Emerging Food Safety Risks: New Developments...emerging food safety risks, case studies have been...
Transcript of Emerging Food Safety Risks: New Developments...emerging food safety risks, case studies have been...
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Emerging Food Safety Risks: New Developments
Dr. H.J.P. Marvin
RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety
The Netherlands
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Outline of the presentation
� Food safety crises in Europe
� Food Safety Authorities (EU, The Netherlands)
� Emerging risk definitions
� Emerging risk identification: a holistic
approach
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DIOXIN CRISIS(1999) ILLEGAL GROWTH
HORMONES
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Frankenstein FoodThe Pusztai Potato
Illustration: Lloyd Dangle
Friends of the Earth Greenpeace
Introduction of GMO’s
in the European food chain
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-0.5
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Gen
etic
test
Clone
hum
an ce
lls
Enzy
mes
Xeno
trans
plan
tatio
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Crops
Food
Useful Risky Morally acceptable Should be encouraged Eurobarometer 58.0
European attitudes to six applications of biotechnology in 2002
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� Broad public concern about the safety of the European food supply
� BSE, dioxin, E. coli 0157, GM food crops…
� Low public trust in how food crises were handled
� Low trust in the regulatory system in Europe
Food Safety & Risk Assessment
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� EU White Paper on Food Safety (COM (1999), 719 final)
� General Food Law (Regulation 178/2002)
� Establishment of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2002, http://www.efsa.eu.int
The European Commission reacted
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� Risk assessment
� Risk communication
� NOT Risk management!
Tasks of EFSA
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In many EU members states Food Safety Authorities were established; also in The Netherlands
RVVNational Inspection Service for
Livestock and Meat
KvWInspectorate for Health Protection
and Veterinary Public Health
Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV)
(Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport )
Food and Consumer ProductSafety Authority (VWA)
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Food Authorities reaction
“To decrease the number of food safety crises it is important to detect the problem in an very earlystage, preferably before it develops”
Available tools:� Monitoring systems� Rapid Alerts:
• EU: RASFF• WHO: INFOSAN
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� Overview of early warning systems (reactive)
• European Rapid Alert System on Food and Feed (RASFF)
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
• Center for Disease control (CDC, USA)
• WHO early warning activities
• Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN)
• …
Overview of early warning systems
Source: SAFE FOODS; to be published
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� Predictive early warning: emerging risk systems
• Early warning systems for mycotoxin in maize and / or wheat
• Trend analysis using information of early warning systems (e.g. RASFF)
• Holistic approach
Overview of early warning systems
Source: SAFE FOODS; to be published
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Emerging Risk Projects
� EU 6th FP: PERIAPT� EU 6th FP: SAFE FOODS; Workpackage 2� EFSA: EMRISK� Dutch project: Emerging Risks in the Dutch Food
Chain
Holistic approach: look at influences inside and outside the food chain
Some projects aim to develop new tools for the early detection of emerging risks (with involvement of RIKILT)
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An emerging risk to human, animal and/or plant healt h is understood as a risk resulting from a newly identif ied hazard to which a significant exposure may occur or from a n unexpected new or increased significant exposure an d. Or susceptibility to a known hazard
Emerging Risk:
Some definitions (from EFSA 2007)
Assessment of Emerging Risk:Early detection of facts related to that risk derive d either fromresearch and/or monitoring programs or episodic observation.
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Evidence supporting the identification of an emergin g risk should preferably be in the form of an “indicator” a nd of a trend over time or space.
Emerging Risk Identification:
Some definitions (from EFSA 2007)
“Indicator”“Indicator” is a measurement and/or observation that should be reliable, sensitive, quantifiable and should pro vide the information of the nature of the hazard (agent/ pro cess involved) and the source of risk.“Indicators” may point to a specific emerging risk i n different ways, either directly or indirectly related to the food chain.
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Holistic approach followed
Influential sectors
Critical factors of sector
Indicators
Data sources
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Environment & EnergyScience &
Technology
Information &Communication
Government &Politics
Industry & Trade
Population &Social conditions
AgricultureHealth & Welfare
Economy &Finance
Food Chain(s)
Source: Wim Ooms VWA, 2006
Examples of Influential Sectors
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Key information
To determine the indicators (first influential sector) foremerging food safety risks, case studies have been performed on recent food safety incidents.
Examples (from different projects):
� Use of botanicals/ herbs in Food and Feed • Renal disease after Chinese slimming pills in Belgium• Intoxication by consumption of star anise tea
� BSE� Antibiotics in cultured shrimp� Acrylamide� Perfluorinated contaminants in fish� PCB’s/ dioxines and organochloor pesticides in fish� Dioxine in pork meat� VTEC Escherichia coli� ...
