Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his...

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Embodied cognition Hans T. Zeiner-Henriksen e-mail: [email protected] MUS2006: Musikk og bevegelse

Transcript of Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his...

Page 1: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Embodied cognition

Hans T. Zeiner-Henriksene-mail: [email protected]

MUS2006: Musikk og bevegelse

Page 2: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)

Page 3: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

“Just in the middle of the first Allegro there was a passage which I felt sure must please. The audience were quite carried away – and there was a tremendous burst of applause. But as I knew, when I wrote it, what effect it would surely produce, I had introduced the passage again at the close – when there were shouts of ‘da capo’.”

Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family. Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes and Indexes. (311 Mozart to his Father) P. 558.

The Orchestra of the Eigteenth Century, conducted by Frans Brüggen:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Symphony No. 31 in D, KV 297 ‘Paris’, I Allegro assai

03:29 - 03:43

Page 4: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family. Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes and Indexes. (311 Mozart to his Father) P. 558.

“The Andante also found favour, but particularly the last Allegro, because, having observed that all last as well as first Allegros begin here with all the instruments playing together and generally unisono, I began mine with two violins only, piano for the first eight bars – followed instantly by a forte; the audience, as I expected, said ‘hush’ at the soft beginning, and when they heard the forte, began at once to clap their hands.”

The Orchestra of the Eigteenth Century, conducted by Frans Brüggen:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Symphony No. 31 in D, KV 297 ‘Paris’, III Allegro 0:00 - 0:27

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F.o.m. 1800-tallet: Et stillesittende, konsentrert publikum.

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Et disiplinert, kontrollert publikum.

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Swing Jazz - jazz som dansemusikk

Benny Goodman

The Charleston

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Be bop - cool jazz - jazz som lyttemusikk

Dizzy Gillespie

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Elvis Presley performing “Hound Dog” at the TV-show “Texaco Star Theater” in 1956

Rock - Elvis - bevegelse

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MusikkteoriMusikkhistorie

Musikkvitenskap

1980

1990

2000

2010

1950

1900

Etnomusikkstudier

Populærmusikkstudier

1800

Musikkpsykologi

Musikkognisjon

Ny musikkvitenskap

Kulturstudier

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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Mind-body split

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Musikkpsykologi

Hermann von Helmholtz

(1821-1894)

Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen: als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (1863)«Læren om toneopplevelsen: som et psykologisk grunnlag for musikkteori»

- studere et musikalsk femonem som et fysisk objekt- et matematisk språk- i overenstemmelse med fysiske lover

Musikkforskning - hørsel

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Musikkpsykologi

Carl Emil Seashore(1866-1949)

Psychology of Music (1938)

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Kognitiv psykologi

Ulric Neisser(1928-2012)

Cognitive Psychology(1967)

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Kognitiv psykologi

datamaskin-modellen

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Hondas robot Asimo

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Carol L. Krumhansl:Cognitiv Foundations of Musical Pitch (1990)

Albert S. Bregman:Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound (1990)

W. Jay Dowling & Dane L. Harwood: Music Cognition (1986)

Fred Lerdahl & Ray Jackendoff:A Generative Theory of Tonal Music (1983)

Richard Parncutt:Harmony: A Psychoacoustical Approach (1989)

John A. Sloboda:The Musical Mind:The Cognitive psychology of music (1985)

19981982

Diana Deutsch

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Manglende grunntone- the missing fundamental

Typiske forskingsfeltinnenmusikk-psykologi:

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Tonehøyde - toneklasse

Shepard-tone

Typiske forskingsfeltinnenmusikk-psykologi:

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AbsoluttgehørTypiske forskingsfeltinnenmusikk-psykologi:

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Kognitiv nevrovitenskap

EEGelektroencefalogram

MRmagnetresonanstomografi

PETpositronemisjonstomografi

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Kap. 6-7 iJensenius, Alexander RefsumMusikk og bevegelse2009. Unipub

Kap. 5 iGodøy, Rolf Inge & Leman, MarcMusical Gestures: Sound, Movement, and Meaning.2010. Routledge

Pensum:

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Lawrence Shapiro, 2011: Embodied Cognition: New Problems of Philosophy

Forfatterens mål med boken: 1. Introdusere og utvikle sentrale temaer innen embodied cognition.2. Vurdere forholdet mellom embodied cognition og tradisjonell kognisjons-vitenskap (standard cognitive science).

Embodied cognition: - mer et forskningsprogram enn en veldefinert teori.

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Tradisjonell kognisjonsvitenskapversus

Embodied cognition (kroppsorientert kognisjon?)

