Emblem of the Tsardom of Muscovy - La Trobe University€¦ · Эпоха Ивана...

EmblemoftheTsardomofMuscovyAsrepresentedinanofficialMuscovitediploma4c

emblembook,TsarskiiTituliarnik(ЦарскийТитулярник),of1672:Hermitagecopy.Itwascommissionedbythepowerfulboyar(бояр)

ArtamonMatveev,whoranthediploma4cchancery(Posol’skiiPrikazПосольскийПриказ)4llhis

downfallin1682.TheTituliarnikwasupdatedandcon4nuedinuseintheearlyC18th.Itcontained[imagined?]portraitsofpastTsarsandPatriarchs,and[real?]portraitsofforeignrulerscontemporary

withTsarsAlekseiMikhailovichandFëdorAlekseevich.SomecopiesofthebookrecorditwascompiledbyaMoldaviandiplomatinMuscovite

service,NikolaiGavriilovichMileskii‐Spafari,andhisclerk(d’iakдьяк),PeterDolgovo.Theaquarelleandgold‐leafdesignswereexecutedbyar4stcrajsmenassociatedwithworkshopsintheArmouryofthe

MoscowKremlin(OruzheinnaiaPalataОружейннаяПалата).Accuraterecordsofofficialemblems,

rulers’official4tlesandportraitswereessen4altoolsforMuscovitediplomatstryingtorestoreMuscovy’sstatusinEurope’sstatesystemajerthedisastersof

theTimeofTroubles.hqp://www.emc.komi.com/02/08/img/003.jpg.

IvanIVGroznyiinthemodernRussianimagina;on(1897)

ViktorMikhailovichVasnetsov(1848‐1926)

TheVasnetsovimageinfluencedSergei

Eisenstein’sfamousfilmof1943:thefilm’sposterbelow.

Awe‐‐Groza‐‐Гроза• AuthoroftheVarlaam[Monastery]Speech(VarlaamskaiaBesedaВарлаамскаяБеседа)writes(variouslydatedtomid‐C16th,last

decadeofC16thorfirstofC17th)ofthemonarch’shumble/humblingawe(smirennaiagrozaсмиреннаягроза)

• IvanPeresvetov(wri;ng1550s)sees‘awegrozaгроза’asa

guaranteeofjus;cethroughresolveandfirmness;kindnessruinsstates,andadmirestheviolenceofMehmedII

• a1570lelerby‘ParfeniitheHolyFool(IurodivyiЮродивий)’–possiblyapseudonymofIvanIV,oratleastsomeonewri;nginthesamewayasIvanwassupposedtohavewrilentoaPolishdiplomat,

JanRokytein1570–praisesthe‘awegrozaгроза’ofArchangelMichael:

ГрозныйисмертносныйангелAwesomeangelofdeathСтрашныйпосланецTheterriblefinalmessenger

HolyFool(IurodivyiЮродивий)–theopposite

ofGroza

Icon(1584)in‘TheWordofGod’BogoiavlenskiiMonasteryin

Kremenets‐Podol’sk,Ukraine,toStSemën:barefoot,i4nerant,ojennakedand/orprophe4c,someonefeebleinmindand

bodybutnotinspirit,someone‘foolishforGod’,someone

whomweshouldhonourandfeed.

hqp://cerkva.if.ua/index.php?

id=1856&ac4on=art

TheHolyFool(IurodivyiЮродивий)StAndrew

Mid‐C16thicon,MoscowschoolofDionisii.

HewassaidtoamanumiqedScythianslavelivinginConstan4nopleonthecuspoftheC9thand

C10th.Theicontellsthestoryofhislifeanddeeds,star4ngcentretoplejandmovingclockwise.He’sinspiredbyStJohntheBap4stwhilepraying,buthe’stemptedbycallousyouths(bearingcrownsof

falseglory)anddemons,allofwhomheovercomeswhenChristappearstohim(topright)andhedecidestotakeontheroleofbeggarinthestreets.Hethenperformsmiraclesinthestreetsofthegreatcity:makingtheplagueonlyaffectagrave‐robber,banishingademoninguiseofanoldwomanblockingaroad,andredeeminga

monkwho’stoogreedy.Byboqomlej,hemeetsKingDavidhimselfinHaghiaSophiaandthenheseesavisionoftheVirginMaryintheChurchatBlachernae,ontheshoreoftheGoldenHornin

Constan4nople,beforehedies(toplej).

IrinaShalina’scatalogueitem73inTheGatesofMystery:TheArtofHolyRussia,Cambridge,TheLuqerworthPress,n.d,ci4ngTheRussianMuseum,StPetersburg,inventory

itemДРЖ1219.

HansWeygelwoodcut(1563)

HabsburgGermanwoodcutimagesupposedlyofIvanIV,addedtoalateredi4onofSigismundvonHerberstein’smemoirofvisitstoMuscovyin1517&1526.TheimageisaGermanfancyofwhataRussianprincemightlooklike,asitaddsacircletcrown(ofthekindfavouredbyC3rdRomanemperorslike

ClaudiusIIGothicus)tothefur‐trimmedgolden‐capthenknowntobewarnbyaMuscoviteGrandPrince(HerbersteinsawandaccuratelydescribedthecapofMonomakh.)

BibliothèquedesartsdecoraBfs,Paris

(BridgemanArtLibraryUniversalImagesGroup)

hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/slovo/ivan4.html;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussianCulture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.54‐55.InsetcoinimageofClaudiusIIGothicus.

Saxon‐German‐Livonianengravedportraitof

IvanIV

Engraving(ajerWeygel)fromPaulOderborn’sLifeofIvanIV(1585)wriqeninLa4n‘IohannisBasilides.

MagniMoscoviæ,Ducisvita’.Oderbornwasfrom

Wiqenberg,upperSaxony,anddrewonLivoniansources.

