Emerging Print Technologies & Applications Printing... · Emerging Print . Technologies &...

Emerging Print

Technologies &

Applications

By:

Pivotal Resources USA, Inc.

2901 Richmond Road #353

Lexington, KY 40509

(859) 230-0093

© 2013 PRIMIR/NPES

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EMERGING PRINT TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... V

EXHIBITS ........................................................................................................................................ XI

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 1

A. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 1

B. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 2

C. MARKET SEGMENTS ................................................................................................................ 4

Security Printing ..................................................................................................................................... 4

2D Barcode Printing ................................................................................................................................ 7

Printed Electronics .................................................................................................................................. 9

3D Printing ............................................................................................................................................ 12

Biomedical Printing ............................................................................................................................... 14

Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................... 15

D. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 20

II. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................... 23

A. OVERVIEW OF REPORT .......................................................................................................... 23

Printed Electronics and Displays ........................................................................................................... 23

3D Printing ............................................................................................................................................ 23

Biomedical Printing ............................................................................................................................... 24

2D Barcodes .......................................................................................................................................... 24

Security Printing ................................................................................................................................... 24

Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................... 25

Ink Jet – The Unsung Hero .................................................................................................................... 25

B. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 27

III. SECURITY PRINTING .................................................................................. 29

A. OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 29

Market Forces ....................................................................................................................................... 29

Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 30

B. EMERGING REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 32

Counterfeiting: Banknotes and Negotiable Securities .......................................................................... 33

Identity Theft and Legal Forms ............................................................................................................. 34

Intellectual Property, Tickets, Tags, and Labels .................................................................................... 34

C. SECURITY PARADIGM ................................................................................................................. 35

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D. TRADITIONAL SECURITY PRINTING ................................................................................................ 36

Fine-line patterns .................................................................................................................................. 36

Microprinting ........................................................................................................................................ 37

Colors and Inks...................................................................................................................................... 38

Watermarks .......................................................................................................................................... 39

E. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................. 40

Biometrics ............................................................................................................................................. 40

F. UNIQUE INKS ......................................................................................................................... 42

Taggants ............................................................................................................................................... 42

Metameric inks ..................................................................................................................................... 43

Thermochromic Inks ............................................................................................................................. 43

Optically Variable Devices (OVD) .......................................................................................................... 43

Holograms ............................................................................................................................................ 44

Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................... 44

Special Substrates ................................................................................................................................. 46

Digital Watermarks ............................................................................................................................... 46

G. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 46

Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 47

IV. 2D MATRIX BARCODING ............................................................................ 49

A. 2D BARCODE MARKET OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 49

Additional Barcodes .............................................................................................................................. 50

B. QR CODES ............................................................................................................................... 52

Market Penetration .............................................................................................................................. 53

Printing a QR Code ................................................................................................................................ 56

Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 57

C. DATA MATRIX CODES ............................................................................................................ 64

D. BEYOND THE QR CODE: BLIPPAR & TOUCHCODE ................................................................. 66

Blippar .................................................................................................................................................. 66

Touchcode .......................................................................................................................................... 68

E. OPPORTUNITIES FOR VENDORS ............................................................................................ 69

F. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROJECTIONS ............................................................................. 70

V. PRINTED ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAY .................................................... 73

A. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 73

Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 73

Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 73

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Product/Market Overview .................................................................................................................... 74

Technology Overview ........................................................................................................................... 78

B. PRINTED ELECTRONICS & GRAPHICS PRINTING ..................................................................... 81

C. PROCESSES ............................................................................................................................. 84

Printed Electronics Rquirements .......................................................................................................... 84

Printing Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 85

Key Analog and Digital Technologies .................................................................................................... 86

Status of PE Technologies ..................................................................................................................... 89

Throughput and Feature Size by Process .............................................................................................. 90

Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 90

Materials for Printed Electronics .......................................................................................................... 92

Technology Comparison for Printed Conductors .................................................................................. 93

