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Dr. Joseph Shapira

Oren Hartal HISTELCON 2015,

Tel Aviv 20 Aug. 2015

ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) -

from heuristic practices to methodic system engineering

A historical review of the development of a discipline

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1963. It all started

with a failure of a missile trial.

A young microwave engineer was asked:

What is RFI?

Search through available literature was disappointing:

“Garbage of electronics” - A set of heuristic practices.

It did not suit the entrepreneurial culture in RAFAEL.

The foundations of the EMC group

were then laid “from scratch”.

5 years later…and 10 more EMC group was developed within a broader EM research lab.

Methods were developed, culminating

Analytical canonical models commensurate with impact on the system

Measurement and testing structures and tools

System analysis methods, incorporating efficient iterative

measurements- modeling- processing- validating.

EMC project management philosophy and practice

Shielded lab, Anechoic chamber, TEM cell, Impulse

generator, explosive devices susceptibility test laboratory.

Interaction and contributions to international community

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Achievements

Multiple successful defense projects

KFIR AC, KURNASS 2000 AC, MERKAVA tank, SAAR missile-boat...

Education of Israeli industry

Enabling synthesizers for modern radio, antennas..

EM transmission environment simulation codes developed.

Applied to dynamic scenarios

Israeli URSI (International Union for Radio Science) committee:

Creating a strategic international dialog between regulators, academies

and industries on the future use of the spectrum - COMMSPHERE

Affecting the creation of RADHAZ commission in URSI

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Insight –

The birth of

a methodology

Nature of EMI - EMC Garbage of electronics – the left-over after 1st order approximation.

No simple models for higher orders approximations.

EMC - Urban architecture of electronics –

Maintaining a standard of living in a dense neighborhood

EMC -a complex (embedded) risk management project

Success is not apparent, only failures

Cuts across all work-groups of a development project:

Scales with complexity, new technology, architecture novelty

Effort has to be cost-effective through life cycle

EMC is a system engineering discipline

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Tools - EM Modeling

Canonical coupling models

wires in a harness

wire to slit in a shield

Slit to cavity

PCB “flat coax”

Circuit level simulation

Non-linear transients simulator

Cosite antenna farm

Radiation coupling on a

platform

Terrestrial wave propagation

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System level

Electromagnetic scenario modeling

Analysis-measurement culling

System topology simulation

Testing/verification methods

System-tailored testing tools

EMC project management

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From the archives

KFIR Aircraft

400x500 interaction matrix

Transients require synchronized measurements.

8 parallel measurement stations.

Testing during operation of a complex system –

costly.

The development of the KFIR combat aircraft:

• Development of a multi-station measurement

and processing system, with multiple

coordinated human interfaces.

• Development of a cull process based on

canonical models and on-line analysis.

KFIR EMC Achievements

Only 2,000 measurements ( 1:100).

A huge time-cost saving

An EMI-clean aircraft, including transients.

Note: transients count for over 90% of failures

Efficient usage of resources:

Minimal engine-on time.

Minimal overall time.

High appreciation by USAF and USN EMC communities.

Became a standard practice in IAF and other services

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Sourc

es

Event

sReceptors

System Failure/

disturbance

events

System rulesSystem rules

Spurious

Spurious

SpuriousSpurious

SpuriousSpurious

The Interaction Map

Initial map (prediction)

Analysis and

measurements

Map reduction by

relevance transform

Data update

Refined models

Sparser map

Update design

Update topology

Update method

Update

The EMC iterative cycle

Data gathering

Analysis

Interaction map

EMC design & specs

Test plan

Measurements

Interpretation

Following successes

KURNASS 2000

MERKAVA Mk.1

SAAR 4

Surveillance/ communication complex

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Affected Changes in IDF Standards

Efficient prediction of terrain-scattered interference. Became ITU standard

An electronic upgrade of F4 - cleaned

Complex electronic, communication

& control cleaned

HEMP hardening

We cannot afford this (An EMP simulator in New Mexico)

We built our own methods

and structures.

Sniffing techniques over slits

Impulse generators

TEM cells (planar and coaxial)

System test-analysis methods.

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The drivers of EMC project management:

Phases of unveiling EMI

Unveiled

spurious

system

interaction

System

characteristics

Concept Validation

Development Manufacturing Operational life

Concept level – only possible interactions at the conceptual architecture

unveiled.