ЭпохаИванаГрозного/FaithandPower:TheAge

ofIvantheTerrible,Москва,МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийскойФедерации,Федеральноеагентствопокультуре

икинематографии&Федеральноегосударственноеучреждениекультуры,

Государственныйистопико‐культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,

fron4spiece;hqp://www.nasledie‐rus.ru/img/

870000/870401s.jpg&hqp://www.mab.lt/evangeliku/images/

oderborn.jpg.

ImaginedPortraitofIvanIV(b.1530,reigning1547‐84)

ComposedfortheTitularnik

(Титулярник)of1672

Portrety,gerbyipechaBBol'shoigosudarstvennoiknigi1672g.

Портреты,гербыипечатиБольшойгосударственнойкниги1672г.

hqp://viva�omenko.narod.ru/lib/pictures/page_005.htmlandonlineinNewYorkPublicLibrary,imageID:1542610@hqp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/index.cfmandЕ.С.

Овчинников,ПортретвРусскомИскусствевека:МатериалыиИсследования,Москва1955,pp.64‐78.

LateC17thEffigyPortrait(ПарсунаPersona)of

IvanIVinthemannerofanicon(withoutahaloнимб)?

OneofthefirstalemptsatsecularportraitureinMuscovy,thoughitis

paintedbyicontechnique(temperaandoilonwood)anditishardly“realis;c”.Itisrecordedasagi�byTsarFëdorIIIAlekseevichin1677toaDanishenvoy,FriedrichvonGebel.Thereareclear

affini;eswiththeTituliarnikТитулярникportraitof1672.Thefirstliterarydescrip;onofIvanIVisinI.M.

Katyrëv‐Rostovskii’s‘Tes;monial(Povest’Повесть)’of1626.

NaBonalmuseet,Copenhagen:

EthnographicCollec4onhqp://www.natmus.dk/sw20374.asp

Е.С.Овчинников,ПортретвРусскомИскусствевека:МатериалыиИсследования,Москва1955,pp.62‐64

hqp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/pain4ng/religious‐paint/icon‐paint/introd/parsunas/parsunas.htmandhqp://nesusvet.narod.ru/ico/books/lepahin_4/img/

ioann_vasilyevich_groznyi.jpg;;LindseyHughes,“ImagesoftheElite”,ForschungenzurosteuropaischenGeschichte,56(2000).

170.

Lecturer’ssnapshotfromNaBonalmuseetinCopenhagen

Soviet‐eraCranio‐FacialReconstruc;on(1963‐65)ofthe

faceandphysiognomyofIvanIVatthe;meofhisdeath(1584)basedonhisskull

inhistombatArkhangel’skiiSobor,intheMoscowKremlin

byaSamarkand‐based(Russian‐Uzbek)sculptorandarchæologico‐anthropologist,Mikhail

MikhailovichGerasimov(1907‐70)

RussianAcademyofSciences(RAN)Ins4tuteofEthnologyandAnthropologynamedforMikhlukho‐Maklai(IEA),

Moscow.hqp://img1.liveinternet.ru/images/aqach/c/

0/34/47/34047538_IoannIV_reconstruc4on_by_Gerasimov02.jpg&

hqp://img‐fotki.yandex.ru/get/3707/irina05012009.2a/0_19001_2eb91ff6_L

Icon:TheBlessingoftheProtec;veVeil(Покров)ofourLady(Богородица),theMotherofGod(Богоматерь).Iconorigina;ngfromNovgorod,1550sormid‐C16th.Liketheholywhitecowl(белыйклобук),theiconhonoursanotherlegi;ma;ngrelic:aholyveilwhichsupposedlyturnedbackaSlav[ironically!]siegeofConstan;noplein860or944.ThisveilwasseenbyStAndreiIurodivyi(HolyFool)inBlachernaeChurchinConstan;noplearound1000,andthenbroughtfromConstan;noplebyKievanprinceAndreiBogoliubskiitoRus’inC12th.TheiconshowstheMuscovite‐Byzan;neidealoftheharmonyofChurchandState;theTsarisamongclergyandsaints.Theykeephimstraightandtrue.

ПокровБогородициorПокровБогоматериStateRussianMuseum,StPetersburgГосударственныйРусскойМузейhqp://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/4515.htmorhqp://hramznameniya.ru/photo/?id=160detailbolomle�Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia?)inChurch

ThesourceoftheHansWeygelimagesupposedlyofTsarIvanIVVasil’evichin

1563isveryprobablythis(equallyinvented?)imagefromthelate1520s

ofIvanIV’sfatherGrandPrinceVasiliiIIIIvanovich(b.r.)

composedbyErhardSchön(1491‐1542)

andpublishedbyHansGuldenmundasasetofexo4cisingimagesof

Muscovites,nowlost.(SchönalsoproducedimagesofOqomanTurks.)

ErhardSchönwasaProtestantbasedinNuremburgmakingwoodcutimagesaimedatthemeshethoughtwouldbe

popular.

MuseumBoijmansvanBeuningen,Roqerdam,TheNetherlands

(hqp://www.boijmans.nl/nl/)hqp://collec4e.boijmans.nl/en/work/MB

%202010/2%20Q%20(PK)

Augus;nHirschvogel(1490or1503to1553)

Re‐workedversionofHirschvogel’sengravingof

GrandPrinceVasiliiIIIIvanovich(b.1479,r.1505‐33).

ThehatandkajanbeqerresembleHeberstein’sdescrip4on,thoughhedescribedanewly‐marriedVasilii

IIIin1526asclean‐shaven.BogatyrevexplainstheimagewasfirstmadeinViennain1547foraseriesofcontemporaryrulerportraits.Hirschvogelthenwentontomake23etchingsfora1549re‐edi4onofHabsburgambassador,SigismundvonHerberstein’smemoirof

journeystoMuscovyin1517&1526(hqp://www.rechercheisidore.fr/search/resource/?

uri=ark:/12148/btv1b59053148).HirschvogeladmiredHerberstein.ThoughhewasaProtestantfrom

Nuremburg.HirschvogelalreadyhadexperienceofHabsburgSlaviccultures,havinglivedinLjubjanainSloveniabetween1536‐44.Hestartedoutasa

mathema4cianandmap‐maker,usingmethodsoftriangula4ontoproducemoreaccuratemaps.AjerhemovedtoViennain1544,hefocussedonengraving

images.

hqp://historydoc.edu.ru/aqach.asp?a_no=413;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussian

Culture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.55‐57.