Ink Attributes ........................................................................................................................................ 94

Substrates ............................................................................................................................................. 95

D. HISTORY OF PRINTED ELECTRONICS ..................................................................................... 99

Investments Gone South .....................................................................................................................101

Case Study: Plastic Logic ..................................................................................................................... 103

Current State ...................................................................................................................................... 105

Printed Photovoltaics Roadmap ......................................................................................................... 107

Printed Photovoltaics Companies ....................................................................................................... 108

Key Materials for Printed Photovoltaics ............................................................................................. 109

E. MARKET FORECAST .............................................................................................................. 110

F. PRINTED DISPLAYS ............................................................................................................... 111

Printed Liquid-Crystal Displays ........................................................................................................... 111

LED and Printed OLED ......................................................................................................................... 112

Printed Backplanes and OLEDs ........................................................................................................... 113

OLED Displays ..................................................................................................................................... 114

OLED/EL Lighting................................................................................................................................. 115

G. PRINTED MEMORY .............................................................................................................. 117

Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 117

Roadmap............................................................................................................................................. 117

Materials for Printed Memory ............................................................................................................ 118

H. PRINTED SENSORS .............................................................................................................. 119

Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 119

Companies .......................................................................................................................................... 120

I. FLEXIBLE BATTERIES ............................................................................................................. 121

Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 121

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Companies .......................................................................................................................................... 121

Materials for Printed Batteries ........................................................................................................... 122

J. SMART TEXTILES ................................................................................................................... 122

Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 122

K. PRINTED RFID ...................................................................................................................... 124

Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 124

L. PRINTED ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS ................................................................................ 125

RFID as a Microcosm of Printed Electronics ....................................................................................... 126

RFID from 2004 to 2012 and Beyond .................................................................................................. 127

RFID and Printing Technology ............................................................................................................. 127

RFID Market Today ............................................................................................................................. 128

Niche Applications .............................................................................................................................. 129

Poor ROI for Broad Applications ......................................................................................................... 130

Privacy and Security Concerns ............................................................................................................ 130

Billion Dollar Printed Electronics Success Stories (so far . . .) ............................................................. 131

M. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... 134

Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 135

Specific Printed Electronics Opportunities for Print Industry

Participants ......................................................................................................................................... 135

VI. 3D PRINTING ............................................................................................. 137

A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 137

Definition ............................................................................................................................................ 137

Description ......................................................................................................................................... 137

Market Sectors of 3D Printing............................................................................................................. 139

History ................................................................................................................................................ 140

B. STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET........................................................................ 142

C. 3D PRINTING AND COMMERCIAL PRINTING ...................................................................... 146

Relationship to Graphics Printing ....................................................................................................... 147

Drivers of 3D Printing Market ............................................................................................................. 151

Categories of 3D Printed Goods.......................................................................................................... 173

Next Steps ........................................................................................................................................... 178

Market Forecast .................................................................................................................................. 179

VII. BIOMEDICAL PRINTING .......................................................................... 185

A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 185

Definition ............................................................................................................................................ 185

Relationship to Graphics Printing ....................................................................................................... 186

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B. APPLICATIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL PRINTING ....................................................................... 186

Biofabrication ..................................................................................................................................... 186

Bioprinting .......................................................................................................................................... 187

3D Bioprinting ..................................................................................................................................... 193

Biosensors and Biochips ..................................................................................................................... 195

Biorecognition and Biosensors ........................................................................................................... 197

C. PRINTED ELECTRONICS AND BIOSENSORS .................................................................................... 198

Next Steps for Printed Biosensors ...................................................................................................... 199

Microarray Basics................................................................................................................................ 202

Making Microarrays ............................................................................................................................ 203

Combinatorial chemistry .................................................................................................................... 204

Combinatorial chemistry concepts ..................................................................................................... 205

Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 207

VIII. NANOTECHNOLOGY .............................................................................. 209

A. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 209

Properties ........................................................................................................................................... 210

