Emancipation Proclamation to Total War
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Transcript of Emancipation Proclamation to Total War
The Civil War & Reconstruction
The Path to Emancipation & Total War, 1863-1864
To date we have seen the rise of the Confederacy and the Union’s efforts to vanquish the CSA go unrealized.
This presentation spans the years 1863 and 1864 where we see the development of a national emancipation plan, the authorization of black soldiers, and the Union begin to gain an edge in the fighting of the war.
Some of the campaigns covered include Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, the Wilderness, Shenandoah, and Sherman’s March.
Students may rely on the readings to get a sense of soldiers’ lives and developments on the home front.
Path to Emancipation & Total War
This is a critical year of the war.The Emancipation Proclamation (with its manumission
of Confederate slaves and its authorization of black men’s enlistment) goes into effect.
The USA’s Congress authorizes conscription for Union forces.
Rebellion by civilians (over conscription & impressment) and by runaway slaves forces the CSA to fight the war on multiple fronts.
A growing peace movement led by northern Democrats forces Lincoln to fight on multiple fronts.
The tide slowly starts to turn in favor of the USA with measurable victories at Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.
1863
Although slavery was at the heart of the Confederacy’s campaign for independence, white men on both sides went into the war confident that the war was for USA advocates to preserve the Union and for the CSA to establish an independent country to protect their “way of life” the foundation of which was slavery.
Neither side expected slavery to be touched by the war. Both thought that enslaved people would stay put and that free African Americans would stay out of the issue.
This thinking reflecting much of the racial attitudes of 19th century America that the USA (and by extension the CSA) was a “white man’s government.”
Enslaved and free blacks rejected this argument. Many enslaved people fled their masters and many free blacks called on Lincoln to end slavery and authorize black military service.
Path to Emancipation
Lincoln, Slavery and the War
Lincoln is unwavering
in his determination
to preserve the Union.
He doesn’t want to
provoke the remaining
slaveholding Border
States to leave the
Union and he wants to
return the seceded
states to the Union.
Any policies that
protected or abolished
slavery were less
significant to Lincoln
than returning the
seceded states to the
Union.
Lincoln, Slavery, and the War
Indeed, because the
Constitution
protected property
rights (including
enslaved people),
Lincoln doesn’t
believe that he can
simply abolish
slavery.
He can, however, use
the U.S. military to
return the seceded
states to the Union
and convince
Congress to pass an
amendment to
change the
Constitution.
Lincoln, Slavery, and the War
The president’s
thinking reflected
that of most of
the Republican
Party and the
overwhelming
majority of white
Unionists.
Frederick Douglass
To fight against
slaveholders
without fighting
against slavery,
is but a half-
hearted
business, and
paralyzes the
hand engaged
in it…Fire must
be met with
water…War for
the destruction
of liberty must
be met with
war for the
destruction of
slavery.
The president’s position infuriated abolitionists and free African Americans.
They argued that Lincoln should use the rebellion as cause to strike at the institution and to command the labor of enslaved people.
Enslaved people had different ideas. They understood that the outcome of the war would determine the fate of slavery and many decided to do whatever they could to escape bondage and to help the Union.
African Americans, Slavery & the War
Talk as we may, we are concerned in this fight and our fate hangs upon its issues. The South must be subjugated, or we shall be enslaved. In aiding the Federal government in whatever way we can, we are aiding to secure our own liberty; for this war can end only in the subjugation of the North or the South.
The Anglo-African, New York Newspaper
African Americans rejected the idea that the U.S. was “a white man’s country” and that the Civil War did not involve them.
Rather than stay put, many enslaved people took flight from farms, plantations, stores, businesses, and homes, seeking Union forces.
Over time, their actions would play a critical role in prompting Union generals, members of Congress, and the president to support emancipation.
African Americans, Slavery & the War
The president’s and the Congress’s initial failure to establish policy re: runaway slaves forced generals to cobble together policies to advance the war effort when they encountered enslaved people. African Americans flooded Union camps and
institutions, most of them were ready to work or fight for the Union by supplying intelligence on CSA troop movement or the landscape of the South, growing food, etc.
Union Generals & Emancipation
In 1861, When
enslaved people
arrive at Fortress
Monroe (VA),
General Benjamin
Butler labels them
“contraband of war,”
which simply means
enemy property.