Muscovitediploma4cguidebook,theTsarskiiTituliarnik(ЦарскийТитулярник),of1672:ImaginedportraitsofTsarIvanIVGroznyiГрозный.

Threecopiesweremade:oneisintheRussianStateArchiveofAncientActs(РГАДАhqp://www.rusarchives.ru/federal/rgada/nsa1.shtml)inMoscow,anotherisintheSaltykov‐ShchedrinlibraryinSt

Petersburg,andthethirdisintheHermitageinStPetersburg.hqp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg

&hqp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iioan4.jpg.

LateC17thicon‐like‐portrait(ParsunaПарсуна)inthe

monasteryofAleksandrovskSloboda,whereIvanIVlocatedthecapitalofhis

“Widow’sKingdom”(Oprichnina

Oпричнина)between1564and1572,andwhereheo�enretreatedtoseek

solace.

ReprintedinСергейВладимировичФомин,ПравдаопервомРусскомЦаре:

КтоиПочемуискажаетобразГосударяИоаннаБасильевича(Грозного),Москва,«РусскийИздательскийЦентр»2010.

Thereisafadedlate‐C16thfrescoofIvanIVandhisboyarsinthemalemonastery,fortandchurchof‘ТheAssump;onofOurLady,theHolyVirgin(СоборУспенияПресвятойБогородицыСвияжского

БогородицеУспенскогомужскогомонастыря)’,1551‐61,inSviazhsk,nearKazan’onthemiddleVolga,avitalcentrefortheconquestoftheMoslemKhanateofKazan’in1552:

reprintedinСергейВладимировичФомин,ПравдаопервомРусскомЦаре:КтоиПочемуискажаетобразГосударяИоаннаБасильевича(Грозного),Москва,«РусскийИздательскийЦентр»2010.Image

ofthechurchfromtheKazanBishopric(Eparchate)website:hqp://kazan.eparhia.ru/www/fototemple/2_84790046296.jpg&

hqp://mtdata.ru/u1/photoFA92/20987456535‐0/big.jpeg.

Fadedmid‐C16thfrescoofIvanIVatSviazhk,near

Kazan’

Icon:TheBlessingoftheProtec;veVeil(Покров)ofourLady(Богородица),theMotherofGod(Богоматерь).Iconorigina;ngfromNovgorod,1550sormid‐C16th.Liketheholywhitecowl(белыйклобук),theiconhonoursanotherlegi;ma;ngrelic:aholyveilwhichsupposedlyturnedbackaSlav[ironically!]siegeofConstan;noplein860or944.ThisveilwasseenbyStAndreiIurodivyi(HolyFool)inBlachernaeChurchinConstan;noplearound1000,andthenbroughtfromConstan;noplebyKievanprinceAndreiBogoliubskiitoRus’inC12th.TheiconshowstheMuscovite‐Byzan;neidealoftheharmonyofChurchandState;theTsarisamongclergyandsaints.Theykeephimstraightandtrue.

ПокровБогородициorПокровБогоматериStateRussianMuseum,StPetersburgГосударственныйРусскойМузей,N.H.Likhachëvcollec4on.hqp://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/4515.htmorhqp://hramznameniya.ru/photo/?id=160detailbolomle�Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia?)inChurch

TheTsariselectedbyGod;БогоизбранностьРусскогоЦарства

Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia

Romanovna?)

DetailfromthePokrovBogoroditsaПокровБогородицаicon,firsthalfofC16th,nowin

StateRussianMuseum,StPetersburg,N.H.Likhachëvcollec;on.

Ontheholyday(prazdnikпраздник)ofthe‘FeastoftheVeil’,asIvanIVwassaidtohaveprayedinhistent,

thesupposedly‐impregnablecityofKazan’wasstormedandseizedin1552.

from:Вераивласть:ЭпохаИванаГрозного/FaithandPower:TheAgeofIvantheTerrible,Москва,МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийскойФедерации,Федеральноеагентствопо

культуреикинематографии&Федеральноегосударственноеучреждениекультуры,Государственныйисторико‐культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,p.22,ci4ngМ.Б.Плюханова,СюжетыисимволыМосковсогоцарства,Санкт‐

Петербург,1995,pp.29‐31.

PortraitofIvanIVintheC17thOld‐Slavonicliterary

text:TheHistoryofKazan(КазанскаяИстория)

C17thtextandportraitstylesreferringbacktoC16thevents:Ivan’s

conquestofKazan,1551andMuscovy’sdestruc;onoftheMoslemKhanatesoftheGoldenHorde.Ivanisportrayedasachivalricandroman;cherointhisOld‐

Slavonictext.

hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/

ivan4_kazanskiy.html.

BlessedistheHost(i.e.Army)oftheTsaranointedbyHeavenБлагословенновоинствонебесногоЦаря

Muscovitemid‐C16thIcon,nearly2metreslong,CathedraloftheDormi4on(UspenskiiSobor’УспенскийСоборь,MoscowKremlin.

TheTsar[IvanIV?]rides[backfromaburningKazan’in1551]amidhisinfantryandheheads[nottowardsa‘ThirdRome’but]towarda‘NewJerusalem’wheretheMotherofGodawaitswiththeinfant,Christ.TheTsardoesn’twearabaqle

helmet(шлем)butratherthemonarch’s‘armouroftruth(броняверы)’.TwogreatBibletsarsprecedehimonhorseback,DavidandSolomon,assistedintherearbysaintlymonarchsofKievRus’:Vladimir,andtheholytwins,Boris&Gleb.This‘poli4cal’iconisuniqueinMuscovyandmayhaveinfluencedbyOrthodoxan4‐OqomanprecedentsinC15thandC16thBalkanchurches(OhridinMacedoniaandPetrucainRomania).hqp://www.uer.varvar.ru/uspenskiy16.htmandDaniel

RowlandessayinPicturingRussia:ExploraBonsinVisualCulture,NewHaven,CN:YaleUniversityPress,2008,ch.6&plate6.3.