Commercial Applications .................................................................................................................... 211

Nanotechnology in Printing Applications ........................................................................................... 213

B. GRAPHENE ............................................................................................................................ 215

Description ......................................................................................................................................... 215

Commercial Developments ................................................................................................................ 216

Research and Development ................................................................................................................ 219

C. CARBON NANOTUBES .............................................................................................................. 220

Description ......................................................................................................................................... 220

Commercial Applications .................................................................................................................... 225

Printed Electronics .............................................................................................................................. 226


D. QUANTUM DOTS ................................................................................................................ 233

Applications ........................................................................................................................................ 234

Printing Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 236


E. RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ......................................................................... 240

XI. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 243

A. SECURITY PRINTING ............................................................................................................ 243

Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................................................. 243


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B. 2D MATRIX BARCODING ...................................................................................................... 245



C. PRINTED ELECTRONICS ........................................................................................................ 247



Specific Printed Electronics Opportunities for Print Industry

Participants ......................................................................................................................................... 249

D. 3D PRINTING ........................................................................................................................ 249



E. BIO-MEDICAL PRINTING ....................................................................................................... 251


F. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 252

X. APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 255

A. ROADMAPS FOR ORGANIC AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS ..................................................... 255

XI. GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ 261

A. SECURITY PRINTING ................................................................................................................ 261

B. 2D BARCODES ........................................................................................................................ 270

C. PRINTED ELECTRONICS ............................................................................................................. 273

D. 3D PRINTNG ........................................................................................................................ 283

E. BIOMEDICAL PRINTING ............................................................................................................. 307

F. NANOTECHNOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 320

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EXHIBITS

Exhibit I-1 Projected Security Printing Market Values by Application for 2015…………………5

Exhibit I-2: Value of Security Printing Market Sectors 2010 vs. 2015 .......................................... 5

Exhibit I-3 Sample QR Code .......................................................................................................... 7

Exhibit I-4: The Heart of Printed Electronics—A Printed Transistor ............................................ 9

Exhibit I-5: A Glimpse of the Printed Electronics Market—(Present and Future)....................... 11

Exhibit I-6: Total Value of 3D Printed Goods .............................................................................. 13

Exhibit I-7: Global Forecast for 3D Printing Revenue (millions) ................................................ 14

Exhibit I-8: Structure of Graphene ............................................................................................... 17

Exhibit I-9: Carbon Nanotubes ..................................................................................................... 18

Exhibit I-10: Carbon Nanotubes Luminescence ........................................................................... 19

Exhibit III-1: Security Printing Market Sectors ............................................................................ 31

Exhibit III-2: Fine Line Guilloches............................................................................................... 36

Exhibit III-3: Microprinting on Currency ..................................................................................... 37

Exhibit III-4: Currency and Banknotes ......................................................................................... 38

Exhibit III-5: U.S. Currency with Watermark .............................................................................. 39

Exhibit III-6: DNA Analysis for Verification of Product Packaging ........................................... 41

Exhibit IV-1: Sample, Microsoft Tag ........................................................................................... 51

Exhibit IV-2: QR Code with Finder Pattern ................................................................................. 52

Exhibit IV-3: Penetration of New Media Tech Across 19 Advanced Markets ............................ 54

Exhibit IV-4: U.S. Smartphone Ownership and QR Code Scanning Trends ............................... 55

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Exhibit IV-5: QR Code Usage by Country, January 2013 ............................................................ 56

Exhibit IV-6: Total Audience that Scanned QR Code With a Mobile Phone .............................. 58

Exhibit IV-7: Young Adults Who Have Scanned a QR Code ...................................................... 59

Exhibit IV-8: QR Code Video Stamp ........................................................................................... 61

Exhibit IV-9: Mercedes-Benz Use of QR Codes for Rescue Instruction ..................................... 62

Exhibit IV-10: Smart PJs .............................................................................................................. 63

