dIVERCity

M a y Ts a n gEmErgEnt Urbanism

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Mike Davis

Steven Johnson

E M E R G E N C ETHE CONNECTED LIVES OF ANTS,BRAINS, CITIES AND SOFTWARE

Tom Wiscombe

E X T R E M EINTEGRATION

Mike Davis explores the future of a radically unequal and explosively unstable urban world. He traces the global trajectory of informal settlement from the 1960’s slums of hope, through urban poverty’s big bang during the debt decades of the 1970’s and 1980’s, down to today’s unprecedented mega slums like Cono Sur, Sadr City and the Cape Flats. Urbanisation has been disconnected from industrialisation, even economic growth.

as Steven Johnson explains with a rare lucidity in emergence: the Connected Lives of ants, Brains, Cities and Software, an individual ant, like an individual neuron, is just about as dumb as can be. Connect enough of them together properly, though, and you get spontaneous intelligence. Starting with the weird behaviour of the semi-colonial organisms we call slime molds, Johnson details the development of increasingly complex and familiar behaviour among simple components: cells, insects and software developers all find their place in greater schemes.

tom Wiscombe advances an argument for an architecture of ‘extreme integration’, where the sanctity of the single surface responsible solely for affect is challenged by multilayered and multidimensional built surfaces. the new species of architecture is ‘robust enough to be both formally and technologically innovative’, replacing a mechanistic model with a biological jungle ecology of messiness and excess.

S o C I a L o r g a n I S a t I o n a L t e C H n o L o g I C a L

K I n g S t o n - U p o n - H U L LKingston-Upon-Hull sits in isolation on the north east coast of england. on the north bank of the Humber estuary, Hull is the only city in the Humber area. It has been an important port for centuries. Hull is deprived compared to other places in the country, the 10th most deprived place in england and was once ranked the least desirable place to live in the UK in 2005 due to terrible crime statistics and many other factors. It generally has worse health, higher crime, poorer housing, higher unemployment, lower incomes and more people on government benefits compared to the national average. Demands on public services are also high. partners face a big challenge to improve the quality of life and prospects for people in Hull. In recent years, with the decline of fishing and heavy industry, the retail sector, tourism, the arts and further and higher education sectors have played an increasingly prominent role in the process of economic regeneration and raising the profile of the city. However, on the whole, unemployment is the major problem, being nearly 3% higher than the average national rate, with 9% of the working age population unemployed, compared with an average of only 6% among the national population at large. residents’ employment prospects are unlikely to be helped by the general lack of success in secondary education, with only 26% of pupils achieving five gCSe passes including english and Maths.

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N o A r a b l e L a n d i n H u l lIt has been stated in a document showing agricultural land use by sub-region in June

2003 that Kingston-upon-Hull has 0% in agricultural land, set-aside land and other

land on agricultural holdings including woodland. Comparing this to other

cities in yorkshire and the Humber, Hull contains no arable land.

N a t u r a l E n v i r o n m e n t

existing Urban greenspace to be retained

new Urban greenspace

open areas of Strategic Importance

green network

E m p l o y m e n t

Strategic employment location

allocated for employment use

Committed for employment use

existing areas of predominantly employment uses where appropriate development will be encourages

H o u s i n g

allocated for housing development

Committed for housing development

allocated for gypsy site

existing areas of predominantly housing and ancillary uses to be safeguarded

C o m m u n i t y F a c i l i t i e s

allocated for community facilities

Committed for community facilities

existing areas of predominantly community facilities

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1 Walk Farm - H C Sprinz Farms Ltd

2 I & C e Watson

3 g e Stamford

4 JW Jacksons & Sons

5 C Lowish Sons

6 a Stephenson

L o c a l F a r m P r o d u c t i o nSugar Bean - 11 ton/Ha

potatoes - 8 ton/Hagrape Seed - 0.6 ton/Ha

peas - 20 ton/HaWheat - 7 ton/Ha

L o c a l A r a b l e F a r m s

S U S t a I n a B L e e n e r g y g e n e r a t I o n

D e v e l o p a N e w G r e e n T e c h n o l o g y B a s e f o r R e s e a r c h i n A q u a t i c E n e r g yCreate a plan that fits well with the community,environment and economic regeneration initiative.

O v e r a l l A i m s & O b j e c t i v e sto develop directly a new green technology using the water network as the source of energy and power. this would create a new manufacturing industry base for Hull to aid its regeneration, along with a new form of aquatic clean energy.Create new structural community-based employment.Create significant employment opportunities for people in the local community across a broad skills range.