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� Antibiotics in cultured shrimp(an example)
Source: “Inventory of possible emerging hazards to food safety and an analysis of critical factors”G.A Kleter, M. Poelman, M.J. Groot and H.J.P. Marvi n (2006)
A case study
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Shrimp Production SE Asia
0.E+00
2.E+05
4.E+05
6.E+05
8.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+06
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
tonn
age
(tonn
es)
Increased demand in Europe for fishery products; increased production in SE Asia
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Problems occurring
Increased production associated with intensification of aquaculture
� Increase disease pressure� Increase use of antibiotics (CAP and nitrofuran)� No MRL existed for these compounds� EU; zero tolerance� Increased control
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Source: Consumer health hazards in international fo od trade; Thom Achterbosch 2005
Monthly notifications of chemical contamination in RASFF
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Another case: Use of antibiotics in Norway set off against the volume of farmed salmon and trout
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
700 000
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Vol
ume
(ton
s w
fe)
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
Ant
ibio
tics
(kg
activ
e su
bsta
nce)
Volume salmon and trout Consumption antibiotics
Source: van der Roest et al. 2007
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Example of holistic analysis
� Increased production � increased disease pressure � antibiotic use � risk. Indicator: increased production. Source: FAO, EUROSTAT
� Increased small scale production � lack of knowledge � misuse � risk. Indicator: increased small scale production; Source: FAO
� More resistant strains � other antibiotics � new risk. Indicator: more resistant strains; Source:science programs
� Lack of international harmonised legislation � zero tolerance � risk.
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Conclusions of the case studies
In every case study influential sectors were identified� Most frequent influential sectors were:
• Science and technology• Human behavior• Nature and environment• Legislation & economy
� Many indicators were identified, generic and case-specific
� Emerging risk systems based on holistic principle seem promising but need much more research
Emerging risk systems: Holistic approach
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Towards a holistic Emerging Risk System
Dutch research project “Emerging risks in the Dutch food chain”*
4-years project (2004-2008)Coordinator: Hans Marvin (RIKILT)
Emerging risk systems: Holistic approach
*(supervised by VWA and LNV)
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Performed studies
� Pro-active approaches to the identification of emer ging risks in thefood chain: retrospective case studies (Dioxin in pork meat, BSE crisis in Great Britain, The HPA1 epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003, Residues of PCBs, dioxins and organochlorine pesticides in cultured fish, Perfluorinated contaminants in fish)
� Inventory of possible emerging hazards to food safe ty and analysis of critical factors ( antibiotics in shrimps; pesticides of natural origin)
� Consumer health hazards in international food trade
� The perception of emerging risks among stakeholders in the food production chain
WORKSHOP “Emerging Risks and Early Warning Systems” : http://www.afsg.nl/emergingrisks
⇒ Focus on the fish production chain
� Option for pro-active identifying emerging risk in the fish production chain
� Development of a prototype
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Filtering
informationdocumentsinternet, ...
Knowledgesharing
signals expert knowledge
Identified EmergingRisks
EmergingRiskIdentificationSupportSystem
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
Development of a prototype: the approach
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Filtering
informationdocumentsinternet, ...
Knowledgesharing
signals expert knowledge
Identified EmergingRisks
EmergingRiskIdentificationSupportSystem
search criteriafor emerging
risk
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Filtering
informationdocumentsinternet, ...
Knowledgesharing
signals expert knowledge
Identified EmergingRisks
EmergingRiskIdentificationSupportSystem
search criteriafor emerging
risk
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Filtering
informationdocumentsinternet, ...
Knowledgesharing
signals expert knowledge
Identified EmergingRisks
EmergingRiskIdentificationSupportSystem
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Filtering
informationdocumentsinternet, ...
Knowledgesharing
signals expert knowledge
Identified EmergingRisks
EmergingRiskIdentificationSupportSystem
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Current & historical signals
Risks YSignals X
Now
Signals X
ERDS system:Emerging Risks!
Anticipation onEmerging Risks
Near/far future
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2007*March*30 2007*May*09
Melamine discovered in hatchery fish food in Canada
The USA ceases imports of wheat gluten from a Chinese company
2007*March*30
The FDA ceases imports of wheat gluten from a Chinese company
ERDS system:Melamine is an emerging risk in hatchery fish food!
Anticipated onemerging riskin Canada
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36Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
Possible design of the Emerging Risk Detection System; first page
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Melamine
Wheat
USA
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
SignalER
criterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1
•Wheat is a kind of food
•Melamine is an organic contaminant
•Organic contaminant in food is a health hazard
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2
•Wheat is a bulk product
•Bulk products available in north America is available in each country of north America
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2 S3
•Fish Farmers breeding salmon are located in Canada
•Salmon is fed with fish feed
•Wheat is a fish feed
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Fish Farmer
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2 S4S3
•Fish farmers breeding salmon are located in Canada
•Salmon is a kind of fish
•Organic contaminants remain in all derived products in the food chain.
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Fish Farmer
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2 S4 S5S3
•Fish is a kind of food
•Organic contaminant in food is a health hazard
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Fish Farmer
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2 S4 S5S3
•Exporters of salmon are located in Canada
S6
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Fish Farmer
Exporter
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S7S3
•Importers of salmon are located in Europe
Salmon is transported from Canada to Europe
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Fish Farmer
Exporter
Importer
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Signal S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S7S3
Match!Risk pathway
found.
Melamine
Wheat
USA
Canada
Fish Farmer
Exporter
Importer
Health hazard
Fish
Europe
ERcriterium
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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46
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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47
Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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Source: Hulzebos et al. 2007
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ERDSS
ERI
Advice tomanagement
(industry/authorities)
Signals
MoreSignals
Focus onER Research
OntologyImprovement
TextMining
Future perspectives: combining two systems
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Further questions to be answered
� What is the quality of the data sources?
� How to avoid overkill of output?
� Is there a quantitative relationship between indicator(s) (data source) and the emerging risk?
� Can we make a generic method / procedure to identify emerging risks in the food and feed chain based on the indicators?
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Thank you for your attention