He provides
sanctuary for
runaway slaves and
does not return
them to their
masters.
The legal fate of
these people still
hung in the balance.
Contraband of War
John C. Frémont
In 1861, General
John C. Frémont
declared martial
law in Missouri
and declared free
people enslaved
by the CSA.
Lincoln rescinded
the order &
removed Frémont
from command.
David Hunter
In 1862, General
David Hunter
issued an order
freeing persons in
Georgia, Florida,
and South
Carolina.
Lincoln overruled
the order.
In 1861, Congress passed the Confiscation Act, which mandated that when the CSA used enslaved people in the war effort, they forfeited their claim to them.
In 1862, Congress passed another Confiscation Act, which moved the nation closer to emancipation by declaring that enslaved people being used in the CSA war effort would be “forever free.”
In 1862, Congress passed the Military Act which freed slaves and their families owned by the enemy.
In 1862, Congress abolished slavery in Washington, D.C.
Although there were some abolitionists in Congress, the majority of supporters of this legislation saw emancipation as a way to win the war.
The U.S. Congress & Emancipation
Abraham Lincoln, 1862
My paramount
objective...is to save
the Union, and is
not either to save or
destroy slavery. If I
could save the
Union without
freeing any slave I
would do it; and if I
could save it by
freeing all the
slaves, I would do it;
and if I could do it
by freeing some and
leaving others
alone, I would do
that also.Lincoln famously wrote this in response to Horace Greeley’s “Prayer of Twenty Millions” criticism of his failure to use the war to end slavery
As the war continues, as slaves flee plantations, Lincoln’s ideas and policies evolve.
Lincoln tries to develop a plan for compensating slaveholders for manumitting their slaves but Confederates reject this.
To address white Americans’ fears of interracial sex, racial equality, and economic competition between blacks and whites, he tries to develop a plan to repatriate free blacks in Haiti or in Liberia.
Lincoln, Slavery & the War
Abraham Lincoln, 1862
Your race suffer
greatly, many of
them, living
among us, while
ours suffer
greatly from your
presence…
We should be
separated…
But for your race
among us there
could not be
war…
Robert Purvis
The majority of
African Americans
opposed this idea.
They reject the idea
that the war is
somehow the fault
of black people.
Robert Purvis’s
statement reflects
black people’s
thinking:
Sir, this is our
country as much as
it is yours and we
will not leave it.
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22, 1862 for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln
We know how to
save the
Union...In giving
freedom to the
slave, we assure
freedom to the
free—honorable
alike in what we
give, and what we
preserve. We shall
nobly save, or
meanly lose, the
last best hope of
earth. Other
means may
succeed; this
could not fail.
As a strategic decision to use the Confederates’ most valuable weapon (their slaves and their dependence on their labor) against them, Lincoln issues the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the fall of 1862. Read the text of this document at the National Archives site.
Lincoln hopes that this warning shot will make the Confederates put down their arms to protect their institution. However, they dismiss this war measure. The Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect.
Lincoln, Slavery & the War
Lincoln issues declaration that on January 1, 1863, the slaves of masters who were still in rebellion would be “forever free.” He wants to give Confederates 100 days to stop fighting with the
promise that they can keep their slaves.Document reiterated Lincoln’s support for the colonization of
freed blacks to some place outside the U.S.White northerners were divided.
Abolitionists favored it as did people who thought attacking slavery would help to end the bloody war.
Northern Democrats thought it was unconstitutional and an abuse of power.
Although they were exempted, Union supporting slaveholders in the Border States worried that they would lose their slaves too.
White southerners were outragedFree and enslaved African Americans rejoiced but they were
opposed to colonization.
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
The Proclamation only freed enslaved people in the states and the part of states that were still in rebellion (people who were enslaved in the Border States, the states that never left the Union, or in the areas already controlled by Union forces are not included). More than 800,000 people still enslaved.
It authorized the full enlistment of black soldiers in the Army & Navy.
It marked the beginning of slavery’s legal end in the U.S.It is only the beginning because as long as the war
goes on, slaveholders won’t release their slaves.
Emancipation Proclamation
The
proclamation
excluded more
than 800,000
enslaved people
living in the
Border States
and in the parts
of the
Confederacy
controlled by
Union troops
(the areas of the
map marked in
teal).