Detailsoftheicon

Музей‐ЗаповедникМосковскогоКремля:ВераиВласть:ЭпоxаИванаГрозного(Москва2007),p.10,andDanielRowlandessayinPicturingRussia:ExploraBonsinVisualCulture,NewHaven,CN:Yale

UniversityPress,2008,ch.6&plate6.3,andillustra4on10atIvanIVand

hqp://www.ic‐xc‐nika.ru/ikons/Ioann_Vasilevich_IV_Groznyi/000.htmlandHolyMonarchsofKievRus’:StVladimir,St

BorisandStGlebhqp://www.pravenc.ru/text/159104.html.

‘BlessedistheHostoftheHeavenlyTsar’:asecondcopyoftheicon,laterC16th,nowwithgreatTsarslabeled(Israelite:David&Solomon;Byzan4ne:Constan4ne&Leo;Rus’:StVladimirandBoris&Gleb):

Tret’iakovGallery,Moscow:hqp://www.nasledie‐rus.ru/img/870000/870408.jpg.

ImageofTsarFëdorIIvanovich(b.1557,r.1584‐98)

wearingtheCapofMonomakhandastrideacharger(asbetokensan

Orthodoxwarriorprince).HewastheretardedanddiffidentsonandimmediatesuccessorofTsarIvanIVVasil’evichwho

diedin1584.

ImagefromthesideoftheTsar‐Cannon

Tsar‐PushkaЦарь‐пушка1586castbymastergun‐founderandbell‐maker(pushechnoilitetsпушечной

литец),AndreiChokhov(ca1545to1625)totrytodeterfurther

Polish‐Lithuanianaqack.

Nowinthegrounds(neartheFrolovgate)oftheMoscowKremlin

hqp://www.nts‐lib.ru/Online/chem/br5.jpg&hqp://www.mosgid.ru/image/1286443319_788.jpg;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussianCulture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.

54‐71.

Surprisinglyaccurate(?)bogey‐manimageofTsarIvanIV(wearingtheCapofMonomakhandthecollar

(barmyбармы)onKarstenMiddeldorpofLübeck’s“LionofReval(Tallinn)”cannoncastin1559inTallinn(aHansa

Bal4c‐GermantradingcityinwhatisnowEstonia)tohelpdefendthecityajertheclose‐callofaMuscovitesiegein1558‐59atthestartoftheLivonianWar(1558‐83)betweenMuscovyand

Poland‐Lithuania.ThewarbeganwellforMuscovy,butfromthe1560sitbecameadisaster;Andrei

MikhailovichKurbskii’sdefec4onin1564wasoneofthesedisasters.

ThegunisnowinTheArBlleryMuseuminStPetersburg(adjacenttothePeterandPaulFortress@

hqp://www.ar4llery‐museum.ru/en/)hqp://www.4m.lu/photo_album/estonia/the_lion.jpg;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussian

Culture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.50‐61.

PortraitofIvanIVintheC17thOld‐Slavonicliterary

text:TheHistoryofKazan(КазанскаяИстория)

C17thtextandportraitstylesreferringbacktoC16thevents:Ivan’s

conquestofKazan,1552andMuscovy’sdestruc;onoftheMoslemKhanatesoftheGoldenHorde.Ivanisportrayedasachivalricandroman;cherointhisOld‐

Slavonictext.

hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/

ivan4_kazanskiy.html.

1530:thedyingVasiliiIIIisshownblessinghis3‐year‐oldson,IvanIV

As‐yet‐uncolouredincomplete

illustra4onfromanunfinished(asatca.1600)compendiumofoldchronicleentriescompiledby

monksatMoscowandAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVandmetropolitanMakariiin1550s

&1560s:‘TheTsar’sBook(TsarstvennaiaknigaЦарственнаяКнига)’copy(calledtheNikon

Chronicle)fromLitsevoiSvodЛицевойСвод

(1560s)athqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/

manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐1.html.

1530s:TheinfantIvanIVmeetstheboyars,inthecompanyofhisLithuanianmother,ElenaGlinskaia(d.

1538)

NikonchronicleUniversalImages

Group

Corona4onofIvanIVasTsar,1547ChroniclecommissionedbyMetropolitanMakarii:‘TheTsar’sBook(TsarstvennaiaKnigaЦарственнаяКнига)’:hqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐287.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐288.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐289.jpg.

WeddingofIvanIVandAnastasiia

Romanovnain1547

ChroniclecommissionedbyMetropolitanMakarii:‘TheTsar’sBook(Tsarstvennaia

KnigaЦарственнаяКнига)’,1560s.

hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/ivan4ru_inst.html.

Crownedbygoldencoins–ascenereplicatedinEisenshtein’sfilmaboutIvantheTerrible(PartOne‐1944).

Anotherunfinisheduncoloured

scene(1560s)fromtheCorona;onofIvanIVasTsar,1547

Chroniclecommissionedby

MetropolitanMakariiinthe1560s:‘TheTsar’sBook(TsarstvennaiaKniga

ЦарственнаяКнига)’:ГосударственныеМузеиРоссии,ГосударственныйИсторическийМузей,Москва,Издательство

«Интербук‐Бизнес»,2006,p.155,item23(Отделрукописейи

старопечатныхкниг).

MarriageofIvanIV&Anastasiia

Romanovna,7February1547

Nikonchronicle

TheTsariselectedbyGod;БогоизбранностьРусскогоЦарства

Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia

Romanovna?)

DetailfromthePokrovBogoroditsaПокровБогородицаicon,firsthalfofC16th,nowin

StateRussianMuseum,StPetersburg.