Validation of concept - high level design by models and measurements.

Development – implementation unveils additional interactions.

Early Late ( fire-fighting)

EMC

Cost of the EMC effort

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C

Project accrued

cost

BREMC

Late start

Early start

Time

dt

dRCBR EMI

tEMC

BR = Burn-Rate

BREMC - Unveiling the risk

- Mitigating the risk

C =Project accrued cost

EMC team

•Preemptive oriented.

•Timely involved across the project.

•Technically involved in

complexity, new technology,

architecture novelty.

International cooperation • COMMSPHERE - the strategic forum for the future of spectrum usage

• Incorporating leaders from academies, regulators and ITU, and

industries.

• Initiated by the Israeli URSI committee.

• Held 1989, 1991, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000.

• An international task group for the characterization of the propagation

channel – initiated 1993.

• A bridge between the communications and EM communities.

• An international URSI commission on the EM in biology and medicine

– conceived by the Israeli URSI committee 1987

• Israeli IEEE EMC chapter – the first chapter out of USA

• Mr. Elya Yoffe – president of the IEEE EMC society

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Thank you

for your attention Dr. Joseph Shapira

04 8251653

054 6607088

jshapira@cnetvision.net.il

On the pioneers’ wall…

Dr. Joseph Shapira

Mr. Oren Hartal

Dr. Gershon Friedlander

Mr. Amiram Keren

Dr. Haim Mazar

Dr. Moshe Merzer

Mr. Eli Milstein

Mr. Moshe Netzer

Dr. Moshe Rousseau

Prof. Uri Weiser

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References •J. Shapira, “Electromagnetic Compatibility - Towards an Engineering Approach,” in Record of the 11th Convention of IEEE in

ISRAEL, October 1979.

•J. Shapira, “A Few Observations on EMC Methodology”, in URSI 21st General Assembly, August 28-September 5, 1984, p. 117.

•J. Shapira, “On EMC Methodology”, in Proceedings of the 14th Convention of Electrical and Electronic Engineers in ISRAEL,

March 1985, pp. 1.3.0.-1.3.1.

•J. Shapira, “Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — from “garbage of electronics” to global intersystem compatibility, a

historical review with a personal perspective”, IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and

Electronic Systems, COMCAS 2008, 13-14 May 2008 Page(s):1 – 9.

•J. Shapira: Electromagnetic Compatibility for System Engineers, IETE Technical review, Vol. 28, No.1, Jan- Feb 2011.

•M. Rousseau, O. Hartal, “An improved computer program for iterative prediction of intra and inter cable EMI”, 11th IEEE

Convention in Israel, Oct. 1979.

•M. Netzer, “The thermal time constant of an EED and its effect on the accumulation of energy due to conducted and radiated

interference”, 11th IEEE convention in Israel, Oct. 1979.

•J. Shapira, R. Baron, M. Rousseau and E. Milstein, “Intrasystem Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing of Combat Systems - A

New Concept”, Proceedings of the 11th convention of IEEE in Israel, Tel-Aviv, 23-25 October 1979, A2-2.

•J. Shapira, R. Baron, M. Rousseau and E. Milstein, “Intrasystem EMC Testing of Combat Systems - A New Concept: System

Constituents”, in Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on EMC, Zurich, 1981.

•A. Sofrin, J. Shapira, “Cosite electromagnetic compatibility analysis”, 10th IEEE convention in Israel, 1977

•J. Shapira: COOMSPHERE 95 – Summary of discussions, URSI Radio Science Bulletin, No. 272 ,pp.28-32, March 1995

•J. Shapira(editor): COMMSPHERE 97, URSI Radio Science Bulletin, No 282, pp.15-19, Sept 1997

•J. Shapira(editor): COMMSPHERE 99, URSI Radio Science Bulletin, No 289, pp.30-32, June 1999

•J. Shapira: Highlight on the mobile communication channel research, Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, 1995.,

Eighteenth Convention of , vol., no., pp.2.1.4/1,2.1.4/4, 7-8 March 1995

•J. Shapira: Toward a generalized characterization of the mobile channel, IEEE AP Magazine, Vol.34, No.4 P. 16, Aug. 1992

•ITU report 1054: Interference in radio-relay systems caused by terrain scattering, 1986.