W a v e P o w e rthe transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to generate electricity, water desalination or the pumping of water.

T i d a l P o w e ra form of hydropower which converts energy of tides into other useful forms of power.

p r i n c i p l eWave power operated on the wave energy that is created when a float on a buoy flows with the natural up and down movements of the waves. this action subsequently causes an attached plunger to follow the same kind of ebb and flow movement. the plunger is attached to a hydraulic pump that changes the vertical movement to a circular motion, which drives an electric generator to produce electricity.

S u i t a b i l i t yBritish rivers do not commonly have big waves throughout the year. this technology is best suited to offshore and deepwater oceans. Waves are more difficult to predict than the tides.

p r i n c i p l etidal power is the only form of energy which derives directly from the relative motions of the earth - Moon system, and to a lesser extent from the earth - Sun system. the tidal forces produced by the Moon and Sun, in combination with earth’s rotation, are responsible for the generation of the tides.

Several methods harness this power and convert it to electricity.

t i d a l S t r e a m S y s t e m sMakes use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines. Low cost and low ecological impact.

B a r r a g e sMakes use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tide. require a large infrastructural cost.

D y n a m i c t i d a l p o w e rexploits a combination of potential and kinetic energy: by constructing long dams of 30-50km in length from the coast straight out into the sea or ocean.

S u i t a b i l i t ythe Humber estuary offers potential for harnessing tidal power and therefore is a natural location for appropriate tidal technology.

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U r B a n F a r M I n g

A e r o p o n i c sthe process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics).

Fog or Spray

pUMpgroWIng CHaMBer

Spray nozzLeS

nUtrIent SoLUtIon

H y d r o p o n i c sa method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil.

overFLoW groW tray

reServoIr

FILL/DraIn FIttIng

WaterpUMp

A q u a p o n i c sa system of agriculture involving the simultaneous cultivation of plants and aquatic animals such as fish in a symbiotic environment.

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groW BeD

A e r o p o n i c / H y d r o p o n i c T o m a t o e sStart-up costs - £600 (Farmer’s market scale)Cost - 7p to grow

Essential Ingredientsartificial lighting - 1KW/m2 (12hr/day)Water - 20 gallons/0.5m growthplanting density - average 26 plants/m2

Revenue£1.5/lb (Farmer’s market) /£0.60/lb (wholesale)£250-£380/month/12m2

Examplean external wall of a 30 storey building 20x90m = 180m2

aeroponic tomatoes = £37,500 - £57,000

Labourplants need constant pruning therefore intensive labour is required.

Yield for tomatoes3.5 lb/month/m2

traditional farming

1.6 lb/week/m2

Soil-less farming

Yield for other vegetablesLima beans 1lb/m2

Broccoli 2.2 head/m2

Cabbage 2.7/m2

Carrots 5lb/m2

Cucumber 5.5lb/m2

Lettuce 3.2lb/m2

Irish potatoes 6.4lb/m2

V e g e t a b l e P r o d u c t i o n u s i n g H y d r o p o n i c sper 100 Ha = 2.5 million tomatoes (per week of the year) 560,000 peppers (per week in Feb & oct) 700,000 cucumbers (per week in Feb & oct)

Why import produce when you can grow it yourself?

If Hull could produce 80 acres of fruit, it would increase the UK’s production by 10%.

In 2050, 80% of earths population with recide in urban areas. Human population will increase by 3 billion. 109 hectares of land (20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough produce to feed everyone.

5% of fossil fuels are produced in farming. Urban farming methods create no fossil fuels and are far more sustainable.

Creating a mini ecosystem means that everything can be recycled and there is no waste.

the heat generated can be used to create power for the building and excess sold to national grid.

A r a b l e F a r m i n g

A q u a p o n i c F a r m i n g

Input

Input

output

output

M i n o r i t y E t h n i c B a c k g r o u n d s

I n t e r n a l M i g r a t i o n

Hull, in comparison to the national average, has a small percentage of people from black or minority ethnic backgrounds. the 1991 census revealed that only 1.9% of the population in Hull were from a black or minority ethnic background.

Hull has undergone changes in recent years in terms of its ethnic diversity and Hull has the most diverse population in the Humber sub region. However, the city is still ranked below the national average with latest estimates (2007) that are black or minority ethnic residents now making up 6.1% of the population.

ethnicity estimates tell us that outside of the ‘other white’ group, no one minority ethnic group is significantly numerically dominant, a factor that makes Hull very unusual in comparison to similar sized cities in the UK.