Emancipation Proclamation
Effect in the USA: redefined the war. Generals free to free slaves and recruit men into military service.
Generals also provide food and shelter for freedpeople in return for work either for the Union army—barbers, cooks, laundresses, mechanics, officers’ personal servants, laborers, nurses, cultivating food and cotton.
Emancipation Proclamation
Effect in the CSA: reduced chances of international support (Britain could no longer count on cotton for its textile mills and withdraws promise of financial and military support) & increased the number runaway slaves (see Berlin, Foner, and Kolchin).
Slaveholders in the interior move roughly 150,000 enslaved people to Texas, away from Union lines.
Others simply refuse to acknowledge the proclamation and continue to hold people in bondage.
Slavery remains legal in non-Confederate areas until the war ends in 1865 and when the Thirteenth Amendment is issued and goes into effect.
Emancipation Proclamation
Steps to EmancipationApril 1861 Fort Sumter attacked; Civil War begins
May 1861 General Benjamin Butler refuses to return escaped “contrabands” to slavery
August 1861 General John Frémont orders emancipation of slaves in Missouri; Lincoln countermands him
August 1861 First Confiscation Act frees captured slaves used by Confederate Army
April 1862 Congress provides funds for compensated emancipation; border states spurn proposal
May 1862 General David Hunter issues order abolishing slavery in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida & Lincoln revokes it
July 1862 Second Confiscation Act frees all people enslaved by Confederates
Summer 1862 Lincoln concludes that Union victory requires emancipation
September 22, 1862 Lincoln issues Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation after Antietam
January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation takes effect
December 1865 Thirteenth Amendment ratified
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22, 1862 for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation
As a fit and necessary measure for suppressing said rebellion...I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforth shall be free.Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation
Also authorizes
the enlistment of
black soldiers.
Emancipation Proclamation
Generals who were desperate for manpower and for men to fight did not wait for Lincoln or the Congress to authorize enlistment.
In 1862, General David Hunter organized one of the first unofficially organized regiments of black troops when he mobilized former slaves from Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina.
General John Phelps mobilized five black regiments to help command Louisiana.
General Benjamin Butler authorized free “colored” Louisiana militia men to volunteer.
In 1862, the War Department sanctioned the recruitment of black soldiers.
The Emancipation Proclamation removes many of the barriers.
Generals and Black Soldiers
Union Recruitment of Black SoldiersState/District Number of Army
Recruits
Kentucky 23,703
Missouri 8,766
Maryland 8,718
Pennsylvania 8,612
Ohio 5,092
New York 4,125
District of Columbia 3,269
Massachusetts 2,966
Rhode Island 1,837
Illinois 1,811
Other* 110,076
Union Total 178,975
*From the Confederacy & other states
Most black men served in the Army. Roughly 9500 men served in the Navy.
Most African American men served as laborers while much smaller numbers actually took up arms against the CSA.Deeply engrained ideas about black racial inferiority
made many Union soldiers object to arming black men.Very few of these men, especially enslaved men, had
experience with weaponry.Serving in the Union Army gave both freed and free
black men an even greater sense of urgency in helping to secure freedom once and for all by helping the Union to win the war.
It also allowed them to claim and express their patriotism and manhood.
Black Soldiers
Although white Unionists eventually came to accept black military service, deep racial prejudices influenced the treatment black men received.
Black soldiers were required to be commanded by whites. Black officers were officially opposed but 100 black men held commissions.
Black men experienced discrimination in pay, bonuses, medical services (leading to high casualties).
Their lack of training with the weaponry of war and the difficulty of learning on the fly endangered many men.
They also faced greater threats of retaliation at the hands of Confederates. The CSA estd a policy allowing black prisoners of war to be executed or reenslaved.
Black Soldiers
One example of
the brutality they
faced was at Fort
Pillow when CSA
general Nathan
Bedford
Forrest’s forces
massacred
several hundred
black prisoners
of war in 1864.
Fort Pillow
Slavery still existed after the Emancipation Proclamation. More than 800,000 enslaved people not covered by the proclamation. CSA slaveholders did not acknowledge the proclamation. Finally, the war was not yet over.
Only the conclusion of the war with a Union victory, state laws, and a constitutional amendment would finally end the peculiar institution.
Emancipation Proclamation
West Virginia estd a gradual abolition law as a condition for joining the Union in 1863.
