegalAidhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.LegalAidApp&hl=en

IllinoisLegalAidOnline

PeopleseekinginformationonIllinoislawandconnectiontosocio-legalorganizations

All Thisappwasdesignedfornonlawyers.ItisafieldguidetoIllinoislaw,withsimplifiedlegaltoolsforissueslikedivorce,custody,criminalrecords,smallclaims,eviction,foreclosure,unemployment,namechange,guardianship,etc.This“plainlanguagelegalinformationincludesFAQs,step-by-stepinstructionsandreferralstohelpfulorganizations”.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.LegalAidApp&hl=en

√ 1

IllinoisLegalAidMobileApphttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.probono231&hl=en


ResidentsofIllinois

Family,Criminal,Civil,RealEstate,Property

Thisappwasmadefornon-lawyerstounderstandlegaltoolsforissueslikedivorce,custody,criminalrecords,smallclaims,eviction,foreclosure,unemployment,namechange,guardianship,etc.Usingplainlanguagelegalinformationin“FAQs,stepbystepinstructions,andreferralstohelpfulorganizers”,thisappishelpfulfor“families,consumers,workers,tenants,landlords,

√ 2,5

78

homeowners”,etc.,inIllinois.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.probono231&hl=en

IllinoisProBonohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/illinois-pro-bono-app/id470688999?mt=8


LawyersseekinginformationonIllinoislawandavailableprobonofiles

All ThisappprovidesattorneyswithaprimeronIllinoislaw,avolunteeropportunitysearchfunctionforlawyersseekingprobonowork,andacalendarofupcominglegalevents.Additionally,itprovidestrainingandsupportforvolunteerworkthroughcomprehensiveguidesondivorce,custody,mortgageforeclosure,landlord/tenant,civilprocedure,consumerlaw,etc.

√ 1,2,7

iProBonohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/iprobono/id495613533

ArkansasAccesstoJusticeFoundation,Inc.

Lawyersseekingprobonofiles

All Thisappconnectslawyerstolow-incomeArkansans.Theappsortstheprobonocasesbasedonlegaltopicandcounty.

√ 2

Ironcladhttps://www.ironcladapp.com

IroncladInc. Contractingparties

Contract Userscangeneratelegaldocumenttemplatesandbrowsetheapp’ssavedtemplatesincludingNDAandsalescontracts.

Freeto$199/mo

3,6

JammedUphttp://www.jammedup.com

Developernotlocated


All Userspostfactsabouttheircaseandattorneyscanchoosetopickupthecasebasedonexpertise,availabilityandpricing.Usersreviewtheoffersandchoosethebestattorneyfortheirmatter.

√ 2

Justiahttps://www.justia.com

TimStanley(CEO)StaceyStern(President)


All Thisappprovidesadatabaseoffreecaselaw,codesandregulations.

√ 1

LawKickhttps://lawkick.com

AaronGeorge,MichaelChasin,andStasBaydakov


All Thisappconnectsindividualswithlawyersbasedonthelegalproblem/questiontheindividualhasandthepricetheyarewillingtopay.

√ 2

LawMixerhttp://lawmixer.com

Developernotlocated

Peoplewhohavelegalquestions

All Thiswebappproduceslegalanswersandadviceusingartificialintelligenceandmachinelearninganalytics.Userswriteabouttheirlegalproblemandtheappimmediatelyproduces

√ 1,5,6

79

legalinformationabouttheproblem.

LawBoxhttp://www.lawbox.com

NicholasZeltzer&PaulKerschen

Legalprofessionalsconductingresearchandproducinglegaltexts

All Thisappisa“documentsolutionswebapp”,“specializingine-publishingforthelegalmarket”.Theapp“producesdigitalbenchbooks”,“providesmobileresearchforlegalorganizations”and“developsutilitiesforiOSandMac”.http://www.lawbox.com

√ 1,7

LawDealhttps://lawdeal.com

LawDealLLC Individuals Contract,WillsandEstates

Thiswebappallowsuserstoproducetheirownlegaldocuments.

√ 3,6

LawDeeDahttps://www.lawdeeda.com

LawDeeDaLLC Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation

All Thisisadirectoryofattorneysthatislistedbypracticeareaandlocation.

√ 2

Lawgerhttp://lawger.com

Developernotlocated


All Usersinputtheirlegalproblemandlawyersregisteredwiththeprogramthenbidonthecase.Userscanthenelectwhichattorneytheywouldliketohaverepresentthem.

√ 2

LawGiveshttps://www.lawgives.com

Legal.io Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation

Business,Immigration,Employment,FamilyandIntellectualProperty

Usersinputtheirlegalproblemandthesitegeneratesfreequotesandconsultationsfromregisteredattorneys.

√ 2

LAWLIBEhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lawlibe/id403807492?mt=8

FitzCollings


All Thisapp“comespreloadedwiththeUSConstitution.Userscanthendownloadadditionallegalcontentdirectlyintotheapp,includingtheUSCode,CodeofFederalRegulations,StateStatutes,theManualofPatentExaminingProcedure,etc.”https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lawlibe/id403807492?mt=8

√ 1

LawNearMe.comhttps://lawnearme.com

Developernotlocated


All Thisisadirectoryofattorneysthatislistedbypracticeareaandlocation.Userscanalsovideochatwiththeirattorneysandpostreviewsabouttheirexperience.

√ 2

80

LAWSAUCEhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.lawsauce.droid&hl=en

NatalieWielandRuthBird

Lawyers All Thisapp“islikeaGPSforlawyers.Itisane-resourcelocatordevelopedtoquicklylocatetherightwebresourceforlegaltasks.Thisway,lawyerscanfindtherightlegaltoolsquicklyandcanknowwhatthebestresourceisforagiventask.”https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.lawsauce.droid&hl=en

$3.08 1

LawTakehttp://www.lawtake.com

SuzanneNatbonyandMichaelNatbony

Peoplelookingtoresolvetheirownlegalissues

All Userscanbrowsethroughlegalissuesandwatchfree,informativevideostohelpthemresolvetheirlegalproblem.Theycanthenpurchasemoreindepthvideostoaidthemwithresolution.

√ 1,6

Lawtradeshttps://www.lawtrades.com

LawTradesInc Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation

Business,IntellectualProperty,EmploymentandContract

Usersinputinformationabouttheirlegalprojectandreceivepricequotesandlocalattorneys.Userscancommunicateviatheappandviewtheirlegalhistorywithatimeline.

√ 2,7

LawyerUphttps://lawyerupnow.com

UbiquitousLegalTechnology,LLC

Peoplestoppedandchargedbythepolice

Criminal Thisappconnectsuserswhohavepre-downloadedthemobileappwithlocallawyersin15minutesorless.Afteropeningtheapptheuserinputstheoffencetheyarechargedwith,andtheoperatorwillconfirmtheusersidentity,recordgeolocation,numberandimmediatelydispatchalawyertotendtothematter.Byexample,thelawyerwillimmediatearrangeforabondsman.Allservicesarenottoexceedonebillablehour.

$4.95/mo

2

LawZamhttps://www.lawzam.com

LawZamLLC

Peoplelookingtobeconnectedwithlegaladvice

All Thisappcreatesa“platformforfreelegalconsultationsbyvideoconference”.“Thismakestheprocessoffindingalawyereasyastheapphasaselectionofattorneysregisteredwiththeservice.Theseattorneysdonotchargefeesforinitialconsultationsandnoobligationsaretiedtouserswhohaveafreeconsultation.LawZamdoesnotdealwiththefinancialtransactionsbetween

√ 2

81

usersandregisteredattorneys.Itismerelyaplatformforcommunication.”https://www.lawzam.com

LegalClickhttps://www.legalclick.com

LegalClickLLC Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation

All Thisplatformallowsuserstofindalocallawyerthroughitsdirectory.Clientscanalsoeditassembleandsignlegaldocumentsandpaytheirfeesthroughtheplatform.

