EMERGENCE OF RENNAISANCE ARCHITECTURE

BY-Aishwarya.B1JA14AT002

What was before Renaissance Architecture ?• Gothic • romanesque

Romanesque6th to late 10th Century

Gothic 12th to 16th century

Renaissance14th to 17th century

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 6th to late 10th century Also called first European architectural style. Characterized by

Thick walls Round arches Massive quality Sturdy pillars Groin vaults Large towers Decorative arcading Symmetrical plan

Maria Laach Abbey, Germany Basilica di San

Giovanni , Rome

The vault at the Abbey Church of Saint Foy, Conques, France

Harmonious composition of arches

Source : durhamworldheritagesite.com

Most of the buildings that are still standing, some of which are very large churches and cathedrals. The majority of these are still in use, some of them having been substantially altered over the centuries.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Late medieval period i.e. 12th to 16th century Churches ,cathedrals and many civic monuments

expressed gothic style. castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and

to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms also expressed gothic style.

Characterized by - Pointed arch Ribbed vault Flying buttresses Stained glass Pinnacles aisles

Stained glass and pointed arches of Reims Cathedral,France

Ribbed vault

Norman blind-arcading at Canterbury Cathedral , EnglandSource : wikipedia

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE Renaissance architecture is the architecture

of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.

Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture.

Italian renaissance made use of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders, combining classicism.

Renaissance architecture estabilished the ideal proportions of a building based on those of a idealized human body.

Architecture during the Renaissance was also closely associated with urban planning and the dissemination of ideas.

Piraeus, the port of Athens, showing the grid plan of the city

Historians often divide the Renaissance in Italy into three phases -• Renaissance (ca. 1400–1500); also known as the

Quattrocento and sometimes Early Renaissance• High Renaissance (ca.1500–1525)• Mannerism (ca. 1520–1600)

QUATTROCENTO In the Quattrocento, concepts of

architectural order were explored and rules were formulated.

The study of classical antiquity led in particular to the adoption of Classical detail and Ornamentation.

Classical detail of Santa Maria

Ornamentation of columns

HIGH RENAISSANCE During the High Renaissance,

concepts derived from classical antiquity were developed and used with greater surety.

The most representative architect is Bramante (1444–1514) who expanded the applicability of classical architecture to contemporary buildings.

His San Pietro in Montorio (1503) was directly inspired by circular Roman temples. He was, however, hardly a slave to the classical forms and it was his style that was to dominate Italian architecture in the 16th century. Tampeitto, Rome by Bramante

St. Peter’s Dome

MANNERISM

During the Mannerist period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to an independent and more imaginative Rhythms.

the Palazzo del Te, Mantua by Giulio Romano

Laurentian Library in Florence, by Michelangelo Source : fraleystuff.net

CHARECTERISTICS

PLAN -use of symmetry and proportion -less use of tower and more use of dome -grandeur was gained by simplicity

Symmetrical plan of St. Peter’s Basilica

Source : wikipedia.org

DOMES - The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally. Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica

Source : pbs.org

WALLS - Constructed of ashlar masonry. - Stucco or plaster were often used as plastering materials - Internal walls are smoothly plastered and surfaced with lime wash. -For more formal spaces, internal surfaces are decorated with frescoes.

Ashlar masonry used in Palazzo Riccardi

Frescos in Palazzo RiccardiSource : visitflorence.com

WINDOWS AND OPENINGS

-Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch , square lintels , triangular or segmental pediments. -Windows are used to bring light into the building and in domestic architecture, to give views.

A window with a moulded architrave shaped as a pediment

A window with a circular archSource : commons.wikipedia.org

ROOFS AND VAULTS -Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings -Gable roof end of a church forms a pediment -Simple roman vaults without ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan.

Vault of the exterior porch of The Pazzi Chapel by Filippo

Gable roof forming a pediment in Santa Maria NovellaSource : wikipedia.org

COLUMNS AND PILASTERS -The Roman orders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. -During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system.

pilasters

columns

Source : pinterest/old sacristy

ARCHES -Arches are semi-circular or segmental. - Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch.

arch on a monumental scale at the St. Andrea in Mantua

Arches in foundling hospitalSource : lookuparchitecture.com

The greatest architects of the Renaissance included: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) Giovanni Giocondo (1433-1515) Giuliano da Sangallo (1443-1516) Donato Bramante (1444-1514) the theorist Sebastiano Serlio (1475-1554) Michelangelo (1475-1564) Baldessare Peruzzi (1481-1536) Raphael (1483-1520) Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484-

1546) Michele Sanmicheli (1484-1559)

Jacopo Sansovino (1486-1570) Giulio Romano (1499-1546) Giacomo Barozzi (1507-1573) Andrea Palladio (1508-80) Pirro Ligorio (1510-83) Galeazzo Alessi (1512-72) Giacomo della Porta (1533-1602) the theorist Vincenzo Scamozzi (1548-1616) Carlo Maderno (1556-1629) Antonio Contini (1566-1600)

Celebrated examples of Renaissance design include: the dome of Florence Cathedral (1420-36) Church of San Lorenzo (1420-69) by Brunelleschi; Palazzo Medici Riccardi (1445-1460) by Michelozzo di

Bartolommeo; Palazzo Rucellai (1446-51) by Alberti; Church of Santa Maria delle Carceri (1485-1506) by

Giuliano da Sangallo; Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio (1502) by Bramante;

Palazzo del Te, Mantua (1525-34) by Giulio Romano; Saint Peter's Basilica (1506-1626) by Michelangelo

the Villa Farnese at Caprarola (c.1560) by Vignola;

the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore (1562) and the Villa Capra (1566-91) by Palladio.

Source : wikipedia.org

BOOKS The Flowering of the

Renaissance,Cronin, Vincent (1969). The Architecture of the Renaissance in

Italy (1898) by William James Anderson. Leon Battista Alberti’s Ten Books on

Architecture, inspired by Vitruvius, A bible of Renaissance architecture.