EMERGING DAN RE EMERGING ZOONOTIC...

DISIAPKAN OLEH:

PROF DR.PRATIWI TS, MS

EMERGING DAN RE EMERGING

ZOONOTIC DISEASE

12/26/20121 EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS

Emerging Infectious Disease and

re emerging diseae

12/26/2012EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS2

Emerging Infectious Disease

◦ An infectious disease that has newly appeared

in a population or is rapidly increasing in

incidence or geographic range

Definition

EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS

Emerging infectious disease

Newly identified & previously unknown infectious agents that cause public health problems either locally or internationally

Re-emerging infectious disease

Infectious agents that have been known for some time, had fallen to such low levels that they were no longer considered public health problems & are now showing upward trends in incidence or prevalence worldwide

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Emerging Infectious Disease


Approximately 75% of recent emerging infectious diseases have

been zoonoses

Ebola Virus AnthraxAvian Influenza Virus

Zoonotic Disease:

◦Disease entities readily transmissible between human and animal populations

Factors Contributing To Emergence


AGENT

Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents

(microbial adaptation & change)

Development of resistance to drugs

Resistance of vectors to pesticides

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HOST

Human demographic change (inhabiting new areas)

Human behaviour (sexual & drug use)

Human susceptibility to infection (Immunosuppression)

Poverty & social inequality

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ENVIRONMENT

Climate & changing ecosystems

Economic development & Land use (urbanization, deforestation)

Technology & industry (food processing & handling)

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Wildlife EID

Domestic

Animal EID

Human EID

Translocation

Human

encroachment

Ex situ contact

Ecological

manipulation

Global travel

Urbanization

Biomedical

manipulation

Technology and

Industry

Agricultural

Intensification

Encroachment

Introduction

“Spill over” &

“Spill back”

Emerging Infectious

Diseases

Dasazak P. et.al.

Science 2000 287:44312/26/2012EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS

8

PENYAKIT HEWAN MENULAR (PHM)

PHM Eksotik PHM Prioritas Daerah

1. PMK;

2. Nipah;

3. JE;

4. BSE

1. ND

2. Anthrax

3. SE

PHM Epidemik

Avian Influenza


Zoonoses


0

•Avian Influenza

•Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

•Monkeypox virus

•Rabies virus

•Brucellosis

•Ebola virus

•West Nile virus

•Nipah virus

•Bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis)

13 Jenis PHM Prioritas Nasional

1. Rabies

2. Brucellosis

3. Anthrax

4. Jembrana

5. Bovine Viral Diarrhea

6. Septicemia

Epizooticae/SE

7. Infectious Bovine

Rhinotracheitis

8. Hog Cholera

9. New Castle

Disease/ND

10. Infectious Bursal

Disease

11. Salmonellosis

12. Trypanosomiasis

13. Avian Influenza/AI


ANTHRAX


Bacillus anthracis

Large, gram-positive, non-motile rod

Two forms

Vegetative, spore

Over 1,200 strains

Nearly worldwide distribution

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The Spore


Sporulation requires:

Poor nutrient conditions

Presence of oxygen

Spores

Very resistant

Survive for decades

Taken up by host and germinate

Lethal dose 2,500 to 55,000 spores

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Human Transmission


Cutaneous

Contact with infected tissues, wool, hide, soil

Biting flies

Inhalational

Tanning hides, processing wool or bone

Gastrointestinal

Undercooked meat

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Human Transmission


Tanneries

Textile mills

Wool sorters

Bone processors

Slaughterhouses

Laboratory workers

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Anthrax: Symptoms

Sudden death

Less acute symptoms

High fever

Sudden staggering

Hard breathing

Trembling

Collapse

Death usually occurs within a few hours of symptoms


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://library.humboldt.edu/~chadwick/ap95521hsu_ANTHRAX_CA_3KNAG.jpg&imgrefurl=http://library.humboldt.edu/~chadwick/hottopics.html&h=333&w=512&sz=32&hl=en&start=31&usg=__b4NkFT9I7_fcyhoj8SnPY2HEPxY=&tbnid=M7qFFQ6zPJWFiM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danthrax%26start%3D18%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Ruminants


Peracute

Sudden death

Acute

Tremors, dyspnea

Bloody discharge from body orifices

Chronic (rare)