√ 2,7

LegalCrunch!http://www.legalcrunch.com

LegalCrunch,Inc


Criminal Thissiteprovidesflatfeelegalservicesthatdirectusersthroughtheexpungementprocessonline.

$200 1,3,5,6

LegalEdgehttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/legal-edge/id333365053?mt=8

JDSupra.com Peopleconductinglegalresearch

All Thisappallowsusers“tostayontopofthelatestlegaldevelopmentstheymightbeinterestedinwithupdates,newsalertsandcasefilingsfromthenation’slegalprofessionals”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/legal-edge/id333365053?mt=8

√ 1

LegalLexiconhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.legallexicon&hl=en

DK Peopleconductinglegalresearch

All Thisappprovideseasyaccesstocomplexlegalterminology.Itfeaturesalargerepositoryoflegalterms,maximsandphrasesandallowsuserstosearchforspecificwordsandaddwordstoalistofbookmarks.

√ 1

LegalProofhttp://legalproofapp.netandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/legal-proof/id979010945?mt=8

OmegaOrtegaLLC&TomOrtegaII(Creator)

Peopleinvolvedincivilsuits

Civil Thisappallowsusers“tocollectandshare(viaemail)evidencethatmaybeneededinaciviltrial”.First,theappinformsusersaboutwhatkindofevidencetheyneedtocollectbasedontheirlegalproblem.Second,theapptellsuserswhattypeofprooftheyshouldcollect,andfinally,userscanusetheirphonecameratocapturetheproof,fileitontheappandshareitwiththeirlawyerortheotherpartybyemail.http://legalproofapp.net

√ 4

LegalReachhttp://www.legalreach.com

LegalReach,LLC


All Usersinputkeywordsabouttheirlegalissueandareconnectedwithlawyersinthatpracticearea.

√ 2

82

LegalRobothttps://www.legalrobot.comandhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/legal-robot/id1072408741?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo=4

LegalRobot,Inc

Contractingparties

Contract Thismachinelearning-poweredtoolenablesuserstoreviewcontractsbeforetheyexecutethembypointingouterrorsandpotentiallegalproblemsinthedocument.Thealgorithmstestforfairnessandriskallocationsoallpartiesareawareoftheterms.

Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonservice).Downloadofmobileappisfree

6,7

LegalTaphttp://app.legaltap.co

LegalTap,LLC Peoplelookingforlegaladvice

All Usersopentheapptochatwithalawyerfor15minutesandareprovidedwithlegaldocuments,ifnecessary.Iftheclientrequiresthelawyerfurther,theapppromptstheusertoretainthelawyer.

$39/visit

2,3

LegalZoomhttps://www.legalzoom.com/index_hero_v1.html

BrianLiu,BrianLee,EddieHartmanandRobertShapiro(Founders)

Peoplelookingtocreatelegaldocuments

Commercial/Corporate;WillsandEstates

Allowsuserstocreatealastwill,incorporateabusiness,trademarkanameortakecareofothercommonlegalmatters.Thisappprovidesstep-by-stepdirectionsonhowtoproducelegaldocuments.

Pricesvarydependingonservice

3

LegalSifterhttps://www.legalsifter.com

LarsMahler,ElliottWilliamsandKevinMiller

Peoplemanaginglegaldocuments

All Thisisanartificialintelligenceplatformthatallowsuserstoreviewlegaldocuments.Theprogramwillextractterms,conditions,dataandinsightsfromcontractsformsanddocumentsforuserstohaveabetterunderstandingoftheirlegalrightsandobligations.


6,7

LegalYouhttps://legalyou.com(appearstobeinbeta)

LegalYouLLC Peopleresearchingthelaw

All Thisappoffersfreeinstructiononthelawandaccesstolegalforms,andsellsunbundledlegalservicesthroughmonthlymemberships.

Monthlyplansavailableuponrequest(basedonfirmsize)

1,3,5

83

Legitimohttp://www.lifeofthelaw.org/2014/03/qa-with-a-legal-startup-legitimo-the-app-that-makes-you-contracts-in-spanish/

NikhilJhunjhnuwala

Peoplelookingtoproducecontracts

Contract Thisappallowsusers“toaccesssimplecontracttemplatesavailableinEnglishandSpanish.Informationisautomaticallyfilledinfollowingashortquestionnaireandthenuserscansendthecontracttoanotherpartytosignitandproduceapdfversion.Contracttemplatesinclude:servicecontracts,saleandpurchasecontracts,subleasesandloanagreements.”http://www.lifeofthelaw.org/2014/03/qa-with-a-legal-startup-legitimo-the-app-that-makes-you-contracts-in-spanish/

√ 1,3,6

Leveragehttps://www.leverageapp.com

RayGallo(CEO)SeanCarr(PresidentandCOO)

Peopleinvolvedinclassactionsuits

All Thisisaweb-basedappthat“automatesmuchoftheadministrativeworkofmassactions”.“Thismakeslawsuitsmoreeconomicallyviableformorelawfirms.Leveragemanagesclientsign-ups,initialinterviews,documentrequests,andcommunication”.https://www.leverageapp.com

√ 2,7

LexisAdvancehttp://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/mobile.page

LexisNexis Peopleconductinglegalresearch

All Thisappisalegalreferencetoolthatallowsuserstoconductlegalresearchand“accessvitalinformationquicklywhilestayingontopofthelatestnewsandemerginglegalissues”.http://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/mobile.page

√(mustbeasubscribertoLexisAdvance)

1

LexShareshttps://www.lexshares.com

LexSharesInc Individualsandcorporations

All Thiswebappallowsuserstocontributefundstolitigantsfortheirlegalfeesinexchangeforashareofthepotentialsettlement.

√ 7

LexisCourtLinkhttps://www.lexisnexis.com/start/signin?service=courtlink&contractURL=http%3a%2f%2fcourtlink.lexisnexis.com%2fSiteAccess%

LexisNexis

Peopleinvolvedinlegalmattersbeforeacourt

All Thismobileappallowsusers“toreviewrecentcourtdocketAlertandTrackactivity”.UserscanalsosetupalertsandtracksontheCourtLinkwebsiteandthenmonitorthemfromanydevice.https://www.lexisnexis.com/start/signin?service=courtlink&contractURL=http%3a%2f%2fcourtlink.lexisnexis.com%2fSiteAccess%2fLNASContractUrl.aspx&key=_c6ED

√(mustbeasubscribertoCourtLink)

1,2

84

2fLNASContractUrl.aspx&key=_c6ED7ABED-A7D2-3E3D-9036-52C42672A7BE_k10CD5B42-22AF-0A66-E6EF-9EE6522DB9B7&event=form

7ABED-A7D2-3E3D-9036-52C42672A7BE_k10CD5B42-22AF-0A66-E6EF-9EE6522DB9B7&event=form

MaineHelpMELawApphttp://helpmelaw.org/app_support

PineTree Peoplelookingforlegalaid

All ThisappprovidescontactinformationandwebsitelinksformajorstatewidelegalaidprogramsinMaine.ItalsofeaturesanewsfeedfromallofMaine’sstatewidelegalservicesprogramsandonlineself-helpcontentforMainersseekinglegalinformation.Byexample,contentincludes:“tipsbeforeyourent,overviewofMaineCareeligibility,legalservicesfortheelderlyonpreparingpowersofattorneyandvotingrightsinformation”.http://helpmelaw.org/app_support