Ontheholyday(prazdnikпраздник)ofthe‘FeastoftheVeil’,asIvanIVwassaidtohaveprayedinhistent,

thesupposedly‐impregnablecityofKazan’wasstormedandseizedin1552.

from:Вераивласть:ЭпохаИванаГрозного/FaithandPower:TheAgeofIvantheTerrible,Москва,МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийскойФедерации,Федеральноеагентствопо

культуреикинематографии&Федеральноегосударственноеучреждениекультуры,Государственныйисторико‐культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,p.22,ci4ngМ.Б.Плюханова,СюжетыисимволыМосковсогоцарства,Санкт‐

Петербург,1995,pp.29‐31.

Silver,Gilt,Chiselled&EnamelledCup(Кошв)belongingtoIvanIV,madeusingMoldavian

techniquesinthearmouryworkshops,

MoscowKremlin(ОружейнаяПалата,МЗ1137)hlp://www.kreml.ru/ru/exhibi;on/

Kremlin/index.php?id_4=234&from_4=2;ЭпохаИвана

Грозного/FaithandPower:TheAgeofIvantheTerrible,Москва,

МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийской

Федерации,Федеральноеагентствопокультуреикинематографии&Федеральноегосударственное

учреждениекультуры,Государственныйистопико‐

культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,pp.54‐55,

item11,

Small4tleanddoubleeagleonthebase:ByGraceofGod,TsarandGrandprinceIvan

Vasil’evichSovereignofallRus’Б[о]жиеюм[и]л[о]стиюц[а]ри

великийкн[я]зьиванвасильевичг[о]с[у]д[а]рьвсеярусии

Longer4tlearoundtheedge:thisandVladimirskii,Moskovskii,Novgorotskii,TsarKazanskii,TsarAstrakhanskii,Tverskii,

Iugorskii,Permskii,Viatskii,Bolgarskiietc.,SovereignandGrandPrince,SovereignofPskov,GrandPrinceofSmolensk,Novagoroda,Nizovskielands,Chenigovskii,Riazanskii,Rostovskii,Iaroslavskii,

Belozerskii,Udorskii,Obdorskii,Koldinskii,andalltheSiberianlandandNorthernLandstheVictorandSovereignofmanyothers.

Proformaforthe

Diploma4cRecitalsoftheTsar’s

OfficialTitles:Tituliarnikof

1672

Tsar/ЦарьIvanIV’sprayerthrone(molenoemesto

моленоеместо)

intheCathedraloftheDormi4on(UspenskiiSobor’УспенскийСоборь:AristotleFiorovan4,1497):theso‐

called‘Throneof[Vladimir]Monomakh’

commissionedbyMetropolitan[i.e.,Archbishop]Makariiin1551,4yearsajerIvanIV’sproclama4onas‘Tsar’in1547,6yearsbeforehisrequesttothePatriarchofConstan4noplefor

recogni4onofthe4tlein1557,and10yearsbeforethe4tle‘Tsar’was

acceptedbythePatriarchin1561.

source:И.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,

Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,2001.

The prayer throne Makarii had built for Ivan IV once faced opposite the ‘Church Militant’ icon in the [Patriarch’s] Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin. This is the ‘Blessed is the Host of the Heavenly Tsar’ Icon we have already studied. Now the prayer throne resides in Hall 18 (Зал Ивана Грозного) of the Russian Historical Museum in Red Square, Moscow: Государственные Музеи России, Государственный Исторический Музей, Москва, Издательство «Интербук-Бизнес», 2006, p. 31; hqp://museums.artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000000/st024.shtml.

hqp://museums.artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000000/st024.shtml

This sculptured prayer-throne (1551) Metropolitan Makarii had ordered to be built for Ivan IV was placed opposite the ‘Church Militant’ icon in the [Patriarch’s] Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin. This is the ‘Blessed is the Host of the Heavenly Tsar’ Icon we have already studied. There is an irony. The crusading thematic of the throne and icon did not preclude the use of Ottoman silk-brocade fabric (kemha in Turkish) to line the interior of the prayer-throne! Nurhan Atasoy & Lâle Uluç, Impressions of Ottoman Culture in Europe, 1453-1699, Istanbul, Turkish Cultural Foundation, Armaggan, 2012, pp. 101-2, Plates 74-75.

DetailfromIvanIV’sthrone(1551)inthePatriarch’s‘CathedraloftheDormi;on(UspenskiiSoborУспенскийСобор)’,MoscowKremlinsupposedlyalributed(like

theCrown)totheC12thKievanprince,VladimirMonomakh:

IvanIVleadshiscrusadingarmy.hqp://visualrian.ru/storage/PreviewWM/3107/23/310723.jpg?

1212993160

И.M.Соколова,МономахТрон,Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,‘РоссияиХристианскийВосток’series,2001.

ScenesontheIvanIV’s‘ThroneofMonomakh’1551

SWside•  PrincelyandBoyarCounsellorswith

GrandPrinceVladimirMonomakh[proxyforIvanIV].

•  VladimirMonomakhassembleshiscaptains(voevodyвоеводы)andchooseshiscommanderinchief(nachal’nikначальник).

•  ThearmyoftheGrandPrincesetsoutfor[TatarIslamic]Тhrace.

•  ThecaptainsoftheGrandPrincestandbeforethewallsofThrace

Westside1.  BaqleonthewallsofThraceand

takingofcap4ves2.  ThecaptainsoftheGrandPrince

seizethecityanditswealth3.  BaqleoftheGrandPrince’sarmy

withanenemyforce4.  CouncilofByzan4neTsarConstan4ne

decidingtosendenvoystoVladimirinKiev.

Southside1.  Byzan4neTsarConstan4neIXgives

totheenvoysofStVladimiralltheregaliaofhisByzan4neemperor‐ship.

2.  Journeyoftheenvoysacrossthesea.

3.  TheenvoysofByzan4umpresenttheregaliatoGrandPrinceStVladimirofKiev

4.  Metropolitan(i.e.,Archbishop)NeofritcrownsGrandPrinceStVladimirwiththeregalia,includingtheCapofMonomakh.

FrontdoorsTextofthe‘StoryofthePrincesof

Vladimir[onceKiev,nowMuscovy]Skazaniiaokniaz’iakhVladirmirskikhCказанияокнязьяхВладимирских.

