Embedded systems

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Embedded Systems

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What is Embedded Systems?

Embedded reflects the facts that they are an integral parts of the

system.

It is a computer system that is built to control one or few dedicated

functions, and is not designed to be programmed by the end user, in the

same way, that a desktop computer is.

An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human

intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real-time.

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Embedded systems Architecture:

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Key Components Of Embedded System:

Processors:

It is central processing unit known as the heart of the embedded system.

It is the hardware that executes the software and brings life to the

embedded system.

Controls the activities of all the other circuits.

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Memory:

Used to store the software that the processor will run.

Also provides storage for data such as program variables, the intermediate

result, status information and any other data generated throughout the

operation.

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Embedded Systems Are Classified Into Three Types:

Small scale embedded systems

Medium scale embedded systems

Sophisticated embedded systems

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Small Scale Embedded Systems:

These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16-bit

microcontroller that may even be activated by a battery.

For developing embedded software for small-scale embedded systems, the

main programming tools are an editor, assembler, cross assembler and

integrated development environment

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Medium Scale Embedded Systems:

These types of embedded systems design with a single or 16 or 32 bit

microcontroller, riscs or dsps.

These types of embedded systems have both hardware and software

complexities.

For developing embedded software for medium scale embedded

systems, the main programming tools are c, c++, and java, visual c++,

and rtos, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and ide.

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Sophisticated Embedded Systems:

These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and

software complexities that may need asips, ips, plas, scalable or

configurable processors.

They are used for cutting-edge applications that need hardware and

software co-design and components that have to assemble in the final

system.

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Importance of processor in Embedded Systems:

Processor technology involves the architecture of the computation

engine used to implement a system’s desired functionality.

Most devices we know have processors embedded in it (microwave)

Choosing the right embedded processor is critical in performing the

wanted operations.

Choose the processor that you have the most experience with to

minimize design time and avoid problems.

Minimizing design time equals less design cost and faster time-to-

market.

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Various Processors:

General purpose processor

Application specific processor

Multi-processor

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General purpose processor:

The system designer only needs to program the processor’s memory to

carry out the required functionality of the software portion

Multiprocessing:

Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units

within a single computer system.

The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one

processor and the ability to allocate tasks between them

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Application Specific Processor:

An ASIP is designed for a particular class of applications with common

characteristics it’s an 'intermediate' solution between a general-purpose

and a single-purpose processor and gives more flexibility than a single

purpose processor and still better performance, power, size than a

general purpose processor.

Of course, this leads to a longer design time (cost), and there's also a

compiler problem, you will have to create your compiler usually

yourself.

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Advantages:

Easy to design and use (only programming the memory)

Design time is thus low

Design cost is thus low

Programmability - changing functionalities or improving a system

becomes easy when you only need to change the program

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Disadvantages:

Performance is not very good

Size is high

They consume much power

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Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor:

Microprocessor:

Microprocessor is heart of computer system.

It is just a processor. Memory and I/O components have to be

connected externally.

Cannot be used in compact systems and hence inefficient

Cost of the entire system increases.

Most of the microprocessors do not have power saving features.

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Micro Controller:

Micro controller is a heart of embedded system.

Microcontroller has external processor along with internal memory and i/o

components

Can be used in compact systems and hence it is an efficient technique.

Cost of the entire system is low.

Most of the micro controllers have power saving modes like idle mode and

power saving mode. This helps to reduce power consumption even further.

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What is Embedded Processor ?

An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in an embedded

system. These processors are usually smaller, use a surface mount form

factor and consume less power.

Embedded processors can be divided into two categories: ordinary

microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Microcontrollers have more peripherals on the chip.

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ARM7 Processor:

Introduced in 1994, the ARM7™ processor family has been immensely

successful and has helped establish ARM as the architecture of choice in

the digital world.

While the arm7 processor family continues to be used today for simple

32-bit devices, newer embedded designs are increasingly making use of

latest arm processors such as the cortex™-m0 and cortex-m3 processors,

both of which offer significant technical enhancements over the arm7

family.

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ARM7 Processor:










INTEL I960:

Intel's i960 (or 80960) was an risc-based microprocessor design that

became popular during the early 1990s as an embedded microcontroller.

In spite of its success, intel dropped i960 marketing in the late 1990s as a

side effect of a settlement with dec in which intel received the rights to

produce the strong arm cpu.

The processor continues to be used in a few military applications.

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INTEL I960:










Embedded Systems Applications:

Household appliance: microwave ovens, television, DVD, players &

recorders

Audio players integrated systems for aircrafts and missiles

Cellular telephones

Electric and electronic motor controllers

Engine controllers in automobiles

Calculators

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Conclusion:

Each of the embedded system is unique and the hardware is highly

specialized to the application domain. As a result, embedded systems

programming can be widely varying experience and can take years to

master.

One common denominator across almost all embedded software

development is the use of c programming language.

It seems inevitable that the number of embedded systems will continue to

increase rapidly.

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Embedded systems

Engineering

Transcript of Embedded systems