Emergence Uniformity in Corn: Is it Essential for Ear Size ...

Tony Vyn @ Purdue University (March 17, 2004)

Emergence Uniformity in Corn: Emergence Uniformity in Corn: Is it Essential for Ear Size Is it Essential for Ear Size

Consistency and Improved Yield?Consistency and Improved Yield?

Tony J. VynTony J. VynGraduate Students: Mercedes Graduate Students: Mercedes MuruaMurua, Missy Bauer,, Missy Bauer,

Ann Kline, Jason Brewer and Martin GonzaloAnn Kline, Jason Brewer and Martin Gonzalo

Agronomy Department, Purdue UniversityAgronomy Department, Purdue University


Accepted Hypothesis:Accepted Hypothesis:

Delayed Seedling Emergence Delayed Seedling Emergence

Shorter PlantsShorter Plants

Delayed MaturityDelayed Maturity

Smaller ears at harvestSmaller ears at harvest

Delayed Silk EmergenceDelayed Silk Emergence


Previous Research on EmergencePrevious Research on Emergence

Part of the stand planted Part of the stand planted 77--21 days later Yield 521 days later Yield 5--22%22%

Source: Nafziger et al. (1991), Ford & Hicks (1992)

Effects of Emergence variability amongst plants planted on Effects of Emergence variability amongst plants planted on the same day the same day ??????????


E. Nafziger Coated Seed Study, 1999


Yield Evaluation in Research?

Plot Combine

Individual Plant?


Experimental Design & Methodology Experimental Design & Methodology (2000(2000--2001)2001)

•• Design:Design: SplitSplit--plot design, 4 replicationsplot design, 4 replications

•• Soil:Soil: Drummers, silty clay loam, 3 to 4.5 % O.M.Drummers, silty clay loam, 3 to 4.5 % O.M.

•• Tillage System:Tillage System: NoNo--tilltill

•• Rotation:Rotation: Corn/soybeansCorn/soybeans

•• Hybrids:Hybrids: Fielder’s Choice Fielder’s Choice 9307 9307 && 8509 8509 (106 and 109 days RM)(106 and 109 days RM)

•• Planting Population:Planting Population: 80,000 seeds/ha80,000 seeds/ha


Experimental Design in Year 2000Experimental Design in Year 2000

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

March 28 April 14 May 16

Planting Date

Coating A2 % of seed weight

UTC (Control)

Coating B3 % of seed weight

Coating


Experimental Design in Year 2001Experimental Design in Year 2001

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

Hybrid 8509

Hybrid 9307

April 2 April 19 May 11

Planting Date

Coating C2 % of seed weight

UTCControl

Coating D2.5 % of seed weight

Coating


MeasurementsMeasurements

Daily emergence countsDaily emergence counts (0 to 100%).(0 to 100%).

Plant populationsPlant populations (emergence & harvest).(emergence & harvest).

Plants heights and VPlants heights and V--stagesstages (4(4--6 & 66 & 6--8 weeks).8 weeks).

Daily silk emergenceDaily silk emergence (0 to 100 %).(0 to 100 %).

Grain yieldGrain yield..


MeasurementsMeasurements

5 m

#1 … # n

ResultsResults


Emergence Profile

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Days after planting

Plan

ts/ a

cre

x 10

00

9307/UTC 9307/A 9307/B

Planting Date: March 28, 2000


Days to 50% Emergence in 2000Days to 50% Emergence in 2000

Hybrid 9307

b

b

a

b

a

a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

28-Mar 14-Apr 16-May

Planting Date

Day

s

UTC A BHybrid 8509

c

b

b

a

a

a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Planting Date

Day

s

UTC A BHybrid 9307


Days from 10 to 90 % Emergence in 2000Days from 10 to 90 % Emergence in 2000

a

bb

0123456789

10


Planting Date

Day

s

UTC A BHybrid 8509

0123456789

10


Planting Date

Days

UTC A BHybrid 9307


Days to 50% Emergence in 2001Days to 50% Emergence in 2001

bbb a

aa

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2-Apr 19-Apr 11-May

Planting Date

Day

s

UTC D

cbb aaa

ba

a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2-Apr 19-Apr 11-May

Planting Date

Day

s

UTC C D Hybrid 8509Hybrid 9307


Days from 10 to 90 % Emergence in 2001Days from 10 to 90 % Emergence in 2001

b

a

0123456789

10

2-Apr 19-Apr 11-May

Planting Date

Day

s

UTC DHybrid 8509

bb

aaa

b

0123456789

10

2-Apr 19-Apr 11-MayPlanting Date

Day

s

UTC C DHybrid 9307


Population after complete emergence Population after complete emergence in 2000 in 2000

67 6671 687171 72 70 66

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Planting Date

Plan

ts (0

00 h

a-1)

UTC A B

77 7578 737976 75 78 75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Planting Date

Plan

ts (0

00 h

a-1)

UTC A BHybrid 9307 Hybrid 8509


2000 Grain Yields2000 Grain Yields

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


Planting Date

Yiel

d (M

g ha

-1)

UTC A B

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


Planting Date

Yiel

d (M

g ha

-1)

UTC A BHybrid 9307 Hybrid 8509


2001 Grain Yields2001 Grain Yields

Treatment Comparisons

PD 1 (C) vs PD 2 (UTC) ** NAPD 1 (D) vs PD 2 (UTC) * NSPD 1 (UTC) vs PD 2 (UTC) ** NS*, ** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.