√ 1,2

MarylandLawHelpApphttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/maryland-law-help/id1023213394?ls=1&mt=8

MarylandJudiciary(AdministrativeOfficeoftheCourts)

Peoplelookingforlegalresources,adviceandinformationinMaryland

All Thisapp“bringstogethertoolsandresourcesdevelopedbytheMarylandJudiciaryandotherstohelpMarylandersusethecourtsorfindlegalhelp.LeanaboutMarylandlaw,findalawyerormediator,watchvideosonhowtousethecourts,andevencallorchatwithanattorneyattheSelf-HelpCenter”https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/maryland-law-help/id1023213394?ls=1&mt=8

√ 1,2,5,6

MassachusettsSubpoenaServiceshttp://www.ips-notary.com/subpoena.html#request

KoreyHumphreys

Peoplelookingtosubpoenaorsummonotherparties

All Thisappcanissuesummonsandsubpoenasforusersbasedontheinformationinputintotheironlineform.

√ 3

85

MightyGrouphttps://mighty.com

MightyGroup,Inc

Individualsandcorporations

All Thiswebappencouragesindividualsandcorporationstoassistlitigantswiththeirlegalfees(likecrowdsourcing).

√ 7

MobileIncidentReportingApphttps://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/slideshow/mira-quick-tour

NYSJusticeCenterfortheprotectionofPeoplewithSpecialNeeds

PeoplewantingtosubmitreportstotheVulnerablePersonsCentralRegister

Criminal/Tort Thisappallows“custodiansandothermandatedreporterstoeasilysubmitreportableincidentstotheVulnerablePersonsCentralRegister(VPCR).TheappenablesuserstoaccessFAQs,securelysaveinformationsothatitcanbesubmittedquicklyforfuturereportsandviewtheconfirmationnumbersofpreviouslysubmittedreportsforquickreference.(Employeesofcoveredfacilitiesandprogramsareencouragedtousetheapptofulfiltheirlegaldutytoreportall‘significantincidents’whichhavethepotentialtoharmthehealth,safetyorwelfareofservicerecipients).”https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/slideshow/mira-quick-tour

√ 3,4

MobileJusticeAZhttps://itunes.apple.com/app/id1031663730

Quadrant2,Inc.&AmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofArizona


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforArizona

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeCaliforniahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-california/id979642692?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.&AmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofSouthCalifornia


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforCalifornia

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeColoradohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-colorado/id1031612987?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.&AmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofColoradp


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforColorado.

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeDC

Quadrant2,Inc.

Peoplewhohavebeen

Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforWashingtonD.C.

√ 1,2,4,6

86

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-washington/id1031582479?mt=8

andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionDistrictofColumbia

stoppedbythepolice

MobileJusticehttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-georgia/id1031623444?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionDistrictofGeorgia


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforGeorgia

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeMarylandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-maryland/id1031609886?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMaryland


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMaryland

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeMichiganhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-michigan/id984955837?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMichigan


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMichigan

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeMinnesotahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-minnesota/id1031606995?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMinnesota


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMinnesota

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJustice–Missourihttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-missouri/id960695671?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMissouri


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMissouri

√ 1,2,4,6

87

MobileJusticeMississippihttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-mississippi/id962204203?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMississippi


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMississippi

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeMNhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-minnesota/id1031606995?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMinnesota


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMinnesota

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeNebraskahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-nebraska/id962204214?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNebraska


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNebraska

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeNewJerseyhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-new-jersey/id1031595805?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNewJersey


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNewJersey

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeNewMexicohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-new-mexico/id1031620644?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNewMexico


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNewMexico

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeNorthCarolinahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-north-carolina/id984955879?mt=8/

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNorthCarolina


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNorthCarolina

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJustice Quadrant2, Peoplewho Criminal Sameasabove,exceptfor √ 1,2,4,6

88

Oklahomahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-oklahoma/id1031625145?mt=8

Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofOklahoma

havebeenstoppedbythepolice

Oklahoma

MobileJusticeOregonhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-oregon/id962203720?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofOregon


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforOregon

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticePennsylvaniahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-pennsylvania/id1031334029?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofPennsylvania


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforPennsylvania

√ 1,2,4,6

MobileJusticeVirginiahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-virginia/id1031621926?mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofVirginia


Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforPennsylvania

√ 1,2,4,6

Modriahttp://modria.com

Modria.com,Inc

Disputingparties

Commercial ThisisanonlinedisputeresolutionforumforeCommercedisputes.Theplatformincludesresolutionflowsforcommonissueslike“itemnotreceived”or“itemnotasdescribed”,etcandupdatesthecustomerabouttheresolutionprocesssotheyareawareofwhatisnecessarytoresolvetheissue.

$550-$3,600/mo

6

MultipleBillCalculatorhttps://loyolalawtech.org/calc/

LoyolaLitigationandTechnologyClinic

PeopleresearchingcriminalsentencesinLouisiana

Criminal ThiswebappallowsuserstoestimatetheminimumandmaximumsentencingrangesformultipleoffendersinLouisiana(undertheState’sHabitualOffenderLaw).

√ 1

89

MyAttorneyAppshttp://www.myattorneyapps.com/

JasonTurchin Lawyerslookingtoconnectwithnewclients/currentclientsonlineClientswhowanttokeepuptodateontheirfilesonline

All Thisisacustomizablelawfirmappforbothlawyersandtheirclients.LawyerscanproducechecklistsandFAQsfortheirservices,cancreateinteractivebusinesscardsandcontacts,canbuildanexistingclientfeatureintotheapp,customizedforanyspecificpracticearea(byexample,forpersonalinjurylawyers,theclientscansendpicturesoftheirinjuriestobestoredintheapp),canproduceacustomizedflashintrowiththeirlogoandcontactinformation,canintegratetheirwebsiteintotheapp,canincludelocationlistswithmapintegrationandnavigationintegration,andcanproduceasectionforverdictsandsettlementstoshowclientsandpotentialclientssomeexamplesofthelawyer’sexperience.Lawyerscanalsocreatescreenswithinformationaboutthefirm,forsocialnetworking,forcustomcontactandcustompracticeareakits.Last,LawyerscanenablemultilingualservicesiftheirclientbasespeaksSpanish,French,Creole,etc..Clientscanhaveaninstantprofessionalrelationshipwiththeattorneyandtheirfirm.Moreover,theycangetcasesettlementupdates,freelegaltipsandadviceandfreeconsultations.

√ 2,4

MyHealthCareWishesProhttp://www.americanbar.org/groups/law_aging/MyHealthCareWishesApp.html(removedfromITunesandGooglePlayStoreinSeptember

AmericanBarAssociatio

Peoplewantingtodocumenttheirhealthcareandend-of-lifewishes

Health Thisisanappthatallowsclientstokeepallhealthcarewishesanddemandsontheirsmartphone.“Healthcarewishesbecomedocumented,importedandstoredontheuser’ssmartphonesomedicaldecision-makingcanhappeninstantaneouslyanywhere”.Keyfamilyandmedicalcontacts,insuranceinformationandanyotherhealthrealtiesinformationcanalsobestored.http://www.americanbar.org/groups/law_aging/MyHealthCareWi

√ 1,2,3,4

90

2016“duetoreasonsoffinancialsustainability”)

shesApp.html

MyLawsuit.comhttps://www.mylawsuit.com/about

MicheleColucci(Founder)

Victimsoftortsseekinglawyers

Tort Thisappprovides“acompetitivemarketplaceforcontingencyfeetortlawsuits”.“Lawyerssubscribedlisttheirfeesandusersselectthemostdesirablebid”.