Studerer de det samme?hvis JA: Har de konkurrerende forklaringer?- forskere bør velge den beste forklaringen.hvis NEI: Forklaringene er overflødige eller komplementerende og forskere kan velge fritt hva de vil følge.

hvis NEI: er de forskjellige retningene verdt å forfølge?hvis JA: alt er bra og begge retninger kan være nyttige.hvis NEI: en av retningene bør avvikles.

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Tradisjonell kognisjonsvitenskap

Kognisjon anses som algoritmiske prosesser utført med symbolsk representasjon.

Benytter standardiserte metodologiske praksiser for å studere trekk ved algoritmiske prosesser og representasjoner (f.eks. måling av reaksjonstid, gjenkjenning, avvenningsprosesser, etc.)

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Tradisjonell kognisjonsvitenskap:

1. Stimuli for psykologiske prosesser er mangelfulle.2. I psykologiske prosesser dannes slutninger ut fra ufullstendig informasjon.3. Denne prosessen beskrives best med å beskrive algoritmiske operasjoner over et domene av symbolske representasjoner.4. Studier kan derfor begrenses til prosesser innad i hjernen.

Svakheter...- utfordres av Gibson, Hatfield, connectionists...- ny refleksjon om kroppens posisjon i kognisjonsstudiet.

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2. Kap. Challenging standard cognitive science

1. Gibsons økologi-orienterte persepsjonsteori

2. Hatfields Noncognitive Computationalism.

3. The Connectionist Challenge

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Økologi-orientert persepsjonsteori

James J. Gibson (1904-1979)

*Persepsjon - aksjon*Affordance

*Perseptuell læring

*Verden rundt oss er strukturert.*Hjernen trenger ikke å prosessere sansestimuli for å få informasjon - trenger bare å resonere til informasjonen som er i sansestimuliet.

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AffordancesAffordanser

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Kap. 5 iGodøy, Rolf Inge & Leman, MarcMusical Gestures: Sound, Movement, and Meaning.2010. Routledge

Gestural affordances

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“Perceiving is an act, not a response, and act of attention, not a triggered impression, an achievement, not a reflex”

Gibson, J. J., 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. P. 127.

Økologi-orientert persepsjonsteori

*Persepsjon - aksjon

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Gary Hatfield

Noncognitive Computationalism

- posisjon mellom Gibson og tradisjonell kognisjonsviteskap.-forfekter at kognitive prosesser best beskrives som beregninger med representerende tilstander, men avviser at prosessene er konstruert rundt slutninger (inferential).

- støtter mye av Gibsons ideer men mener han for dårlig beskriver kognitive prosesser.

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The Connectionist Challenge

Connectionist-modeller: datamaskiner som ikke opererer serielt, men har mange samtidige operasjoner - har læringsmuligheter-har ikke behov for et internt symbolsystem

Gir en datamaskin-modell et godt bilde av hvordan hjernen opererer eller ikke?

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3. Kap. Conceptions of embodiment

1. Varela, Thompson, and Rosch: World Building

2. Thelen: Representation Lite

3. Clark: Thinking with the Body

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Francisco Varela - nevrovit.(1946-2001)

Evan Thompson - filosofi

Eleanor Rosch - kogn. psyk.

The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and

Human Experience (1991)

The Embodied Mind (1991) -en urtekst innen embodied cognition

Embodied: 1. Kognisjon avhenger av erfaringer som kommer fra å ha en kropp med visse sensomotoriske egenskaper.2. Disse egenskapene er integrert i en mer omsluttende biologisk, psykologisk og kulturell kontekst.

Varela, Thompson, and Rosch: World Building

Page 37: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Esther Thelen(1941-2004)

Thelen: Representation Lite

Å si at kognisjon er embodied betyr at den har sitt utspring i vår kroppslig interaksjon med vår omliggende verden.

Kognisjon avhenger av den erfaring vi har fra å ha spesifikke perseptuelle og motoriske egenskaper som er uadskillelig sammenknyttet og sammen skaper en matrise der resonnering, hukommelse, følelser, språk og alle andre aspekter ved vårt mentale liv sammenveves.

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Cognition is embodied insofar as it emerges not from an intricately unfolding cognitive program, but from a dynamic dance in which body, perception, and world guide each other’s steps. (p. 61)

Lawrence Shapiro, 2011: Embodied Cognition: New Problems of Philosophy

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Andy Clarkfilosof

Clark: Thinking with the Body

Peker på seks kjennetegn ved studier innen embodied cognition:1. Nontrivial Causal Spread (- flere muligheter - vi velger det enkleste - bruk av eksterne naturlige krefter i miljøet)2. Principle of Ecological Assembly (- gode resultater via minst mulig anstrengelse)3. Open Channel Perception (plukke opp invarianter - det som er forskjellig - mer effektiv sansning)4. Information Self-structuring (ta del i handling som fremskaffer informasjon som har betydning).5. Perception as Sensorimotor Experience (erfaringsbasert forventning om bevegelse).6. Dynamic-Computational Complementarity (plass også for mer tradisjonelle forklaringsmodeller).