Significance Within Hybrid 9307 Within Hybrid 8509

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2-Apr 19-Apr 11-May

Planting Date

Yiel

d (M

g ha

-1)

UTC D

bab a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2-Apr 19-Apr 11-May

Planting Date

Yiel

d (M

g ha

-1)

UTC C DHybrid 9307 Hybrid 8509


Analysis of Individual Plant DataAnalysis of Individual Plant Data

1 Simple Linear Regression per Plot:1 Simple Linear Regression per Plot:

2000 = 2000 = 3 3 PDPD xx 2 2 HybridsHybrids xx 33 Coat.TreatCoat.Treat. . xx 44 RepsReps= = 72 plots72 plots

2001 =2001 = 3 3 PDPD xx 5 5 TreatTreat xx 44 RepsReps= = 60 plots60 plots


Linear Regressions of Individual Plant Linear Regressions of Individual Plant Yield for Early Planting in 2000Yield for Early Planting in 2000

y = -7.0274x + 185.35

R2 = 0.1778

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Relative silkinng time (days)

Yie

ld (

g/pl

ant)

y = -0.7286x + 170.99R2 = 0.0014

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Relative emergence time (days)

Yie

ld (

g/pl

ant)

9307 UTC

y = -3.4173x + 163.99

R2 = 0.1178

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Relative silking time (days)

Yie

ld (

g/pl

ant)

y = -2.4322x + 156.44

R2 = 0.0395

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15

Relative emergence time (days)

Yie

ld (

g/pl

ant)

8509 UTC

y = 1.267x - 201.42

R2 = 0.3044

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

170 220 270 320

Final height (cm) Y

ield

(g/

plan

t)

y = 1.3029x - 159.59

R2 = 0.226

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

170 220 270 320

Final height (cm)

Yie

ld (

g/pl

ant)


Yield as a function of “x” (2000Yield as a function of “x” (2000--2001)2001)Independent Variable

2000 0.01 0.05 0.1Relative emergence time

13 24 28Relative silking time

46 63 72Final Height

60 71 742001

Relative emergence time10 13 18

Relative silking time38 54 70

Final Height32 47 52

Significant Regressions (%)P value


Emergence Time in 2003(average of 3 hybrids at West Lafayette)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Mar. 27 4-Apr 23-Apr

Uncoated

Day

s fr

om p

lant

ing

Sd=2.0

Sd=2.5

Sd=1.4


Maximum and Minimum Soil Temperatures after Planting in 2003 (West Lafayette)

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

28-Mar

4-Apr

11-Apr

18-Apr

25-Apr

2-May

9-May

16-May

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

First planting March 27

Second planting April 3

Third planting April 23


Planting Date Effects on Corn Yield in 2003(mean of 3 hybrids at West Lafayette)

100110120130140150160170180190200

Mar. 27 4-Apr 23-Apr

Uncoated

Grain Yieldbu/acre


Relative Emergence for each Plant on each Planting Date

Emergence Date for Plant – Mean for Emergence DateStandard Deviation for Emergence


Ear Yield vs. Relative Seedling Emergence

R2 = 0.0075

R2 = 0.0109

R2 = 0.0396

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Relative Emergence (in Sd units from mean)

Yiel

d (g

/pla

nt)

Planting Date 1 Planting Date 2 Planting Date 3Linear (Planting Date 1) Linear (Planting Date 2) Linear (Planting Date 3)


Time to Silking vs. Relative Seedling Emergence

R2 = 0.0568

R2 = 0.045

R2 = 0.0044

75

85

95

105

115

125

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Relative Emergence (in Sd units from mean)

Day

s to

Silk



Yield vs. Relative Plant Spacing

R2 = 0.1258

R2 = 0.0919

R2 = 0.0911

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Plant Spacing ( in cm, designated by maximum of each 5 cm or 10 cm range)

Yiel

d (g

/pla

nt)

Planting Date 1 Planting Date 2 Planting Date 3

Linear (Planting Date 1) Linear (Planting Date 2) Linear (Planting Date 3)


Plant Grain Moisture vs. Relative Emergence

R2 = 0.0377

R2 = 0.0378

R2 = 0.003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Relative Days to Emerge (in Sd units from mean)

Perc

ent M

oist

ure




Grain Moisture vs. Relative Time to Silk

R2 = 0.2042

R2 = 0.0545

R2 = 0.1048

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Relative Days to Silk (in Sd units from mean)

Perc

ent M

oist

ure




Individual Grain Yield vs. Relative Silking

R2 = 0.0342

R2 = 0.082

R2 = 0.0456

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4Relative Silking Date (in Sd units from mean)

Yiel

d (g

/pla

nt)



Consistency of Resource Availability in High Population Environments ?


Emergence date

Silking Date & Plant Height

-

+

Individual Plant Yield

Tentative Conclusions:Tentative Conclusions:

Effect

For consistent individual ear weightsand high yields we need to make sure“No Plant Left Behind!”


Implications:Implications:

Concern for emergence uniformity is overrated!Concern for emergence uniformity is overrated!

Although uniform seeding depth and seed placement Although uniform seeding depth and seed placement

are still desirable, it is more important to establish are still desirable, it is more important to establish

environments which lead to uniform growth and environments which lead to uniform growth and

development of adjacent plants after emergence.development of adjacent plants after emergence.

What can be done to insure all plants have What can be done to insure all plants have

uniform access to resources within the row?uniform access to resources within the row?


Acknowledgments

Purdue Research Foundation & Agricultural Research ProgramsLandec Ag (Monticello and Oxford, Indiana)John Deere Ltd. (Cropping Systems)Technical assistants and farm superintendents

Emergence Uniformity in Corn: Is it Essential for Ear Size ...

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