Pharyngeal and lingual edema

Death from asphyxiation

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Animal Transmission


Ingestion

Most common

Herbivores

Contaminated soil

Heavy rainfall, drought

Carnivores

Contaminated meat

Inhalation

Mechanical (insects)

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Animal Transmission


Bacteria present in hemorrhagic exudate from

mouth, nose, anus

Oxygen exposure

Spores form

Soil contamination

Sporulation does not occur in a closed carcass

Spores viable for decades

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Differential Diagnosis (Ruminants)


Blackleg

Botulism

Poisoning

Plants, heavy metal, snake bite

Lightening strike

Peracute babesiosis

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Anthrax: What do I do?

Carcasses of dead animals should be burned or buried

at least 6’ deep and covered with quicklime

Take care not to bury the animal near wells or

streams.

Use care when handling carcasses as anthrax can be

spread to people


Anthrax: Prevention

Vaccines may be used to prevent anthrax

In areas where it is a problem vaccination

should occur yearly

In areas where it is not common, vaccinate

on the recommendation of a vet.


Cutaneous Anthrax


95% of all cases globally

Incubation: 2 to 3 days

Spores enter skin through open wound or

abrasion

Papule vesicle ulcer eschar

Case fatality rate 5 to 20%

Untreated – septicemia and death

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Day 2

Day 6

Day 4

Day 6

Day 6

Day 10

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Disinfection


Preliminary disinfection 10% formaldehyde

4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)

Cleaning Hot water, scrubbing, protective clothing

Final disinfection: one of the following 10% formaldehyde

4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)

3% hydrogen peroxide,

1% peracetic acid

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

(BSE): MAD COW DISEASE

Chronic, degenerative disease

Affects the central nervous system

1 of several brain disease called Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's (TSE’s) Some affect animals and some affect humans

Other TSE’s Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD- ID in the 1920’s) New variant CJD (nvCJD ID in 1995) Kuru


BSE in the United States and the World

Rare

3 cases in the United States

First diagnosed in Great Britain in 1986

The US has not imported any beef from Great Britain since

1985

USDA and the APHIS maintain constant surveillance and

enforce import restrictions.


BSE: Symptoms

Nervousness or aggression

Muscle twitching

Abnormal posture

Loss of body weight

Decrease in milk production

Difficulty in rising after lying down

Eventual death


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://legalectric.org/f/2008/02/madcownn_baz_madcow_031231300w.jpg&imgrefurl=http://legalectric.org/weblog/2058/&h=222&w=296&sz=12&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=TscY6FPNinaOlM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DMad%2BCow%2BDisease%2BVideo%26gbv%3D2%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

So what causes BSE? Not fully known

Available evidence indicates that it is not viral or bacterial

Related to a prion A prion is a microscopic protein particle that is similar to a virus but lacks

nucleic acid

BSE may be contracted by ingesting protein in feed that came from an animal source that was contaminated by the agent that causes the disease

While no direct link has been made there is suspicion that feeding cattle rendered protein from scrapie infected sheep was involved in spreading the disease

In 1997 the FDA banned using ANY mammal derived protein in cattle feed in the United States


Incubation of and Testing for BSE

Ranges from 2-8 years

Death occurs within 2 weeks to 6 months after clinical

symptoms appear

No test to determine if live cattle are infected

Only a postmortem microscopic examination of the brain

can determine if the animal had BSE

Brain tissue in infected animals has a spongy appearance when

examined under a microscope

There is no treatment for BSE


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://webs.wichita.edu/mschneegurt/biol103/lecture16/spongi_brain.jpg&imgrefurl=http://webs.wichita.edu/mschneegurt/biol103/lecture16/lecture16.html&h=336&w=500&sz=60&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=oRgda-_yUNkCWM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbrain%2Btissue%2Bof%2Ba%2Bcow%2Bwith%2Bmad%2Bcow%2Bdisease%26gbv%3D2%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den

So Can BSE Be Transmitted to

Humans?