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1. CONCEPTUALIZATION (BEGREPSDANNELSE)De begreper vi bruker for å forstå den verden vi lever i avhenger av hva slags kropper vi har.

2. REPLACEMENT (UTSKIFTNING)Vår kropps interaksjon med våre omgivelser erstatter behovet for representerende prosesser. Tenkning baserer seg ikke på algoritmiske prosesser med symbolske representasjoner.

3. CONSTITUTION (SAMMENSETNING)Kroppen eller også den verden vi omgir oss med spiller en grunnleggende heller enn bare årsaksmessig rolle i kognitive prosesser.

Inndeling i tre temaer:

Page 41: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Lawrence Shapiro, 2011: Embodied Cognition: New Problems of Philosophy

1. Hvordan er vår forståelse formet av kroppslige opplevelser?

Page 42: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

The Embodiment of Color

George LakoffMark Johnson

The Embodiment of Metaphor

Lawrence Barsalou

Arthur Glenberg

The Indexical Hypothesis

1. Hvordan er vår forståelse formet av kroppslige opplevelser?

Page 43: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Lawrence Shapiro, 2011: Embodied Cognition: New Problems of Philosophy

1. Hvordan er vår forståelse formet av kroppslige opplevelser?

2. Er datamaskinmetaforen en god metafor for hvordan vår tenkning fungerer?

Page 44: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Esther Thelen(1941-2004)

Tim van Gelder

Rodney Brooks

Randall Beer

2. Er datamaskinmetaforen en god metafor for hvordan vår tenkning fungerer?

Page 45: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Lawrence Shapiro, 2011: Embodied Cognition: New Problems of Philosophy

1. Hvordan er vår forståelse formet av kroppslige opplevelser?

2. Er datamaskinmetaforen en god metafor for hvordan vår tenkning fungerer?

3. Hva er rammen for vår kognisjon?

Page 46: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Alva Noë

Andy ClarkRobert Rupert

3. Hva er rammen for vår kognisjon?

Page 47: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

1. CONCEPTUALIZATION (BEGREPSDANNELSE)De begreper vi bruker for å forstå den verden vi lever i avhenger av hva slags kropper vi har.

2. REPLACEMENT (UTSKIFTNING)Vår kropps interaksjon med våre omgivelser erstatter behovet for representerende prosesser. Tenkning baserer seg ikke på algoritmiske prosesser med symbolske representasjoner.

3. CONSTITUTION (SAMMENSETNING)Kroppen eller også den verden vi omgir oss med spiller en grunnleggende heller enn bare årsaksmessig rolle i kognitive prosesser.

Inndeling i tre temaer:

Page 48: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

4. Kap. Embodied cognition; The Conceptualization Hypothesis

The Embodiment of Color

George LakoffMark Johnson

The Embodiment of Metaphor

Lawrence Barsalou

Arthur Glenberg

The Indexical Hypothesis

Page 49: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

4. Kap. Embodied cognition; The Conceptualization Hypothesis

The body in the brain

Speilnevroner:

Page 50: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Esther Thelen(1941-2004)

Tim van Gelder

Rodney Brooks

Randall Beer

5. Kap. Embodied cognition; The Replacement Hypothesis

Page 51: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Dynamical systems

Van Gelder’s Dynamical Hypothesis

Tim van Gelder

The Turing machine versus Watt’s centrifugal governor

Explaining Watt’s Centrifugal Governor

Page 52: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Rodney Brooks:

Replacement and Robotics

Page 53: Embodied cognition - Universitetet i oslo · Anderson, Emily, 1966, The Letters of Mozart and his Family.Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes

Alva Noë

Andy ClarkRobert Rupert

5. Kap. Embodied cognition; The Constitution Hypothesis

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Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)

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Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)

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Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)

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Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)

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Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)

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Gotye: «Hearts a Mess» (2007)


Embodied Cognition Course Gert Kootstra. Embodied Cognition Embodied Cognition Course Course coordinator Gert Kootstra, CVAP kootstra@kth.se kootstra@kth.se.

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5 Rhythm and Motion MRH - Universitetet i oslo · Music and Motion Theoretical Framework • Embodied music cognition (Leman, 2008). • An ecological perspective on perception (Gibson,

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