SWside•  PrincelyandBoyarCounsellorswithGrandPrinceVladimirMonomakh[IvanIV].•  GrandPrinceVladimirMonomakhassembleshiscaptains(voevodyвоеводы)andchooses

hiscommanderinchief(nachal’nikначальник).•  ThearmyoftheGrandPrincesetsoutfor[TatarIslamic]Тhrace.•  ThecaptainsoftheGrandPrincestandbeforethewallsofThracesource:И.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,Москва,Индрик,2001

source:И.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,2001

TsarandCounsellors

Corona;on(1547)Source:hqp://feb‐web.ru/feb/irl/pictures/il2‐308‐.jpgandИ.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,2001.

Anotherthronemadefromivoryinthe

MoscowKremlinArmouryMuseum

(OruzheinnaiaPalataОружeйннаяПалата)

aqributedtotheeraofIvanIV.

hqp://museums.artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000000/

st047.shtmland

GrangerCollec4on,UniversalImagesGroup.

Hereisthecorona4ontext(1547)ofMetropolitanMakariifromtheLitsevoiSvod

ЛицевойСвод(1550s,1560s)alsosponsoredbyMetropolitanMakariiintheMetropolitan’sscriptoriumintheKremlin:

Ипослемноголетиймитрополитприветствовалвеликогоцаря:«Божеюмилостиюрадуйсяиздраствуй,православныйцарюИване,всеяРусисамодержавецнамноголета».Ипоклонисяцарюмитрополит.

Anda�ermanyyearshadpassed,thearchbishopgreetedthegreatTsar:‘BythegraceofGod,rejoicingandwelcoming,wesaluteyouright‐holy[Orthodox]TsarIvan,autocratofalltheRussiasformanymoreyearstocome’.AndthenthearchbishopmadeobeissancetotheTsar.

ImageinСергейВладимировичФомин,ПравдаопервомРусскомЦаре:КтоиПочемуискажаетобразГосударяИоаннаБасильевича(Грозного),Москва,«РусскийИздательскийЦентр»2010.

Whatseemedimportantinretrospect:GrozaГроза

Vil’no‐bornRussian‐Jewishar4st,MarkMatve'evichAntokol’skii(1843‐1902)sculpture(1870‐71)imagininganawesome(groznyi

грозный)IvanIVsi³ngontheivorythrone.Thear4st’sworkwasenthusias4callyreceivedby

AlexanderIIandacquiredforTheHermitage,andhehadthepatronageoftheTsar’sliberalsister,GrandDuchessMariiaNikolaevna.Thear4st

renouncedhisJewishstatusajerbeingchosenasa‘PerpetualHonoraryCi4zen’,andajerhiselec4ontotheImperialAcademyofArts.Thisbronzecopypicturedhere(1872)wasmadefor

TheRussianMuseumestablishedinStPetersburgbyAlexanderIII.AnothercopywassenttoLondonfortheImperialExhibi4onof1882andwasthendonatedtotheKensington

Palace.

hqps://picasaweb.google.com/110738321384102773936/DsgCyK#5583707369082039250

‘KingofKings’and‘PriestKing’curtain(katapetasmaкатапетасма)madeinaMoscowKremlinworkshopandgivenbyTsarIvanIVandTsarevnaAnastasiia

Romanovnaon20November1555forthe(SerbianOrthodox)‘Churchofthe

Presenta;onoftheVirgin’atHilandar,ontheHolyMountain,akeyOrthodox

monasterycomplex(picturedinMtAthos,northGreece.

SeeIsoldeThyrêtinTheNewMuscoviteCulturalHistory,Plate3

HilandarOrthodoxChurchResearchLibraryUniversityofOhio

TsarIvanIVisshownsuperintendingthepain4ngoficonsinaKremlincathedral

Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicle

entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissioned

byIvanIVin1570s:LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводat

hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐2.html.

GreatWarBannerofIvanIV(Знамявеликийстяг)1560TheArchangelMichael(right)charges(RevelaBons19:11‐18).GoldembroideredandembossedonimportedChinesesilk.hqp://files.school‐collec4on.edu.ru/dlrstore/ecdf9466‐68f3‐439b‐9712‐874bdb643c76/p13_zn_305.jpgandreconstructedathqp://www.donego.ne�irms.com/Intours/Russian/tcal/Russia/flag/2.jpg.

FromaC19threconstruc;on:Историческоеописаниеодеждыивооруженияроссийскихвойск[asrecordedbytheC16thd’iakIvanViskovatovИванВисковатов].

hlp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/slovo/znamya_ioann4.html

Reconstruc;onoftheBalleStandardofIvanIV(ВеликийСтягьИванаГрозного)

hqp://www.gerb.bel.ru/pages/russia/flag/f_ivan4_3.gif

LostMurals(corona;onofIvanIV,1547?)fromtheVes;buleofthe

GoldenHall(Золотаяпалата)(paintedoverinlater1670s,demolishedin1752)MoscowKremlin,adjacenttotheFaceledPalaceandthesquareofthe[Patriarch’s}Cathedralofthe

Dormi;on(UspenskiiSoborУспенскийСобор)basedona1672descrip;onby

SemënUshakov.

Atone;me,diplomatsandboyarsmettheTsarenthronedhere,enteringviaSpasskiiGate,past

VoznesenskimonasterygoingontoCathedralsquare,thencetotheBoyars’Porch.TheGoldenPalacewasonceconnectedtotheFaceledPalace(Грановитая

Палата).

DanielRowland’‘Twocultures,OneThroneRoom’inOrthodoxRussia:BeliefandPracBceundertheTsars,eds.ValerieKivelson&RobertH.Greene,Pennsylvania

StateUniversityPress,2003,ch.2.