Maryland & Tennessee abolished slavery by constitutional amendment in 1864 and 1865.
Missouri abolished slavery by state convention in 1865.
Congressional Republicans had tried to abolish slavery earlier on but they were overruled.
It is not until January 1865 that Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment.
Putting the nail in slavery’s coffin
Thirteenth Amendment, 1865
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
In July 1862, the USA called for more volunteers for military service but still found itself fighting a war with no end in sight and doing so with an army that was short by several hundred thousand men.
During the late winter of 1863, Congress passed a national conscription law that held that all male citizens between 20-45 were liable for service. Some exemptions were possible for men with disabilities, elected officials, and men who were the only sons of widows and men with sick parents.
Conscripted men could be called for up to 3 years of service.
If men were called to serve, some avoid service by finding a substitute or paying a fee.
Union ConscriptionSource: Donald et al eds., The Civil War and Reconstruction, 229-230.
From 1863-1865, more than 750,000 men were enrolled but only 46,347 entered the army as draftees, 73,607 found substitutes, 86,724 paid a fee, and others avoided the draft by volunteering.
The exemptions of the law benefitted the middle class and elite and stoked anger and anxiety among the working class, particularly the newly arrived immigrants who had not yet managed to accumulate wealth.
Outraged men attacked the draft offices and rioted on communities throughout the USA.
Union ConscriptionSource: Donald et al eds., The Civil War and Reconstruction, 229-230.
New York City was
the site of the
largest draft riot.
The riot grew from
a convergence of
longstanding
conflict between
CSA sympathizers
v. Unionists;
Democrats v.
Republicans; the
poor v. middle
class/elite; blacks
v. whites;
immigrants v.
native born Ams.
New York Draft Riot
Democrats, who
dominated NY
politics opposed
Lincoln and his
handling of the
war, objected
strongly to the
draft.
This image shows
the mob attacking
the Lincoln-
supporting New
York Tribune.
New York City Draft Riot
Like other
locales where
riots occurred,
there was great
opposition to the
Emancipation
Proclamation
and great racial
hostility toward
African
Americans.
New York City Draft Riot
Rioters moved
from attacking
draft offices to
venting their
frustrations on
African American
individuals and
institutions.
New York City Draft Riot
One mob
attacked the
Colored Orphan
Asylum on Fifth
Avenue.
They burned it to
the ground and
the children
barely escaped.
New York City Draft Riot
Army units from
New York
returned from
Gettysburg to
suppress the
fighting.
119 New Yorkers
died, hundreds
of African
Americans were
wounded, and
thousands fled
the city.
New York Draft Riot
Despite some opposition and frustrations with the commutations and exemptions, more 1 million men
were enlisted from 1863-1865.
Union Conscription
CSARobert E. LeeArmy of Northern
Virginia60,892 soldiers
13,303 casualties1,665 killed9,081 wounded2,018
captured/missing
Victor-Confederacy
Joseph HookerArmy of the Potomac133,868 soldiers
17,197 casualties1,606 killed9,672 wounded5,919
captured/missing
Chancellorsville
USA
Hailed as a
strategic win for
Lee, despite high
casualty figures
(similar results
would eventually
make it harder for
the CSA to fight).
Claimed the life
of Stonewall
Jackson.
Lincoln removed
Hooker from
command.
Battle of Chancellorsville
Kurz and Allison image depicts the wounding of Robert E. Lee
CSARobert E. Lee71,699 soldiers23,231 casualties
4,708 killed12,693 wounded5,830
captured/missing
George G. Meade 93,921 soldiers23,055 casualties
3,155 killed1,4531 wounded5,369
captured/missingVictor—Union
Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
USA
Gettysburg
Lee invaded the
North in PA.
Meade (who
replaced Hooker)
held the line but
failed to
vanquish Lee.
The CSA & USA
clashed over
three days and
the Union won a
decisive victory.Currier and Ives image depicts events of July 3, 1863
In 1863, the USA was still trying to control the entire Mississippi (they gained control of the upper part of the river in 1862 via victories at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Shiloh).
The USA focused on Chattanooga and Vicksburg.Chattanooga was vital because it was the
center of railroad lines that delivered troops and supplies to the CSA.
Taking Vicksburg would give the USA access to and control of the lower river as well as control over railroad lines heading to Texas.