Exhibit IV-11: QR Code Wall at Indira Gandhi International Airport ......................................... 64

Exhibit IV-12: Data Matrix Codes ................................................................................................ 65

Exhibit IV-13: Data Matrix Codes in Pharmaceutical .................................................................. 66

Exhibit IV-14: Tide and Pepsi Blippar Campaigns ...................................................................... 67

Exhibit IV-15: Touchcode in Action ............................................................................................ 68

Exhibit V-1 Printed Electronic Applications ................................................................................ 74

Exhibit V-2: Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics Applications ................................... 75

Exhibit V-3: Key Segments of Printed Electronics ...................................................................... 76

Exhibit V-4: Printed and Potentially Printed Electronics ............................................................. 77

Exhibit V-5: Market for Printed Electronics ................................................................................. 78

Exhibit V-6: A Printed Transistor ................................................................................................. 79

Exhibit V-7: Technical Complexity in Printing Thin Film Transistors ........................................ 82

Exhibit V-8: Printed Graphics vs. Printed Electronics ................................................................. 83

Exhibit V-9: Organic Electronics Vs. Classical Electronics ......................................................... 84

Exhibit V-10: Printing Parameters ................................................................................................ 86

Exhibit V-11: Print Processes and Print Electronics..................................................................... 88

Exhibit V-12: Print Processes and Print Electronics..................................................................... 89

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Exhibit V-13: Throughput vs. Feature Size .................................................................................. 90

Exhibit V-14: Thin Film Transistor Properties ............................................................................. 91

Exhibit V-15: Materials for Printed Electronics ........................................................................... 93

Exhibit V-16: Technology Comparison for Printed Conductors .................................................. 94

Exhibit V-17: Functional Inks and their Attributes ...................................................................... 95

Exhibit V-18: Important Substrate Requirements......................................................................... 96

Exhibit V-19: Substrate Characteristics ........................................................................................ 97

Exhibit V-20: Suitability of Substrates ......................................................................................... 98

Exhibit V-21: Substrates for Roll-to-Roll Processing .................................................................. 99

Exhibit V-22: Time to Market: Projected vs. Actual .................................................................. 100

Exhibit V-23: Investment and Printed Electronic Company Fates ............................................. 102

Exhibit V-24: Investment Vs. Value Potential ........................................................................... 103

Exhibit V-25: Venture Capital Investment in Printed Electronics.............................................. 105

Exhibit V-26: Printed Electronics Generating Interest ............................................................... 106

Exhibit V-27: OLED Passive Matrix and ODED Active Matrix ............................................... 113

Exhibit V-28: The Market for Printed & Potentially Printed Electronics, 2012 ....................... 126

Exhibit V-29: Printed RFID Timeline ....................................................................................... 128

Exhibit V-30: RFID 2012 Revenue by Product Segment .......................................................... 131

Exhibit V-31: Leading Participants in Printed Electronics ........................................................ 133

Exhibit V-32: Company Performance in Printed Electronics ..................................................... 134

Exhibit VI-1: Additive vs. Subtractive Manufacturing............................................................... 138

Exhibit VI-2: The 3D Printing Hierarchy ................................................................................... 140

Exhibit VI-3: Google Hits for Global Search Term 3D Printing (Millions) ............................... 143

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Exhibit VI-4: 3D Printing Goes Mainstream .............................................................................. 144

Exhibit VI-5: Gartner Hype Cycle – 2012 .................................................................................. 145

Exhibit VI-6: Gartner Hype Cycle – 2013 .................................................................................. 146

Exhibit VI-7: University of Virginia Unmanned Aerial Vehicle................................................ 153

Exhibit VI-8: Two Ways to Make a Duck .................................................................................. 157

Exhibit VI-9: Technologies Developed from Additive Manufacturing ...................................... 157

Exhibit VI-10: Vat Polymerization: Stereolightography ............................................................ 159