√ 2

NationalLegalAidFinderhttp://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps

PineTree Peoplelookingforlegalaid

All Thisappprovidescontactinformationandwebsitelinksforlegalaidprogramsaroundthecountry.Informationisprovidedonastate-by-statebasis.

√ 1,2

NationalLegalAidNewshttp://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps

PineTree Peopleseekinglegalaid

All Thisapp“providesnewsaboutlegalaidandrelatedprogramsaroundthestates.”http://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps

√ 1,2,7

NextChapterhttp://nextchapterbk.com

JanineSickmeyer(CEOandFounder)

Lawyers Bankruptcy Thisappassistslawyersinpreparingbankruptcydocumentsfortheirclients.Lawyersanmanagenewclientintake,documentuploadandstorage,andfilingdocumentswiththecourt,fromtheapp.

$149/mo

3,7

NewYorkCityEarnedSickTimeAdvisorhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/nyc-sicktime

StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogic

PeopleemployedinNYC

Labour Thisappassistsusersindeterminingwhethertheyqualifyforsicktimeoffwork,andcalculatestheamountearnedaccordingtotheNYCSickTimeAct.

√ 1,7

Notarizehttp://notarize.com

PatKinselandAdamPase

Individualsandcorporations

All Thisappallowsuserstonotarizedocumentsonlinewithe-signaturesandvideoprofiles.Usersuploadtheirdocumentswhicharethennotarizedwithanotarypublicwhohasavideoprofilewiththeapp.

√ 3,6

‘OhCrap!’Apphttp://oh-crap-app.com

RobertRehkemper(creator)&OhCrapAppLLC

Driversinvolvedinaccidentsortrafficinfractions

Criminal(traffic),Civil(tort)

Thisappequipsuserswithtoolslikeinformationalbloodalcoholcalculator,taxiquickcontactsandaudiorecordingfunctionstopromotelegalrightseducation.“CrapChatallowsuserstopostandreceivenotificationsabout

√ 1,2,4,6

91

eventsofinteresttakingplaceintheircommunity.Theycanpostandreceivealertsregardinglawenforcementactivitiesintheircommunitylikespeedtraps,roadblocksorothereventsofinterest”.TheOhCrap!button“providesuserswithcrashcoursesontheirlegalrightswhenconfrontedbylawenforcementandalsogivesthemaccesstoarecordingfunctiontoassistindocumentingtheencounter”.Ifwifiordataserviceisunavailable,“therecordinguploadstotheOhCrapAppremoteserverforsafestorageandmaylaterbeusedincourtproceedingsifnecessary”.(Additionaldatachargesmaybeincurredatuserssoleexpense).TheEducateMesection“provideshelpfulinformationaboutlegalrightswithstatespecificinformationregardingdrunkdrivingrightsthatvaryfromstatetostate.TheEmergencyHelpsectionputsusersindirectcontactwithlawyersandbondsmenintheirareawiththeclickofabutton”.http://oh-crap-app.com

OhioSixthDistrictCourtofAppealsapphttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ohio-sixth-district-court/id1001442174?mt=8

Web&ITGroup,LLC

PeopleusingtheCourtsinOhio

All Thisappallowsuserstofollowcourtdecisionsandviewthecourt’soralargumentcalendar.Theycanalsoreceivenotificationswhennewdecisionsarereleasedorthecalendarisupdated.Allcasespostedonthecourtwebsitearesearchableintheapp.

√ 1,2

OpenAdvocatehttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/open-advocate/id492494837?mt=8

UrbanInsight,Inc

Peoplelookingforlegalaid

All Thismobileappisadirectory“usedtoaccesslegalaidwebsitesandinformationacrosstheUnitedStates.”https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/open-advocate/id492494837?mt=8

√ 1,2

OPENREGShttps://itunes.apple.com/ap

PeterSnyder Peopleconductinglegal

All Thisapphostsafederalregulationsdatabase.Userscan“findrecentlyissuednoticesof

√ 1

92

p/openregs/id331752432?mt=8

research finalandproposedrulemaking.Userscanbrowsebyagencyorcommentperiodsclosingsoonorrecentlyopened.Theycanalsomarkindividualregulationswithastarandtheneasilyviewalistofallstarredregs.Regulationscanalsobeemailedforlaterreference.”https://itunes.apple.com/app/openregs/id331752432?mt=8

OrderofProtectionHOTDOCShttp://www.illinoislegalaid.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.dsp_content&contentID=5177&zipcode=61602&criteria=domestic%20violence&print=yes


Victimsofharassment

Criminal/Tort Thiswebapphelpsuserscompletetheformstoaskthecourttoordersomeonetostopharmingorthreateningharmtotheuserand/orotherhouseholdmembers.(ThisisnotforuseinCookCounty,Illinois)

√ 1,3,6

OyezTodayHDhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/oyeztoday/id416613058?mt=8

Oyez PeopleinterestedinthepoliticsofandlawexpoundedbytheUSSupremeCourt

All Thisappprovides“biosofSupremeCourtJudges,anarchiveofcasesandoralargumentswithtranscriptsthatfollowalongwithplayback”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/oyeztoday/id416613058?mt=8

√ 1

PacerProhttps://www.pacerpro.com

GavinMcGrane(CEOandFounder)


All Thisappisalegalresearchtool.UserscansearchlegaldocumentsforfreewithaBooleansearch,batchdownload,andautomaticallynamefiles.“Thisserviceconnectswiththedistrictandbankruptcycourtsinrealtimemeaningthatwhenusersrunasearch,theresultsaremorecompleteandup-to-the-secondaccurate”.https://www.pacerpro.com

√ 1

PageVaulthttps://www.page-vault.com

PageVaultInc Lawyers All Thissoftwareallowslawyerstocaptureandprintimagesofwebpagesandformatsthemsothattheyareauthenticatedandthusadmissibleevidence.

$195-495/mo

4

93

PaperSoftwarehttps://papersoftware.com/turner.html

BenjaminWhetsell&NathanWhetsell

Peoplelookingtoreviewcontracts

All Thisapp“makesiteasytonavigatethrough,search,edit,addcross-referencesto,reviewandnegotiatecontracts”.https://papersoftware.com/turner.html

$20/mo

6,7

PaperHealthhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/paperhealth/id908392954?mt=8

WilliamPalin Peoplewhowanttodocumenttheirhealthcaredesires

Health Theappallowsuserstoassignahealthcareproxyandproducelivingwills.