In Hull, internal migration continues to lead to population decline. the office for national Statistics (onS) estimate that between mid 2008 and mid 2009, Hull gained 7,840 people from elsewhere in the UK but lost 10,460 in the same way.

Internal migration linkages are strongest with the rest of the yorkshire and Humber region. the largest amount of internal migration both into and out of Hull is with the east riding, most likely due to the tight administrative boundary.

Between 2008 and 2009, Hull gained approximately 4,010 people as a result of international migration and lost 1,100 people in the same way. Inward international migration has fallen since its peak in 2003/04 when 9 countries joined the european Union. there is also some evidence to suggest that a large majority of those who joined during this peak have already returned home.

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Japanese District european District Indian District

R e s i d e n t i a l G r e e n S p a c e C i r c u l a t i o n T r a d i n g B l o c k s

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T h e S t a c k i n g P r o c e s s taking inspiration from culturally and spatially distinct communities within towns and cities, such as various “Chinatowns” and “Curry Miles”; our project proposes a dense multi-cultural centre for Hull. It will provide

affordable housing as well as a platform for enterprise and commerce for recent immigrants. We believe that increased interaction between ethnic cultures produces social and economic innovations, which drive the prosperity and quality of life of our cities. We propose to bring this

multicultural dynamism to Hull to create a centre for trade, commerce and an iconic landmark that will help to reinstate Hull’s reputation as a

“world” city.

the skyscraper reads like a vertical streetscape: comprised of numerous vertical “districts”, each cultural district has unique spatial

characteristics reminiscent of their cultural contexts. they act as a framework to inform occupants on where to settle and develop

communities. research tells us differing cultures will gravitate towards different spatial qualities. the journey through the building will reveal a plethora of sights, sounds and smells from all over the world; bringing

product diversity that would only be found in other countries within reach. Serviced by a transportation system, which can be likened to a tram system with vertical cores, will structure circulation through the

building.

the demographic of Hull does not follow the trend of other large cities in the UK: according to the 2001 UK census, Hull has a population of 243,589. of the total population 97.7% are white, only 3% of people

living in Hull were born outside the United Kingdom. the past decade has shown a small increase in minorities settling in Hull, if we project this forward we can predict that by 2030 that value will increase to 20%. this proposal will make Hull a more attractive prospect for immigrant

workers to come and settle and encourage cultural diversity in Hull.

the challenge is to encourage Hull to start thinking of their own cultural diversity as an asset not a liability, to change the collectivist mind-set into

seeing diversity as an opportunity. the purpose of the project is to give Hull the encouragement and the tools to achieve this and turn what is

currently a negative situation into a positive one.

P l a n s

Level 11

Level 10

residentialopen Spacevertical CirculationCirculation

Multi-culturalareas

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each level is comprised of a street map layout of various countries around the world forming the circulation of the tower. the layers are stacked above one another creating a disorganised, complex circulation structure which leads to the overall form of the building. every floor contains residential blocks, green space and a multi-cultural area specific to each district.

V i s a sQ1, 2010Students

tier 2 skilled worker leading to settlement

other temporary

temporaryemployment

Family, leading to settlement

total visasissued tier 1 highly skilled

worker, leading to settlement

Settlement

54,29016,445 503,000411

141 117 11592 80 45

38

11,150

6,685

4,560

16,915

406,455

296,410

W h e r e p e o p l e c o m e f r o myear end September 2009 (thousands)

all

non-British

newcommon-

wealthother

foreign British eU15 eUa8

oldcommon-

wealth

eU

503,000

361,000

N u m b e r s i n a n d o u t t o t h e U K people coming in to live and work(year end September 2009)

people leaving

600

500

400

300

200Mar00

Mar01

Mar02

Mar03

Mar04

Mar05

Mar06

Mar07

Mar08

Mar09

Jun00

Jun01

Jun02

Jun03

Jun04

Jun05

Jun06

Jun07

Jun08

Jun09

Sep00

Sep01

Sep02

Sep03

Sep04

Sep05

Sep06

Sep07

Sep08

Sep09

Dec00

Dec01

Dec02

Dec03

Dec04

Dec05

Dec06

Dec07

Dec08

January to March 2010 Africa

India

USAustralia andNew Zealand Pakistan Bangladesh

(excluding South africa)