NewChurchThemes:1. Poli4calpowercomesfromGod.2. TheVirginMotherofGodprotectsMuscovy.3.The[Riurikid]clanoftherulerisimportant.4.GodsafeguardsthearmyofMuscovy.5.ARealmmusthavegoodorder.6.ATsarshouldbepiousandsteadfast.7.ATsartakesadvicefromcour4ers.

TheCrownofKazan’ShapkaKazanskaiaШапкаКазанская

Cap‐CrowntocommemoratetheCaptureof

Kazan’,1553?

SomesayitwasthecapturedTatarcrownofKazan’.Morelikely,itwasorderedbyIvanIVandmadebythe

goldsmithsoftheMuscoviteKremlin’asithasnoIslamicmo;fs.ItwasactuallymadeforEdigei,thelastKhanofKazan’,whowascapturedinKazan’in1553,heldhostageinMoscow,andrequiredtotakethenewChris;annameof

Simeon.TheCrownwassolistedasthisSimeon’sinaKremlininventoryof1646.ThestoryimpliessomethingofIvan’scompassionforhishumiliatedenemy,whohadtoconverttoChris;anity,butwhowasotherwisehonouredandwhoselifewasspared.OnesuspectsthatseveralChurchmenmightnothaveagreedwiththispolicyof

Chris;ancompassion.

MoscowKremlin’ArmouryMuseumОружeйннаяПалата,МузейМосковскогоКремля

hqp://visualrian.ru/images/item/175928оrhqp://imagesgallery.kreml.ru/image‐view.jsp?

pos=52&pageStart=49

RenovatedC17thInteriorofthe‘FaceledPalaceГрaновитаяПалата’,MoscowKremlin,1490s

hqp://pics.livejournal.com/dinya_ss/pic/0004ex6s/s640x480

ComparableC17thmuralsfromthethroneroomoftheadjacent‘FaceledPalace(GranovitaiaPalataГрановитаиапалата),MoscowKremlin.

StBasil’sMoscow,RedSquare,1555‐61

hqp://www.xenophon‐mil.org/ruscity/moscow/basildiag.htm

AmodernTatarar;st,FirinatKhalikov’sreconstruc;onofC16thKazan’foranexhibi;onstagedbythe

TatarstanRepublicinMarch2005.Tatarstanisacons;tuentpartoftheRussianFedera;onhqp://history‐kazan.ru/2005/08/kar4ny‐polnye‐dostoinstva‐i‐velichiya‐duxa‐predkov/

TheHistoryoftheCaptureofKazan’KazanskaiaIstoriiaКазанскаяИстория

(DavidMilleracceptstheSoviet‐eradatesof1564;SergeiBogatyrevdatesittolateC16th‐earlyC17th,re‐wrilenlateC17th)ManuscriptinRussianCentralArchiveofAncientActs(TsGADA),Moscow

hqp://historydoc.edu.ru/aqach.asp?a_no=2529&hqp://historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2012721

ConquestofSiberia:cossackfightersintraining;collec;ng

tribute;execu;ngTatarcap;ves

SemënUl’ianovichRemezovofTobol’sk,Siberia

‘ShortSiberianManuscriptКраткаяСибирскаяЛетопись

KratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’

fromValerieKivelson’sCartographiesofTsarism,CornellUniversityPress,2006,p.199and

hqp://makingmaps.net/2008/10/10/map‐symbols‐gibbets‐gallows‐execu4on/andtheexhibi4onattheRussianHistoricalmuseumin2007:‘YermakandtheTakingofSiberia:hqp://www.shm.ru/ev50926.html.

SemënUl’ianovichRemezovofTobol’sk,Siberia(1640s‐1720s)

Representa;on(1690s?)

of‘TheInvasionofSiberiabytheCossack

Ermak’

LibraryoftheRussianAcademyofSciences


KratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’hqp://www.nkj.ru/upload/iblock/e74/

e740261¶c6995622676039613c8142.jpg

SemënUl’ianovichRemezov’s

representa;onsofErmakinSiberia:

Sailingdownthe

riversandportagesbetweenrivers


‘ShortSiberianManuscript

КраткаяСибирскаяЛетописьKratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’

hqp://www.barguzinmuseum.ru/exp/galkin%201.files/image004.jpg

SemënUl’ianovichRemezov’sErmakinSiberia:

Sailingdowntheriversand

alacking



KratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’

h�p://passion‐don.org/library/img/dov_279_2.jpg

IvanIVisshownreceivingtributefromthenewly‐conquered

Siberianlands


entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s:LitsevoiSvodЛицевой

Сводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/


MuscovitePalæographyfron4spieceof

TheBookofRoyalLevels

(СтепëннаяКнига)

TheGreatMenalogion(ВеликиеЧетьиМиней)

1554

Аcompendiumof12month‐by‐monthreligiousreadings,bibletextsandsaints’lives

(hagiographies)compiledbythecirclearoundMetropolitanMakarii.

hqp://www.hs‐augsburg.de/~harsch/russica/

r_vek16.html.

Englishmerchant,AnthonyJenkinson’sMapoftheCaspianregionofMuscovy(1562)

hlp://m1.ikiwq.com/img/xl/dfHNhdqSmxx5JfZHoDpzLd.jpg

Inanothereraofreform(1856),StPetersburgar4stPavelFëdorovichPleshanov(1826‐82)imaginesthenewly‐crowned‘HolyTsar’IvanIVhardatworkin1547reformingMuscovywithoneofKurbskii’s

favouritemembersofthesupposed‘ChosenCouncil(IzbrannaiaRada

ИзбраннаяРада)’:archpriestSil’vestr(supposedauthoroftheDomostroi).ThegreatfireofMoscow,however,is

abouttosupervene.