Western Campaigns
CSAJohn C. PembertonArmy of Vicksburg33,000 soldiers
3,202 killed or wounded
29,495 captured
Ulysses S. GrantArmy of the
Tennessee77,000 soldiers
4,835 casualtiesVictor—Union
Vicksburg (Mississippi)
USA
Union forces
tried several
times to take
Vicksburg.
Grant moved
above Vicksburg
(at Milliken’s
Bend) where he
coordinated with
the navy and
then crossed the
river and took
the area around
the city.
Siege at Vicksburg
Siege of Vicksburg--13, 15, & 17 Corps, Commanded by Gen. U.S. Grant, assisted by the Navy under Admiral Porter--Surrender, July 4, 1863, by Kurz and Allison
Vicksburg Blockade
The siege lasted
for 6 weeks
before
Pemberton
surrendered.
This victory
coincided with
the victory at
Gettysburg.
It boosted
civilian and
military morale
in the USA.
There were a total of three battles for control over Chattanooga. In the 1862 campaigns, CSA forces led by John Hunt Morgan and Nathan Bedford Forrest managed to disperse Union forces in what were indecisive outcomes.
It was not until 1863 that Bragg evacuated the city (August) and Grant finally defeated Bragg (November) that Union forces could claim victory in Chattanooga, only to face defeat at Chickamauga.
Chattanooga Campaigns
CSABraxton BraggArmy of Tennessee65,000 soldiers18,454 casualties
2,312 killed14,674 wounded1,468
captured/missingVictor—Confederacy
William RosecransArmy of the
Cumberland60,000 soldiers16,710 casualties
1,657 killed9,756 wounded4,757
captured/missing
Chickamauga (Georgia)
USA
Some historians
argue that the
casualty rates here
rival those at
Gettysburg and
Antietam.
The CSA went on
surround the USA
in Chattanooga.
Grant and
Sherman’s forces
vanquished
Bragg’s army at
Lookout Mountain
(above
Chattanooga),
leaving TN in
Union hands.
Chickamauga
Kurz and Allison’s Battle of Chickamauga
With victories in Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga, the Union started to deplete the economic and military forces of the CSA.
Though most in the USA still wanted the war to end quickly, the successes boosted morale to continue fighting.
This morale boost was needed because despite suffering significant losses, the CSA was no where near ready to surrender. Their victory in Chancellorsville proved their ability to continue waging war and exacting high Union casualties.
At the same time, the loss of such generals as Stonewall Jackson and the CSA’s own very high casualty rates will start to catch up with them as will a growing revolt among the white civilian and enslaved populations.
1863 Balance Sheet
This year will be marked by:The cumulative effect of the USA’s blockade on the
CSA’s ability to provide for the civilian and soldier population.
The CSA’s nearly insurmountable problem of making their states’ rights doctrine fit into the federal government’s desperate need for authorization to mobilize all resources to wage war.
Grant’s stunning defeat at Cold Harbor.The 1864 election.Sherman’s capture of Atlanta.High desertion in the CSA.
1864
Both the CSA and the USA struggled for control of northern Virginia and Union forces continued their mission to claim Richmond.
Butler failed to take Richmond when he had the chance but Grant was determined to capture Lee and take the city. After multiple skirmishes, the CSA continued to command Richmond & Petersburg.
Union forces responded by constructing a mine underneath CSA works, filling it with powder, and lighting it on July 30.
Virginia Campaigns
The Union’s
explosion of the
mine created huge
crater.
In the battle that
ensued, Union
soldiers piled into
the crater and
fought it out with
Confederates who
also surrounded the
crater & fired into it.
The Union lost 4000
men and the CSA
lost 1500.
Of the Union’s 450
men from the USCT,
322 were lost.
Battle of the Crater
CSARobert E. LeeArmy of Northern
Virginia61,025 soldiers11,125 casualties
1,495 killed7,928 wounded1,702
captured/missing
Ulysses S. Grant & George G. Meade
Army of the Potomac101,895 soldiers17,666 casualties
2,246 killed12,037 wounded3,383
captured/missing
Battle of the Wilderness (Virginia)
USA
Grant’s forces met
Lee’s in the
wilderness, instead
of the open area.
In bloody
campaign, Grant
refused to retreat
and pushed on to
Cold Harbor where
Lee delivered
stunning defeat
that bolstered the
peace movement.