√ 3,6

PaperWorkhttp://cambridgelaw.org

CambridgeLawLawOfficeofWilliamPalin

People/LawyersinvolvedinmattersbeforeMassachusettsFamilyorProbateCourts

FamilyandProbate

Thisappis“designedexclusivelyforapplicationstotheMassachusettsFamilyandProbateCourt”.Itallowsforusers“tofillin,editandsaveeverydocumentinFamilyCourt”.Inaddition,thereistheability“tosignallofthesedocumentsandcollaboratewithcolleagues”.“Anunfinishedformcanbetransferredtoanyonewiththeappandeverydocumentissavedandstoredforeditorchangeslater”.Italso“hasbuiltinRemindersappwithlocalnotifications,aMassachusettsChildSupportCalculatorandAlimonyCalculatorusingthemostrecentformulas”.http://cambridgelaw.org

√ 1,3

PennsylvaniaChildren’sMedicaidAppealsAdvisorhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/phlp-appeals-advisor;http://www.phlp.org

StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogic

ParentswithchildreninPennsylvania

Health ThisappguidesparentswithchildrenthroughtheMedicaidappealsprocessiftheircoverageprovider“hasdenied,reducedorterminatedtheirservices”.https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/press-releases/iron-tech-lawyer-spring-2014.cfm

√ 1,7

PeopleClaim.comhttp://www.peopleclaim.com/

MarkDeuitch Peoplelookingtoresolvedisputeswithoutlawyers

Commercial Thisappisanonlinedisputeresolutionservicethatusespeer-to-peerandcrowdsourcedmechanismstoresolvecommercialclaims.

√(low-costservicesalsoavailable)

6

94

PlainSitehttp://www.plainsite.org

ThinkComputerCorporation&ThinkComputerFoundation

Peopledoinglegalresearch

All Thisappprovides“non-lawyerseasytonavigateaccesstotheentireAmericanlegalsystemwithaccesstopublicrecordsfromagencies,patentapplications,corporateprofilesandpublicfederalandstatecasedockets.Non-publicanalyticdataisalsoavailable.”Featuresinclude“theabilitytosearchforcasesbycasetitle,anenhancedviewofeachcases’docket,statisticsonlawfirms’andlawyer’shistoricalactivity,anattorneyfinderbasedonpastcaseloads,andaMotionSensor(whichallowstheusertoseehowagivenjudgeorlawyerhasbehavedwithregardtocertainkindsofmotionsinthepast).”http://www.plainsite.org

√(chargesforadvancedfeatures)

1

PocketDACAhttp://www.lawhelpmn.org/resource/pocket-daca

ImmigrationAdvocatesNetwork/ProBonoNet

PeopleseekingimmigrationtotheUSasaDeferredActionChildhoodArrivalcandidate

Immigration Thisappprovidesaself-screeningtoolforDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals(DACA)applicantstounderstandtheireligibilityforthestatus,andasearchabledirectoryoflistingsforimmigrationlegalservicesproviders,includingnon-profitgroups,throughouttheStates.ItalsoincludeslinkstonewsaboutthedeferredactionprocessandFAQs.

√ 1,2,5

PrioriLegalhttps://www.priorilegal.com

Founders:BashaRubin,MirraLeveittandDanFischer

Start-upsandBusinesseswantinglegalhelp

All ThiswebappisaplatformthatconnectssmallbusinessesintheNYCareawithexpert,fixed-feelawyers(basedonlocationandareaofpractice).

√ 2

Pushlegalhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/statutes-case-law-library/id659329698?mt=8

TexasLegalAppsLLC

Peopledoinglegalresearch

All Thismobileappallowsuserstoaccessrulesorstatutessimplywithpointandclicknavigation.Theappwillshowtheusertheleadingcaselawassociatedwithaspecificruleorstatute.

√ 1

QuickLegalhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.quicklegal.app&hl=en

QuicklegalPracticeManagement

Peoplelookingforlegaladvice

All Thisappprovideson-demandlegalservices.Itprovidescontactinformationfornearestlawyertousers,hostslegalquestionnairestohelpusersdeterminewhethertheirproblemisdefinitivelylegalandconnectsuserstolawyers

√ 2,5

95

throughavideochat.(Additionally,theappprovidescasemanagementfeaturesforattorneyslikecasebriefs,timemanagementtools,acalendar,contacts,continuedlegaleducationresourcesandinformationaboutmalpracticeinsurance).

RavelLawhttps://www.ravellaw.com

DanielLewis(CoFounderandCEO)


All Thisappproduces“graphicsoflegaldatarelatedtolegalresearchdocuments(court,date,precedent)”.“Thismakesiteasytozeroinoninfluentialandoutliercases”.

https://www.ravellaw.com

√ 1

RocketLawyerhttps://www.rocketlawyer.com/find-a-lawyer.rl

CharleyMoore,Esq.,Founder&CEO

Peoplelookingforquicklegaladvice,toproducelegaldocumentsonline

Family;Health;Labour&Employment;Property&Finance;Corporate

Thisappallowsuserstoproducelegaldocuments,getlegaladvicefromanOnCallattorneyandbecomeconnectedwithalawyertoenforcedocumentsproducedthroughtheservice.

$39.95/mo(premium);$49.95/mo(accelerate)

3,5

RocketMatterhttps://www.rocketmatter.com

RocketMatter,LLC

Lawyerswantingtotrackclients’funds

All Thisappisa“legalbillingapplicationthatallowsfirmstoinstantlyseethestatusofaclient’sfundsandwhatisavailableforwithdrawal”.Theappalsohostsataskmanagerfunctionthatallowsuserstocreate,track,updateandassigntaskstootherusers”.Finallytheappallowsusersto“producereportsaboutclientprofitability,andtodeterminewhichassociatesbillthemosttime.Atanytime,thefirmisabletoseetheworkbilled,theamountpendinginvoicing,etc.”https://www.rocketmatter.com

√(NeedtohaveRocketMattersubscription)

7

Rulebookhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rulebook/id454619081?mt=8

ReadyReferenceApps,LLC


All Thisappisalegalreferencetoolthatenablesusers“toconsultwithfreebooksofFederalRulesofEvidence,theUSConstitution,etc”.https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rulebook/id454619081?mt=8

√ 1

96

Sanzahttp://sanza.co

PeterShin Potentialimmigrants

Immigration Thisappconnectspotentialimmigrantswithimmigrationexpertsforone-hourfreeconsultationsinCalifornia.

√ 1,5

SCOTUSMapperhttp://law.ubalt.edu/faculty/scotus-mapping/SCOTUS_Mapper_2point0.cfm

ColinStarger(UniversityofBaltimoreSchoolofLaw)

PeoplelookingtofindoutaboutUSSupremeCourtdecisions

All ThisapphelpsvisualizeSupremeCourtprecedent.Basedonthecitationsofagivencase,itcreatesnetworkstohelpusersautomaticallyunderstandtheconnectivityaroundaparticularlegalissue.Theendresultisaneasy-to-readvisualizationofprecedent.Mapperwilllookatanyareaofthelaw.

√ 1

SCOTUSServohttps://github.com/vzvenyach/scotus-servo

DavidZvenyach

PeoplelookingtofindoutaboutUSSupremeCourtdecisions

All ThisapptrackschangesmadetoUSSupremeCourtdecisionsafterthedecisionsarepublished.

√ 1

SealXhttps://bitproof.io

Bitproof,Inc Contractingparties

Contract ThisappallowsuserstosealtheircontractintheBitcoinblockchainsoitbecomesimpossibletotamperwithitscontent.

$20 3,7

Shakehttps://www.shakelaw.comandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/shake-create-contracts-legal/id601561998?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D4

Pre-PaidLegalServices,Inc

Contractingparties

Contract Thisappenablesuserstoproducelegalagreementsonline.Theappguidesuserswithquestionnairestoproducethespecifictermsoftheirlegaldocuments,andallowsthemtosend,shareandsignin-app.

√ 3,6

SmartLegesLawReaderhttp://smartleges.com

SmartLeges Peopleconductinglegalresearch

All ThisappisalawreaderthatallowsuserstosearchforlawsintheUSA,Mexico,India,UK,Columbia,Brazil,Argentina,Chile,France,Italy,andSpain.Userscanreceivenotificationswhenalawisupdated,underline,makenotationsandbookmarktheirsearches.