(0.74%)

(0.58%)

(0.28%)(0.32%) (0.27%)(0.24%)

518,000 497,000

213,000166,000

81,00091,000 79,000 68,000

26.49m

28.74m 2.25m

E m p l o y m e n t b y n a t i o n a l i t y

UK

(92.14%) EU14

(1.8%)

EUA8

(1.73%)Totalemployed

Non UK

(7.84%)

Destinations of Immigrants within the UK

other/no reasons42.75%

Formal study24.1%

Work-related20.98%

accompany/join family12.17%

Why migrants head for the UKStudy has overtaken work as the biggest single reason people move to the UK. the number has doubled in six years. these figures do not show how many were “economic migrants” seeking work, or those working illegally.

R e a s o n s f o r M i g r a t i n g

1. ne england 2.22%2. nW england 6.96%3. Yorks/Humb 5.95%4. east Midlands 5.21%5. West Midands 7.08%6. east 7.22%

7.London 39.39%8. South east 13.36%9. South West 5.23%10. Wales 2.13%11. Scotland 4.97%12. n Ireland 0.29%

W h e r e i m m i g r a n t s s e t t l eImmigrants tend to be concentrated in London and the South east, which receives nearly half of all those arriving in the UK.as a result, London is much more multicultural than the rest of the country. the aim is to make the yorkshire/Humber area multicultural by attracting immigrants.

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I M M I g r a t I o n S y S t e M

a S y L U M & C I t I z e n S H I p

Asylum Applications

Illegal Immigrants in the UK

20002001200220032004200520062007

19971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

80,31571,02584,13049,40533,96025,71023,61023,430 primary applications

23,430Initial Decisions

21,775

asylum granted3,7083,484

delay is replying to BIa2,230

not of good character1,695

parent not a british citizen2,535

other18,000

insufficient english2,365

residence4,135

marriage36,315

residence87,785

minor children, others40,535

Refusals, Withdrawn, Already British15,630

Granted Citizenship164,635

2,177Humanitarian protection

Discretionary Leave

Failed asylum Seekers219,000

visa overstayers50,000

Children Born to Immigrant parents66,000

pending InitialDecision6,800

Dependents4,870

rejected16,114

appeal rejected

62,00062,00062,00060,000110,000120,000160,000130,000220,000120,000160,980

Applications for Citizenship

LSe - 524-947,000Home office - 310-570,000Migration Watch - 1,000,000

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as the world globalises in terms of nations’ economies, trade and investment, borders are

opened up more easily for “freer” flow of goods and products. people are also liberated to

move around the world, making immigration easier for anybody.

there are an estimated 191 million immigrants worldwide over the past 50 years, 33% of which are in europe. From

1991 - 2001, the UK population rose by 2.2 million, of which 1.14

million were born abroad. the eU enlargement in May 2004,

brought a further 130,000 more people in one year. the

diverCIty project aims to address the issue of immigration and

overpopulation in the UK, by using immigration to bolster economy.

In Western cities, immigration offers work to workers who will do jobs that people of the host

country will not or cannot do. although exploitative, immigrant

workers often work longer hours for smaller salaries, which works to strengthen the economy. also

providing a broadened talent pool for the host nation, if they

have been educated in their own country, increases cultural

diversity, bringing different cultures within reach. equalling product diversity and providing

easy access to products only available in other countries.

t e r r I t o r I a L W a t e r S

Exclusive Economic Zoneextends from the outer limit of the territorial sea to a maximum of 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) from the territorial sea baseline, thus it includes the contiguous zone. a coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration and any pollution of those resources. However, it cannot prohibit passage or loitering above, on, or under the surface of the sea that is in compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal state.

Contiguous Zoneextending from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles (44 km/28 miles) from the baseline, within which a state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing “infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea”. this will typically be 12 nautical miles (22 km/14 miles) wide, but could be more.

Territorial Seaextends up to 12 nautical miles from its baseline. If this would overlap with another state’s territorial sea, the border is taken as the median point between the states’ baselines, unless the states question agree otherwise. a state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea.

exclusive economic zone

Contiguous zone

territorial Sea

Coastal Waters

territorial Sea Baseline

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DiverCity is located on contiguous sea, extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles from the baseline. In international law, piracy can be committed only on or over international waters (including the high seas, exclusive economic zone, and the contiguous zone) and in other places beyond the territorial jurisdiction of any nation. the same acts committed in the internal waters, territorial sea and archipelagic waters do not constitute piracy in international law but are, instead, crimes within the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the littoral nation. By placing the skyscraper on international waters, the state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing “infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea”.

