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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGPOLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAHDr. Bakhtiar Bin Md Shaari @ email: dbms@polisas.edu.m y

CHAPTER 1

EC501 EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES• Understand the concept of embedded system:

1. Describe the meaning of embedded system

2. Explain microcontroller as the heart of embedded system

3. Relate embedded system examples with real life application

4. Differentiate Microcontroller and microprocessor

5. Discuss the advantages of microcontroller application

EMBEDDED SYSTEMEMBEDDED SYSTEMEMBEDDED SYSTEMEMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded system is a computer system that cannot be programmed by the user because it is preprogrammed for a specific task and embedded within the equipment which it serves.

(McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia:)

Embedded system is a product controlled by its own internal microprocessor or microcontroller with a purpose for specific functions needed for the system

Definition • Definition for: embedded system

• A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine.

• An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine.

• An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.

• Source: www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary

MICROCONTROLLERS AS HEART OFEMBEDDED SYSTEM

• A microcontroller is the data processing "brain" of an embedded system.

• In an embedded system, a microcontroller receives input signals, processes the input signals and generates output signals based on the processing.

For example, in a thermometer embedded system, the microcontroller may receive a signal from a temperature measuring device, process the signal and send data to a display device to show the temperature being sensed.

Microcontroller as the Heart of Embedded System

Like

Because, the microcontroller will:

Receive Input Signal ���� Process it ���� Produce an Output

Microcontroller like brain?? Woww.. It is great right?

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES

Embedded systems are used in all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use, including:

1. Telecommunications systems

2. Consumer electronics

3. Transportation systems

4. Medical equipment

5. Etc

EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES ..cont…

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watchesand MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

Line Follower Robot

Washing Machine

Air-Bag

EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES

For more For more detail, please

refer book page 25

• Microcontroller is great…how about our computer (microprocessor)?

Next slide describe the difference between uP and uC

uP uC

Applications Areas

Application Areas• TV• stereo• remote control• phone / mobile phone• refrigerator• microwave• washing machine• electric tooth brush• oven / rice or bread cooker• watch• alarm clock• electronic musical instruments• electronic toys (stuffed animals,handheld toys, pinballs, etc.)• medical home equipment (e.g. bloodpressure, thermometer)• …• [PDAs?? More like standard computer system]

Consumer Products

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Application Areas

• Medical Systems– pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems,

intensive care units, …

• Office Equipment– printer, copier, fax, …

• Tools– multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …

• Banking– ATMs, statement printers, …

• Transportation – (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)

• radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …

Application Areas• Automobiles

– engine management, trip computer, cruise control, immobilizer, car alarm,

– airbag, ABS, ESP, …

• Building Systems– elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key

card entries, locks, alarm systems, …

• Agriculture– feeding systems, milking systems, …

• Space– satellite systems, …

Application Areas

• Facts:– 1997: The average U.S. household has over 10

embedded computers (source: www.it.dtu.dk/~jan)• 1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10%

Computers– (source: Frautschi, www.caliberlearning.com)

• 2001: The Volvo S80 has 18 embedded controllers and 2 busses (source: Volvo)

Automobiles

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Embedded in a Shoe!

The microprocessor embedded in this adidas running shoe calculates the pressure between the runner's foot and the ground five million times per second and continuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustable comfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens and shortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.

Characteristics of Embedded System

• Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task

• Embedded systems are not always standalone devices

• The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips.

Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor

• Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.

• Microprocessor is the general purpose microprocessors such as Intel’s x86 family (8086, 80286,80386, 80486 and the Pentium) or Motorola’s family

Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor

• A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuitcontaining a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

Microprocessor based system

A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers externally to make them functional.

Microprocessor (µP)

vs.

Microcontroller (µC)

CPU / µP

Register

Control Unit

ALU

To store the information (during CPU operation)

To process the information

To control the direction of information

(CPU, Memory, I/O)

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DATA BUS

µP vs. µC

CPU / µP

Register

Control Unit

ALU

ADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUS

µC

RAM ROM I/O TimerSerial COM

Micro controller system

All the support devices like Read only memory, Read –Write memory, Timer, Serial interface, I/O ports are internal. In other words, the processor, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer are all on a single chip.

Differences between microcontrollers and microprocessor based system

Microcontroller Microprocessor

Dedicated to one specific task

Support devices are internal for a micro controller

Micro controllers offer software protection

Time required to build the circuitwill be less, the size will be less and power consumption will be less

Not expensive

Can do many different task

Support devices are external in a microprocessor based system

micro processor base system fails to offer a protection system.

Time required to build the circuitwill be more, the size will be more and power consumption will be more

Expensive

The advantages of microcontroller application

• Small size

• program is difficult to copy because of copy protection functions and an emulator will be required to copy it.

• Reduce chip count

• Many applications do not require as much computing power

• Reduced power consumption

• Reduced design cost

End-of-chapter Problems 1

1. Microcontrollers are normally less expensive than microprocessors.

(true/false)

2. When comparing a system board based on a microcontroller and a general purpose microprocessor, which one is cheaper?

3. What does the term embedded system mean?

End-of-chapter Problems 1 ..cont..

4. List the differences between microcontroller and microprocessor.

5. List the advantages of microcontroller application.

6. Microcontroller normally has which of the following devices on-chip?

a) RAM b) ROM c) I/O d) all of the above

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Wassalam

Terima Kasih