√ 1

97

SmartRuleshttp://www.smartrules.com

RPCDHoldingsLLC


All Thisapp“unitesallrelevantrulesfromallsourcesanddistilsthemintoasimpletaskandjurisdictionspecificguidebasedonthelawyer’stask(i.e.filingamotiontocompelinLosAngelesSuperiorCourt)”.Theappalsoprovidesexpertcommentaryandisupdateddaily.

√ 1

Snaptermshttp://snapterms.com

SnaptermsLLC Entrepreneurswithwebsites

Contract,Privacy Thisonlinesolutionassistswebsitedesignersingeneratingeffectiveandcompletetermsofservice.Theprogramguaranteesa2-hourconsultationwithanattorney.

Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonprojectsize)

1,3

StartupDocumentshttps://www.startupdocuments.com

StartupDocuments

Entrepreneursandsmallbusinesses

Corporate,Contract

Thisappallowssmallbusinessesandentrepreneurstoproduceandstorelegaldocuments.Thewebappalsogivesdocumentcreationadvice(e.g.commoncontractualterms).

$99-300/service

1,3

StateDecodedhttp://www.statedecoded.com

Fundedby:theJohnS.andJamesL.KnightFoundation


All Thisweb-appis“anonlineplatformthatdisplaysandinterpretscodes,laws,legislationandcourtdecisionsbystatetomakethemmoreunderstandable”.“TheStateDecodedAPIallowsdeveloperstoaccessandintegratethedataandfunctionalityoftheappwithothersandtocreatenewapplications”.http://www.statedecoded.com

√ 1,7

StelluteLawApphttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stellute-law-app/id714231831?ls=1&mt=8

StelluteLawFirm

Driversinvolvedinaccidentsortrafficinfractions

Criminal(traffic) AvailableinVirginia,thisappprovidesinformationfordriversongaspricesatvariousgasstations,roadalerts,livefeedtrafficcameras,legalhelpandallowsuserstoeasilycollectevidenceatthesceneofanaccidentbybeingdirectedbystepbystepdirections.Userscanrecordtestimonyfromwitnessesandtakephotosatthescene.Moreover,theappprovidesa

√ 2,4

98

directoryformedics,roadsideassistance,taxisandtowingcompanies.

Stop&FriskWatchhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stop-frisk-watch/id583006596?ls=1&mt=8

Quadrant2,Inc.&NewYorkCivilLibertiesUnion

PeoplestoppedinastreetsearchbytheNYPD

Criminal Thisapp,availablebothinEnglishandSpanish,providesuserswiththeabilityforbystandersandaccusedpersonstofullydocumentstopandfriskencounters.Theappallowsuserstofilm,record,andreportpolicemisconductwithasurvey,thatisthenimmediatelysenttheNYCLUtooverseetheNYPDconduct.Theappalsoincludesa“knowyourrights”section“thatinstructspeopleabouttheirrightswhenconfrontedbypoliceandtheirrighttofilmpoliceactivityinpublic”.http://www.nyclu.org/app

√ 1,4,6

StopaStalkerhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stopastalker/id645238415?mt=8

NathanCarey

Victimsofharassmentand/orcriminalstalkingbehaviour

Criminal Thisappallowsusers“toempowerthemselvestostopbeingvictimsandtakeactionagainststalkers”.“Userscancollectinformation,collateitandreporttoauthoritiesinasimpleappmadeforvictimsofstalking.Madeinconjunctionwithleadingcriminologistsandvictimssupportforums,theappallowsuserstodocumenttime,locationandnumberofincidents,etc.”https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stopastalker/id645238415?mt=8

$0.99 6,7

Sunlighthttp://sunlightfoundation.com/criminaljustice/

SunlightFoundation

Peopleinterestedinthecriminaljusticesystem

Criminal Thisweb-appcollectscriminaljusticedatainall50states,DCandonthefederallevel.Theappseekstounveilhowcriminaljusticecanbebetterstandardizedacrossjurisdictions.Userscannavigatethedatasetinquestionwithasearchtool.

√ 1,7

SupremeCourtofNevadaMobileApphttp://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Court_Information/Supreme_Court_of_Ne

SupremeCourtofNevada

PeoplelookingforcourtdocumentsandrecordingsfromtheSupremeCourtof

All Thisappprovidesuserswithaccesstothelatestcaseinformation,decisionandnewsfromtheSupremeCourtofNevada.Userscanalsoaccesspastoralargumentrecordingsandwatchlivesteamingoforalargumentsfromthecourtroom.http://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Co

√ 1

99

vada_Mobile_App/andhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nv-supreme-court/id620025479?ls=1&mt=8

Nevada urt_Information/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada_Mobile_App/

Tapdoxhttp://tapdox.com

TapdoxInc Contractingparties

Contract Userscanexecutecontractsonlineusinge-signatures.


3,7

TMCCourtWatchhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.avatarsyndicate.clerkapp

AVATARSyndicate

PeoplelookingtoaccessinformationfromtheToledoMunicipalCourtsystem

All ThisappfeaturesasearchengineforcasesfromtheToledoMunicipalCourtsystemforbothcivilandcriminal/trafficdivision.Resultsincludefulljournalentries,statusofcase,suitamounts,plaintiff/defendantinformation,attorneyinformation,linkstoscanneddocuments,linkstopriors,andtheabilitytomakepaymentsonpayableitems.UserscanalsoviewthecourtschedulefortheToledoMunicipalCourtforboththecivilandcriminal/trafficdivisions.

√ 1,2

TouchTaxCodesandRegshttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.blackcatworks.touchtax&hl=en

Com-LabMobile


Tax Thisappprovides“offlineaccessto7,700+sectionsofthelatesteditionoftheInternalRevenueCodeof1986,asamended(theCode),theTreasuryRegulationsinTitle26oftheCodeofFederalRegulations(theRegulations),theInternalRevenueBulletinssince2003,Circular230,RevenueProcedures,RevenueRulings,NoticesandAnnouncementssince2003”.“ThegoalistosupplementphysicalcopiesoftheCode,RegulationsandIRBs(Rev.Rul.,Rev.Proc.,T.D.,TemporaryRegulations,etc.)andCircular230withelectronicversionsthatareup-to-date,whilegivinguserssomefrequentlyrequestedadvancedfeaturesmakingiteasytoreadandmanagethelaw”.

$5.52 1

100

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.blackcatworks.touchtax&hl=en

TrademarkNowhttps://www.trademarknow.com

MikaelKolehmainen,KeikkiVesalainenandMattiKokkola

Brands Trademark Userscancheckwhethertheirdesiredbrandnamehasbeentrademarkedandthenallowsuserstotrademarktheirbrandnameonline.Userscanalsooverseeuseoftheirtrademarkinsimilarproductcategoriestoprotecttheirbrand.

Annualsubscriptionfeesavailableuponrequest

1,7

UniCourthttps://unicourt.com

JamesHatcher,PrashanthShenoy,JoshBlandi,YongxinTanandCharlesHemming

Litigants All Thisapporganizescaseanddocketinformation,allowinguserstosearchforcasesbyparty,attorney,judge,docketorcasenumber.Userscanalsosetupnotificationstotrackschedules,anduploaddocumentsandformsforcourtreview.