Exhibit VI-11: Material Jetting – Object Polyjet ........................................................................ 161

Exhibit VI-12: Binder Jetting...................................................................................................... 162

Exhibit VI-13: Material Extrusion (Thermoplastic Extrusion Technology) ............................... 165

Exhibit VI-14: Powder Bed Fusion............................................................................................. 166

Exhibit VI-15: Sheet Lamination ................................................................................................ 168

Exhibit VI-16: Directed Energy Deposition: Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) .............. 170

Exhibit VI-17: Directed Energy Deposition: Electron Beam Free Form Fabrication (EBFFF) . 170

Exhibit VI-19: Tensile Strengths of 3D Printed Objects ............................................................ 173

Exhibit VI-20: How 3D Printing is Used in Manufacturing and Industry .................................. 174

Exhibit VI-21: How Do You Use 3D Printing? .......................................................................... 175

Exhibit VI-22: Examples of 3D Printing .................................................................................... 176

Exhibit VI-23: Most Wanted Feature in 3D Development ......................................................... 179

Exhibit VI-24: Additive Manufacturing Products and Services – 2011 ..................................... 180

Exhibit VI-25: 3D Printed Part Market Grows to $8.4 Billion in 2025 ...................................... 181

Exhibit VII-1: Cell and Biofactor Printable Biopapers............................................................... 187

Exhibit VII-2: Computer-Generated 3D Image of the Patient with Implant in Blue.................. 194

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Exhibit VII-3: Biosensors and Biochips ..................................................................................... 195

Exhibit VII-4: Schematic of a Biosensor .................................................................................... 196

Exhibit VII-5: Application of Microarray in Gene Analysis ...................................................... 203

Exhibit VII-6: Making a Microarray.......................................................................................... 204

Exhibit VII-7: Combinatorial Chemistry ................................................................................... 206

Exhibit VIII-1: What is Nanoscale? ............................................................................................ 209

Exhibit VIII-2: Nanoscale Approaches and Fabrication ............................................................. 211

Exhibit VIII-3: Nanographic Printing ......................................................................................... 214

Exhibit VIII-4: Structure of Graphene ........................................................................................ 216

Exhibit VIII-5: MeadWestVaco Natralock with Siren Technology ........................................... 218

Exhibit VIII-6: Carbon Nanotubes .............................................................................................. 221

Exhibit VIII-7: Mechanical Properties of CNTs ......................................................................... 222

Exhibit VIII-8: Conductivity Properties of CNTs ...................................................................... 223

Exhibit VIII-9: Types of CNTs ................................................................................................... 224

Exhibit VIII-10: CNTs Price vs. Production Capacity ............................................................... 225

Exhibit VIII-11: Types of CNTs ................................................................................................. 228

Exhibit VIII-12: Carbon Nanotubes Market by Industry ............................................................ 229

Exhibit VIII-13: Carbon Nanotubes Applications ...................................................................... 230

Exhibit VIII-14: Carbon Nanotubes Luminescence ................................................................... 234

Exhibit VIII-15: Nanoparticle Inks and QR Codes in Security Printing .................................... 239

Exhibit VIII-16: Challenges Ahead for CNT Development ....................................................... 241

Exhibit IX-1: Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics Applications ............................... 256

Exhibit IX-2: Roadmap for Flexible Displays ............................................................................ 256

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Exhibit IX-3: Roadmap for OLED Lighting ............................................................................... 257

Exhibit IX-4: Roadmap for Printed Memory .............................................................................. 257

Exhibit IX-5: Roadmap for Printed Sensors ............................................................................... 258

Exhibit IX-6: Roadmap for Printed Batteries ............................................................................. 258

Exhibit IX-7: Roadmap for Smart Textiles ................................................................................. 259

Exhibit IX-8: Roadmap for Printed RFID .................................................................................. 259

Exhibit IX-9: Roadmap for Printed Organic Photovoltaics ........................................................ 260

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