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Border Control

arrIvaL

SecurityBiometrics

enrolment Centre

payments & appointment

english Learning Centre

Document Collection & return

Culture training

r e s i d e n t i a l

i m m i g r a t i o n

r e c r e a t i o n

C o m m e r c eprogress tracking

Courts of appeal & Case Management

dIVERCity

as immigrants arrive DiverCity, border control checks the application along with their submitted documents. Immigrant then passes through an airport like security system before they are called to a counter at the reception where an officer will complete some preliminary checks on the application. the officer will register the application on the immigration database before enrolling biometric information. the system is then divided into various services, allowing immigrants to access services they require based on their specific case. For special cases like cases that are not covered by the immigration law, or are complex with poor immigration history, they can approach the case management centre for help and advice. the english learning centre and culture training allows immigrants to gain points for their application and trains them to fit into the British culture if their application becomes successful.

I n C r e a S I n g e t H n I C D I v e r S I t y t H r o U g H I M M I g r a t I o n

t i e r s1) Highly Skilled 2) Skilled Workers 3) Low Skilled Workers 4) Students 5) youth Mobility & temporary Workers

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i m m i g r a t i o nBorder Control

english Learning Centre

Commercial District

residential Blocks

Ground Floor - Border Control 1st Floor - Biometrics enrolment Centre 2nd Floor - payments & appointment 3rd Floor - Document Collection & returnKeyDocument Collection & returnenquiry officeInformation pointadvice CentreStatus tracking pointStaff officeCentral atriumelevators

Keypayment Centreappointment roomsInformation pointadvice CentreStatus tracking pointStaff officeCentral atriumelevators

Keyenrolment Centrephoto Boothsenquiry officeInformation pointadvice CentreStatus tracking pointStaff officeCentral atriumelevators

KeyBorder Control exit to HullBorder Control entranceSecurityenquiry officeInformation pointadvice CentreStaff officeCentral atriumelevators

To Hull

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4th Floor - Courts of appeal & Case Management 5th Floor - english Learning Centre 6th Floor - english Learning Centre 2 7th Floor - Culture training & progress trackingKeytraining roomsInformation pointadvise CentreStatus tracking pointCentral atriumelevators

Keyteaching roomsInformation pointadvise CentreStatus tracking pointStaff officeCentral atriumelevators

Keyteaching roomsInformation pointadvise CentreStatus tracking pointStaff officeCentral atriumelevators

KeyCourt roomInterview roomInformation pointStatus tracking pointCentral atriumelevators

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the face detection system allows for status check as well as progress tracking. the immigrants’ face is detected by camera and this is checked against a database based on their facial characteristics. If data held matches their facial characteristics, a green light signals entry. If facial characteristics is not held on the database, a red light signals no entry.

Skyscraper design presents a welcoming face to UK settlers

Immigration Stories

Personal routes relating to specific cases.

PlanS have been floated for a new SKyScraPer In the cIty of KIngSton UPon hUll. the 80 Storey StrUctUre wIll hoUSe UP to 3000 IndIvIdUalS and famIlIeS who have foUnd themSelveS In an ImmIgratIon lImbo, wIth a vIew to facIlItate Permanent rIght to worK, reSIdence, and UltImately cItIzenShIP wIthIn the UK.

“diverCity” will provide a legal refuge for residence for those immigrants who fall through the cracks of the policy, or are unable to renew their visa, for a period, until they can use the facilities within the program to rectify the situation or attain targets to allow their visa to be reinstated. We propose to bring multicultural dynamism to Hull to create a haven for immigration, trade and commerce and creating an iconic landmark that will help to reinstate Hull’s reputation as a “World” city.

The city of Hull has always enjoyed an international reputation; at its peak in 1825 it played a major role in the transmigration of Northern European settlers to the new world. It was also home to the world’s largest shipping companies, with over 100 ships sailing around the globe. But surprisingly the demographic of Hull does not reflect this rich international heritage and has very little ethnic diversity compared with other large cities in the UK and the world. Hull has a population of 243,589. Of the total population 97.7% are white, only 3% of people living in Hull were born outside the United Kingdom. Increased interaction between ethnic cultures produces social and economic innovations, which drive the prosperity and quality of life of our cities. During WWII, 95% of the city was destroyed, making it the most severely bombed

In may 2007, a tongan hoUSeKeePer loloahI taPUI marrIed SolIcItor alexander zIvancevIc In a chUrch of england weddIng held In weSt london. the 27-year-old IS thoUght to have then USed the reSUltIng marrIage certIfIcate aS ‘Proof’ that She waS allowed to lIve and worK In brItaIn.