TheRussianMuseum,StPetersburg

hqp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pavel_Pleshanov_001.jpg/220px‐

Pavel_Pleshanov_001.jpg

IvanIVisshownreceivingtributefromthenewly‐conquered

Siberianlands


entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s:LitsevoiSvodЛицевой

Сводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/


MuscovitePalæography

fron4spieceofTheBookofRoyalGeneraBonalLevels(StepënnaiaKnigaСтепëннаяКнига),

partofTheGreatMenalogion(VelikieChet’iMinei

ВеликиеЧетьиМиней)sponsoredby

MetropolitanMakariiofNovgorodandthenofMoscow

1554

Аcompendiumof12month‐by‐monthreligiousreadings,bibletextsandsaints’lives(hagiographies)compiledbythe

circlearoundMetropolitanMakarii.hqp://www.hs‐augsburg.de/~harsch/russica/r_vek16.html.

LeaffromabookofpiousreadingsandprayersforMarch

intheMoscowKremlinPatriarchalCathedraloftheDormi;onoftheVirgin

(UspenskiiSobor’УспенскийСоборь)Cathedralcopyof

TheMenalogion(МинеяЧетья).

1540s

Thisworkproducedinthe1540sinMetropolitanMakarii’scirclewhilehewastheArchpriestinNovgorod(1526‐42),i.e.beforehebecameMetropolitanofAllRus’

andmovedtoMoscow(1542‐63).

ГосударственныеМузеиРоссии,ГосударственныйИсторическийМузей,Москва,Издательство

«Интербук‐Бизнес»,2006,p.152,item20(Отделрукописейистаропечатныхкниг).

IvanIVistoldofthetreasonofhisBoyar,AndreiIvanovich

Kurbskii,1564

Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonks

atAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s

LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСвод


Palæography

MuscoviteChanceryHandwri4ng

LeaffromapageofTsarIvanIV’sleqertohisrenegadeBoyar,AndreiIvanovich

Kurbskii

disputeddate,either1560sorC17th

hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/

ivan4ru_inst.html

Execu4ngBoyarsIllustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonksat

AlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570sLitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводathqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐groz15.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/?wid=132orhqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐1.html.

Asearlyasthe1590s,FilippKolychëv(1507‐69)wasmovingtowardsainthood.Thisformercounsellorof

IvanIVbecameMetropolitan(i.e.,bishop)andAbbotoftheSolovetskiiMonasteryandFortintheWhiteSeainthefarnorthofEuropeanRussiain1546.LaterhemovedtoMoscowtoheadup

theologicaltrainingin1566.ManyChroniclesandKurbskii’sHistoryandCorrespondenceclaimhedaredtorebukeIvanIVfortheexcessesoftheOprichnina(Опричнина).IvanIVorderedhisexecu4oninTver’in1569bytheoprichnik

(опричник),MaliutaSkuratov.WeknowthathisremainswerebroughtbacktotheStsZosimaand

Savva4iChurchatSolovetskiiin1591.Thisexquisiteembroideredclothwasmadeinthe1590s,very

likelyinthecircleofthenewTsarina,IrinaGodunova.MetropolitanFilippwascanonizedin1652andhisremainswerebroughttoMoscow.

LiudmilaLikhacheva’scatalogueitem43inTheGatesofMystery:

TheArtofHolyRussia,Cambridge,TheLuqerworthPress,n.d,ci4ngTheRussianMuseum,StPetersburg,inventoryitemДРT308.

Moscow‐basedar4st,VasiliiVladimirovichPukirev

(1832‐90)imagines(1882)

asaintlyMetropolitanFilipp

admonishingTsarIvanIV(in1569?)fortheOprichninaajer

adivineserviceinthePatriarch’sCathedraloftheDormi4onoftheHolyVirgin(UspenskiiSobor)inthe

MoscowKremlin.

hqp://pics.livejournal.com/olga74ru/pic/0019r2qq/

s640x480

IvanIVisshownsendingoffnewenvoystoVil’no,

LithuaniancapitalofthePolish‐LithuanianCommonwealthor

Rechpospolita,towhichKurbksiihadfledin1564.


entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s

LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/


AlexandrovskSloboda:IvanIV’scapitaloftheOprichnina(Опричнина)

JacobUlfeld(1567‐1630)LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627),EtchingbyI.T.deBrie@hqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐groz6.jpg

JacobUlfeld(1567‐1630)

Imageoftherecep;onoftheDanishambassadorinthecourtofIvanIVwhileIvanIVwasinself‐imposedexileatAleksandrovskSlobodain1578

LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627)

EtchingbyI.T.deBrie

hqp://krotov.info/acts/16/3/ulfeld1578_1.htmlhqp://krotov.info/pictures/history/48/4.JPG

FeastinthePresenceofTsarIvanIVathisself‐imposedplaceofexileatAlexandrovskSlobodain1578asobservedbythere;nueofDanishenvoy,Jacob

Ulfeld(1567‐1630?)LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627)EtchingbyI.T.deBriehqp://krotov.info/pictures/history/48/6.JPG

RiteofKissingtheHolyCross

(Крестоцелование)1578RitualofRecep;onfortheDanishambassador,JacobUlfeld(1567‐1630?)

LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627)EtchingbyI.T.deBriehqp://krotov.info/pictures/history/48/7.JPG

MapofMoscowinfirsthalfof

C16th

commissionedbyHolsteinenvoyto

Muscovy,AdamOlearius(1603‐71)

Collec4onoftheNewYorkPublicLibrary

hqp://russia.nypl.org/maps2/17moscow.html

BalleofOrsha,8September1514:(Catholic)Polesand(Orthodox)Lithuaniansareshowndefea;ng(Orthodox)Muscovites

NaBonalMuseumofWarsawhqp://www.ddg.art.pl/nm/:PolishpupilofLucasCranachinthe1520sor1530shqp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baqle_of_Orsha_(1514‐09‐08).jpg

TsarIvanIVisdepictedattheweddingritesof

‘Tsar’SemënBekbulatovich:strange

eventsin1575

Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonks

atAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s:

LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводat

hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/

16‐2.html.

Il’iaEfimovichRepin(1844‐1930)imagines(1885)thescenein16November1581ajerIvanIVhasstrucktheblowwhichhaskilledhisownson,theTsarevich,IvanIvanovich

StateTret’iakovGallery,Moscow@hqp://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ru/collec4on/_show/image/_id/210.

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Kurbskii,1564

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