• No evidence that it can be transmitted by direct contact or

consumption of meat or dairy products

• No evidence that eating meat of BSE infected animals can

cause CJD

• In 1995 nvCJD was found to be caused by the same agent as

BSE but it too was not found in milk or milk—only in the

brain tissue, spinal cord, corneal tissue and some other

central nervous system tissues


BSE


BSE in the United States and the World

Rare

3 cases in the United States

First diagnosed in Great Britain in 1986

The US has not imported any beef from Great Britain since

1985

USDA and the APHIS maintain constant surveillance and

enforce import restrictions.


BSE: Symptoms

Nervousness or aggression

Muscle twitching

Abnormal posture

Loss of body weight

Decrease in milk production

Difficulty in rising after lying down

Eventual death


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://legalectric.org/f/2008/02/madcownn_baz_madcow_031231300w.jpg&imgrefurl=http://legalectric.org/weblog/2058/&h=222&w=296&sz=12&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=TscY6FPNinaOlM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DMad%2BCow%2BDisease%2BVideo%26gbv%3D2%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)

Common throughout the United States

May appear in mild, acute & chronic forms

Spreads by contact


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://lh5.google.com/dchechuy/RtzjUv6S2YI/AAAAAAAAA9o/7EFE1ogLpUk/s400/P1110631.JPG&imgrefurl=http://intothetrails.com/2007_09_01_archive.html&h=300&w=400&sz=31&hl=en&start=11&um=1&tbnid=hMLOCuvmV0n3ZM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddirty%2Bshoes%26gbv%3D2%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den

Mild BVD Often no symptoms

If they are present:

Fever

Coughing

Discharge from the nose

Slow gains

Rapid breathing

Mild diarrhea

Animals that have had the mild form of the disease are immune to further infection.


Acute BVD

Fever

Difficult breathing

Discharges from the nose and mouth

Possible lameness

Dehydration

Weight loss

Diarrhea after 3-7 days

Pregnant animals may abort if the disease is contracted with in the first 2 months of pregnancy

Fetus’s may mummify if contracted from the 90-120th

day of pregnancy

Fetus may suffer in later stages of pregnancy

Brain damage

Hairlessness

Underdeveloped lungs


Chronic BVD

All the same symptoms as the acute plus

Slow gains

Rough hair coat

Lameness


Zoonoses

Case Studies


5

Avian Influenza (H5N1)

West Nile Virus

Nipah Virus

Rift Valley Fever

Viral Re-assortment

Reassortment in pigs

Reassortment in

humans

Pandemic Influenza

Virus12/26/201246 EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS

Influenza Virus

Types A and B

Type A

(Seasonal, avian, swine

influenza,….)

Type B

(Seasonal influenza)

Can cause significant disease

Generally causes milder

disease but may also cause

severe disease

Infects humans and other

species (e.g., birds; H5N1)Limited to humans

Can cause epidemics and

pandemics (worldwide epidemics)

Generally causes milder

epidemics


Hog Cholera

(Classical Swine Fever)


Definition of hog cholera:

highly contagious viral disease of swine

can cause acute, chronic, or congenital disease

considered a foreign animal disease


Etiology:

Family Flaviviridae

Genus Pestivirus

Only one serotype of the virus

Closely related to BVDV


Epidemiology of HCV:

Transmission:

Transplacental infection with a lowly virulent strain of HCV can

result in persistently infected piglets

These piglets will persistently shed the virus for months before

succumbing to the disease


Petechial hemorrhages - skin:

Petechial hemorrhages - kidney surface

Petechial hemorrhages - abdominal viscera


Clinical signs of congenital infections:

Highly virulent strain:

abortion

birth of diseased pigs that die shortly after birth

Less virulent strain:

mummification

stillbirth

birth of weak, ―shaker‖ pigs (congenital tremor)


Gross lesions of congenital infections:

Cerebellar hypoplasia

Microencephaly

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Central dysmyelinogenesis

Thymus atrophy

Deformities of the head and limbs

Petechial hemorrhages of the skin and internal organs

towards the end of the disease process


Differential diagnosis:

African Swine Fever

distinguished from hog cholera only via laboratory examination

Erysipelas

Salmonellosis

Colisepticemia

Thrombocytopenic purpura

Acute pasteurellosis

Infection with BVDV


Inactivating the virus:

Disinfectants:

2% NaOH

1% formalin

sodium carbonate


Cari 2 (dua) penyakit

zoonosis yang lain

Sampai UAS


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