Today’s revelation means that Miss Tapui got her job cleaning the Attorney General’s house using a loophole created while she was a Home Office minister. For six months Lady Scotland employed Miss Tapui as a full-time housekeeper and dog walker. She did so despite the fact that Miss Tapui had overstayed her year-long student visa by three years and was living in Britain illegally.

A spokesman for the baroness said she had ‘never knowingly employed an illegal immigrant’, adding: ‘Ms Tapui is understood to be married to a British national.’ In fact, Miss Tapui was able to get married only because, by choosing a Church of England wedding, she was able to exploit a loophole in immigration law. Under the 2005 dispensation, the Church of England vicar had thought of Miss Tapui and Mr Zivancevic as a ‘suspicious’ couples to a register office where they can have their immigration status checked.

The Christ Church vicar has now referred Miss Tapui’s wedding to Hounslow Register Office. They have discovered that Miss Tapui was living in Britain illegally and permission to marry has been denied. Mr Zivancevic’s former colleagues at immigration law firm Hoffman-Bokaei in North London said they had warned him to ‘sort out’ Miss Tapui’s visa status.

The red route displayed describes how Mrs Chen would have travelled through the tower specific to her case and the blue route relates to Miss Tapui’s case. The tower acts almost like a waiting room with residential and commerce provided for all immigrants before each immigrant is granted residency in the UK.

a chIneSe woman who travelled to belfaSt to have her chIld IS waItIng for her rIght to lIve In brItaIn becaUSe the chIld became an IrISh cItIzen by bIrth and therefore an eU natIonal.

After enrolment within the skyscraper, the court and case management team ruled that Kunquian Catherine Zhu, now aged four and living with her mother, Man Levette Chen may be entitled under the EU treaty as a national of the EU to live in any member state as long as she is covered by sickness insurance and has enough resources - in this case provided by her mother, and not to rely on public funds.

Mrs Chen had appealed against the refusal of a residence permit, however, the child’s rights as an EU national had given her mother the right to long-term residence, the court ruled. After document collection a year later, the court described that Catherine receives private medical treatment and child care, paid for by her mother, and is not dependent on the state therefore she is entitled to live in Britain as an EU national.

Once that was achieved, the plan was for her daughter to live in the UK under EU rules which allow nationals of one member state, such as Ireland, the right to settle in another.Mrs Chen was “over the moon” with the judgment and now plans to settle in Hull with her daughter.

British city after London. It has since lost its persona and zeal, manifesting in an unrecoverable economic downturn, which was exacerbated by the recessions of the 1980’s and 90’s. Today rejuvenation efforts have been thwarted by the coalition government’s cuts to public spending and caps on immigration. The “diverCity” scheme, aims to rejuvenate the city through attracting, and organising UK immigrants.

Providing the facilities to guide and advise immigrants through the convoluted and ever changing immigration policy, whilst offering them opportunities through localised policy changes that would not be available in other parts of the country.

The UK currently accepts approximately 590,0001 immigrants every year, many of whom have restricted rights due to the term of their residence. 30% of immigrants have the intention to stay in the UK permanently, 20%: up to 4 years and 45% up to 2 years with the rest undecided.

The majority of immigrants are economic migrants. Although freedom of movement is often recognised as a civil/human right, the freedom only applies within a national border. Some argue that a restrictive immigration policy violate this human right of freedom of movement. UK policy gives priority to the educated, skilled and wealthy; this leads to a “brain drain” for developing nations. Less privileged individuals cannot better their position by the opportunities offered by wealthy states. The door is closed to unskilled workers while the demand for unskilled work is high. diverCity proposes to change policy to open a window for low skilled migrants to attain work and right to residency in the UK. Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the “invisible hand” to explain the self-regulating nature of the marketplace. In an economy where capital is allowed to move freely it is unfair and unethical to cap migration of labour in such a way. Taking an egalitarian view, diverCity attempts to move the UK towards the idea of a free movement of labour.

By May Tsang, Denise Tsang & Yogesh Mistry

Friday, 17th December 2010

dIVERCity