$99-$199/mo

2

UpCounselhttps://www.upcounsel.com

MatthewFaustman(co-founderandCEO)MasonBlake(Co-founderandCTO)

Smallbusinesseslookingforlegalhelp

CommercialandCorporate

Thisappprovidescustomerswithsmallbusinesslegalneedstheabilitytopostjobsonthewebappforlawyerstobidon.Customerscanalsotracktheirmattersandpayforservicesonthesite.

√ 2

VentureDocshttps://venturedocs.com

VentureDocs,Inc

Smallbusinessesandstartups

All Thisappprovidestemplatesforlegaldocumentscateredtothelegaldemandsofsmallcompaniesandstart-ups.Theseincludecommonstockfinancingdocuments,stockagreements,nondisclosureagreements,serviceprovideragreements,companyformationagreements,etc.

√ 3,7

Viditurehttps://go.viditure.com/beta/

KebronDejene Contractingparties

All Thisappallowscontractingpartiestobindthemselvestolegaldocumentsusingvideosignatures.Userssendelectroniccopiesoflegaldocumentstotheothercontractingpartieswhothenrecordthemselvesagreeingtothetermsoutlinedinthedocument.


3,7

101

VLASEligibilitySystemhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/vlas-eligibility

StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentreandtheVirginiaLegalAidSociety

LowincomeindividualsinVirginia

All ThisprogramassesseswhetherindividualsinVirginiaqualifyforfreelegalservices(basedonincome)andthenconnectsthemwithlawyersofferingtheseservices.

√ 2,7

WestLawNexthttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/westlaw/id380675076?mt=8

ThomsonReuters


All Thisappprovides“mobileaccesstoWestlawnextlegalresearchsystem”.UserscanaccessWestlawfeatureslike“WestSearch,Keycite,Folders,History,DocumentNotesandHighlightingandsearchthedatabaseforcontent”.Userscanalso“viewalertsandtrackandfollowCompaniesofInterest”.https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/westlaw/id380675076?mt=8

√(needWestLawsubscription)

1

Wevorcehttps://www.wevorce.com

MichelleCrosby(Co-founderandCEO)

Peoplegettingdivorced

Family Thisappuses“mediationandtechnologytomakedivorcelessadversarialandcostly”.Theappautomatesthemorecommonstepsofthedivorceprocesstothatthe“Wevorcelawyerscanfocusontheuniqueaspectsofthedivorce”.https://www.wevorce.com

$749(percouple)

1,2,3,6

WildAboutTrialhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/wild-about-trial/id530043712?mt=8

WildAboutTrialLLC


Criminal Thisappprovides“insiderlegalperspectivesoncriminaltrials”.Userscan“accessthefactsofeachcase,biographiesofthemajorplayersfromjudgestodefendants,documentsdirectlyfromthecourtfile,livefeedsofcourtproceedingswhenavailableandin-depthanalysisfromateamoflegalexperts”.https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/wild-about-trial/id530043712?mt=8

√ 1

Witnexhttps://www.witnex.com/#/home

Witnex,Inc. Lawyers All Thisisadirectoryofexpertwitnessescategorizedbyfield.

√ 2

WolframLawyer’sProfessionalAssistanthttp://products.wolframalph

WolframGroupLLC


All Thisisalegalreferencetoolthatallowsusers“toaccessdetailedreferenceinformationanddatainmajorcontemporarylegalfieldsaswellasbonusresearchinformationsuchas


1

102

a.com/professionalapps/lawyer.html

demographicsandfinancialcomputations”.http://products.wolframalpha.com/professionalapps/lawyer.html

(dependentonserviceneeds)

xRefhttp://www.xrefonline.com

xRefSoftwareSolutionsLtd

Peoplelookingtoreviewlegaldocuments

All Thisapp“plugsintoMicrosoftWordandautomaticallychecksfordraftingerrors,suchascapitalizedtermsthathavenotbeensetupasdefinedterms,wordsthathavebeensetupasdefinedtermsbutneverused,duplicatedefinitions,etc”.http://www.xrefonline.com

Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonserviceneeds)

6,7

ZeekBeekhttps://www.zeekbeek.com

Developernotlocated


All Thisisadirectoryofregisteredattorneysorganizedbypracticearea,locationandavailability.

√ 2

103

AppendixE:LawSchoolCourses

CANADA

Institution CourseName BriefDescription&Link

ThompsonRiversUniversity,FacultyofLaw

L21C:21stCenturyLawyers

Invitesstudentsto“engageinasustainedreflectionabouttheirprofessionalandpersonalaspirationsandonengagementwiththechanges,pressuresandnewopportunitiesfacinglawyersofthefuture.”Studentsexplorehowtogenerateopportunitiesinachanginglegalservicesmarket;howtechnology,globalizationandeconomictransformationchangethepracticeoflaw;whetherthelegalprofessionwillmeetthechallengeofprovidingmeaningfulaccesstojusticeforordinaryanddisadvantagedCanadians.Studentsalsopitcha“LegalHack”toapanelofexpertswiththegoalofprovidinglegalservicesanddoing“lawbetter.”Coursesyllabus:http://l21c.trubox.ca/syllabus

YorkUniversity,OsgoodeHallLawSchool

LegalInformationTechnology

Introducesstudentstothelegalmarketplace,emphasizing“thevalueofinformationtechnologyfromadesign(ratherthanfromatechnical)standpoint.”Studentsareinstructedonhowtobuildanddelivernewformsofclient-centeredlegalpracticewhich“improveaccessibility,enhanceproductivityanddemocratizethepracticeoflaw.”Theyalsoengagewithtechnologiesinanexperientialway:onlinedisputeresolution,automateddocumentassembly,forinstance.Thefinalprojectprovidesstudentstheopportunitytodeveloptheirownlegalapp.Coursedescription:http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/courses-and-seminars/legal-information-technology/

UNITEDSTATESInstitution CourseName BriefDescription&LinkBrighamYoungUniversityLawSchool

Law689Computer-BasedPracticeSystems

On-linecoursethatteachesstudentstodesignpracticesystemsandtoexploretheroleofthesesystemsinlegalservice-delivery.Studentslearnto“developautomateddocumentswithpracticesystemsauthoringprograms”(e.g.,HotDocs,GhostDraft,FormTool).Studentsalsodevelopskillsto“(a)buildpracticesystemstosupporttheirindividualpracticeneeds,(b)analyzetheunderlyinglogicandstructureoflegaldocuments,(c)overseefirmpracticesystemdevelopactivitiesand(d)beeffectiveconsumersofpracticesystemtechnologies.”

Coursedescription:http://www.law.byu.edu/Curriculum2/Course_Descriptions.pdf

Chicago-KentCollegeofLaw:CenterforJusticeandTechnology

JusticeandTechnologyPracticum

Studentshavetheopportunitytodevelopskillsindocumentassemblyandgainexperiencewithautomationtoolsconsideredfundamentalto“providingquality,economicallegalservicesinthisenvironment,whilebuildingdocumentassemblytoolsforusebyself-representedlitigantsnationally.”Coursedescription:http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/institutes-centers/center-for-access-to-justice-and-technology/justice-and-technology-practicum

Chicago-KentCollegeofLaw

A2JAuthorCourseProject(3separatecourses)

1.TraditionalClinicStudentsdevelopprojectsusefulinacademicclinicswiththeviewofsharingthemwithotherlegalaidorganizations.

2.ProfessionalismCourseStudentslearnbasicprinciplestoethicallawyering;acomponentisdedicatedtodevelopingtechnologicalcompetenciesinprogramslikeA2JAuthor.

3.HybridLegalSkillsSeminar/Practicum

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Studentslearntechnologyskillsatthesametimeastheylearnlegalpracticeskills.

AbouttheClinic:http://a2jclinic.classcaster.net;http://www.a2jauthor.org/content/a2j-clinic-projectSamplesyllabi:http://a2jclinic.classcaster.net/course-information/sample-syllabi/

ColumbiaLawSchool

LawyeringintheDigitalAgeClinic

Studentslearnaboutcontemporarylawyeringthroughdigitaltechnologies;theylearntoimplementtechnologyinmoretraditionalrealmsofpracticeandthereby“acquirethenewskillsthataretransforminglawpractice—knowledgemanagement,electronicfact-gathering,andpresentation.”Coursedescription:http://web.law.columbia.edu/clinics/lawyering-in-the-digital-age-clinic

CornellLawSchool

LLM:Law,TechnologyandEntrepreneurship(firstenrolment:Fall2016;fullyearprogram)

Thisprogramtargetspracticingattorneysandrecentgraduates,“withthespecializedskillsneededtosupportandleadtechnologycompaniesintheincreasinglycomplexanddynamicdigitaleconomy.”Theoneyearprogrambringstogetherlegalprinciples,businessmanagementapps,andestablishedtechnologysectorbusinesses.Programinformation:http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/news-center/Cornell-Tech-and-Cornell-Law-Launch-Innovative-Master-of-Laws-LLM-Degree.cfm

FloridaCostalSchoolofLaw,CenterforLawPracticeTechnology

AccesstoJusticeandLegalTechnology

Examineswhichkindsoftechnologyprovidelegalinformation,adviceorotherservicesandthemethodsbywhichtheydoso.Thecourseemphasizestechnologiesgearedtowardthelegalneedsoflowandmid-incomepeople.Coursedescription:https://fcsl.edu/clpt/course-descriptions

GeorgetownLaw

Technology,Innovation,andLawPractice:AnExperientialSeminar

Exposesstudentstovariouswaysthatcomputertechnologiesshapeandimpactlegalpractice,suchasenhancingaccesstojustice,capturinglegalexpertise,engagingwithclients,andincreasingqualityofservice.Thecourseincludesadesigncompetition(TheGeorgetownIronTechLawyerContest),judgedbyexpertsinthefield.Coursedescription:https://apps.law.georgetown.edu/curriculum/tab_courses.cfm?Status=Course&Detail=2315

HarvardLawSchoolLaw,Science,andTechnologyProgram

CounsellingandLegalStrategyintheDigitalAge

Examinesthechallengesfacedbyentrepreneurs,lawyers,business,technologyadvocates,andnon-profitorganizationsinnavigatinglawandtechnology.Studentsassessthelegalityoftransactionaldocuments(suchascontractsandwebsitetermsofuse).Coursedescription:http://hls.harvard.edu/academics/curriculum/catalog/default.aspx?o=68060

HofstraUniversity,MauriceA.DeaneSchoolofLaw

Law,Logic&TechnologyResearchLaboratory

Clinical(Lab)environmentwithafocusongettingstudentstoproduceis“toolsthatmakelegalpracticeandlegaleducationmoreeffectiveandmoreefficient.”Participantscreatesuchtoolscombining“logicinvestigations”andtechnology;theydeveloptrainingtoolsforlawyersandlaw-makers,academics,andother;finally,theydevelop“managementstructuresforcoordinatingteamsofresearchers,andforensuringthequalityoftheirresearchproducts.”Labdescription:http://www.lltlab.org/about/mission-and-vision/

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MichiganStateLaw

ReinventLawLaboratory

Clinical(Lab)environmentgearedtowardsolvingaccesstojusticeconcernsandotherinefficienciesinthelegalsystem.TheLabisaninterdisciplinarycollaboration(lawfaculty,otherdisciplines,privateandpublicsector)toproposenewservice-deliverymodelsLabdescription:http://reinventlaw.com/Lab/ReInvent.html

NewYorkLawSchoolInnovationCenterforLawandTechnology

CertificatePrograminEntrepreneurshipLaw

Studentsgraduatehavingcompletedspecializedcoursesininnovation,entrepreneurship,andhowthelegalprofessionhasevolvedwithcomputertechnology.Certificatedetails:http://www.nyls.edu/innovation-center-for-law-and-technology/students/certificate-program/

NewYorkUniversityLawSchool

TechnologyLawandPolicyClinic

TheTechnologyLawandPolicyClinicfocusesontherepresentationofindividuals,nonprofits,andconsumergroupswhoareengagedonquestionsrelatedtotechnologicaladvancesfromapublicinterestpoint-of-view.“Itinvolvesamixtureoffieldworkandseminardiscussionrangingfromtechnologylawandpolicytotheethicalchallengesofrepresentingpublicinterestorganizations.”Coursedescription:http://www.law.nyu.edu/academics/clinics/semester/technologylawandpolicy

NorthernKentuckyUniversityCollegeofLawW.BruceLunsfordAcademyforLaw,Business&Technology

TechnologyoftheModernLegalPractice/LawPracticeTechnology

Studentscriticallyengagewithtechnologiesthat“competewiththeservicesthatlawyersprovide”inordertogainamoremeaningfulunderstandingof“howlawyerscandistinguishtheirservicesfromtheseproductstoprovidevaluefortheirclients.”Coursedescription:http://chaselaw.nku.edu/students/registrar/course-catalog/law-practice-tech.html

NorthernKentuckyUniversityCollegeofLawW.BruceLunsfordAcademyforLaw,Business&Technology

LegalAppDevelopment

Workingcollaborativelywithcomputersciencestudents,lawstudentsdevelopalegalapp.Coursedescription:http://chaselaw.nku.edu/students/registrar/course-catalog/legal-app-dev.html

NorthwesternPritzkerSchoolofLaw

Law,Business,andTechnologyProgram

Thisprogramisgearedtowardpreparingstudentstolawyerinthedigitalage.Programdescription:http://www.law.northwestern.edu/academics/curricular-offerings/law-business/

StanfordLawSchool

LegalTechnologyandInformatics

Participantsexploretrendsinlegaltechnology.Coursedescription:https://law.stanford.edu/courses/legal-technology-and-informatics/

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SuffolkUniversityLawSchool,InstituteonLawPracticeTechnology&Innovation

NewMarket:LegalServices

Participantsexploretherangeoftechnologically-basedserviceprovisionoptions,particularcasestudies(LegalZoomandRocketLawyer),consumerrights,andtheimpactoftechnologicallydrivenlegalservicesonvariousstakeholders.CourseDescription:http://www.suffolk.edu/law/academics/degrees/jd/23600.php?CourseID=613)

UniversityofChicagoLawSchool

InnovativeSolutionsforBusiness,Law,andSociety

Studentsdeveloptechnologicalsolutionstolegalandsocialproblems.Coursedescription:http://www.law.uchicago.edu/courses

UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofLaw

ArtificialIntelligenceandLegalReasoningSeminar

Participantsexplorewhethercomputerprogramsthatcanhelpsolvelegalproblems.Coursedescription:http://law.pitt.edu/academics/courses/catalog/5895

VanderbiltLawSchool

TechnologyinLegalPractice

Introductiontoprinciplesoftechnologicalinnovation,trendsinlegalpractice(consumerlawrevolution,crisisinaccesstojustice,unauthorizedpracticeoflaw)andlegalsystemdesign.Thestudentsareevaluatedona“pitch”project,wherebytheypresentalegalinnovationtooltoapanelofexperts.Coursedescription:http://law.vanderbilt.edu/courses/340

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