Campaign also
noted for the
deadly brush fires.
Battle of the Wilderness
Kurz and Allison’s Battle of the Wilderness - Desperate Fight on the Orange C.H. Plank, near Todd’s Tavern, May 6, 1864
The “Dictator”
siege mortar at
Petersburg.
The figure in the
foreground on
the right is
Henry J. Hunt,
chief of artillery
of the Army of
the Potomac.
Petersburg
Union forces continued their mission to take Richmond the the CSA continued to defend the city.
While Grant was working through the Wilderness campaign, Philip Sheridan moved toward the Confederate capitol.
Rather than take a city his forces could not hold, Sheridan destroyed the CSA’s provisions and munitions and disrupted its supply lines by breaking up railroad lines.
He moved from there to continue severing CSA lines. Confederates civilians retaliated which elicited Sheridan’s ire and increased his willingness to wage war by any means against disloyal civilians who targeted Union soldiers.
Sheridan’s Valley Campaign
Philip Sheridan’s Campaign in the Shenandoah Valley
Sheridan’s forces
met resistance at
Winchester and at
Fisher’s Hill but they
continued fighting
their way south
through the valley.
One feature of this
campaign, in addition
to the attacks on CSA
forces was
Sheridan’s
destruction of civilian
property—burning of
houses and barns,
destroying food, and
removing enslaved
people—which some
called total war or
hard war.
Grant sent
Sheridan into the
Shenandoah
Valley to
vanquish the
CSA’s Jubal
Early who had
staged a raid on
Washington, D.C.
that Union forces
put down and
retaliation
burned
Chambersburg,
PA.
Sheridan’s Valley Campaign
Frank Leslie’s
“Sherman’s
Campaign in the
Valley of the
Shenandoah –
Battle of Summit
Point, August 21,
1864.
Sheridan’s Valley Campaign
William T. Sherman
Sherman gained
national and
historical fame
for his “March to
the Sea,” in
which he led his
forces from
Tennessee to
Atlanta and on a
scorched earth
campaign
throughout
Georgia and the
Carolinas.
In Georgia, Sherman confronted the CSA’s Joseph Johnston with Grant’s command to destroy Johnston’s army, capture Atlanta, and advance as far into CSA territory as possible, inflicting as much damage as possible.
Sherman’s campaign was no easy one. He was in enemy territory and he faced a highly skilled enemy in Johnston who destroyed bridges and railway tracks to make sure the USA couldn’t use them, kept Sherman’s men moving in pursuit, and fought as much as possible behind entrenchments. Despite Johnston’s ability to match Sherman, the CSA government replaced him with John Hood.
Sherman captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864 and burned the city.
Sherman’s Campaign
In November, Sherman began his famous “march to the sea” to assert Union dominance over Georgia and then the Carolinas.
Sherman is said to have wanted to “make Georgia howl,” by waging a relentless war against not only the soldiers but also the civilian population through the destruction of their property.
This relentless war was motivated by the conviction that all Confederates need to bear the costs of waging war.
For 163 days, Sherman advanced from Atlanta to Raleigh, foraging on CSA goods, destroying houses, barns, farms, crops, roads, bridges, and municipal buildings.
Sherman’s Campaign
Sheridan and Sherman wrought hell in their campaigns.
Lincoln wins the election despite a strong campaign by his Republican and Democratic opponents to halt his reelection.
With such significant losses, Jefferson Davis finds it harder to maintain support for continuing the war, as civilians start to withdraw support and his armies melt away under high casualty and desertion rates.
Neither side is quite ready to thrown in the towel but looking back on this year, we can see that 1864 was the beginning of the end.
1864 Balance Sheet
David Hunter: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/David_Hunter.jpg/200px-David_Hunter.jpg
Declaring Contraband: http://www.contrabandhistoricalsociety.org/history.asp
John C. Fremont: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/JCFr%C3%A9mont.jpg
Philip Sheridan: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg/220px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg
William T. Sherman: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg
Images
David Hunter: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/David_Hunter.jpg/200px-David_Hunter.jpg
Emancipation Proclamation portrait: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/almintr.html Emancipation Proclamation Map:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG NYDR Attacking NY Tribune: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/S/2/-/-/Tribune-rioters.jpg NYDR First Avenue: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/K/2/-/-/First-Avenuebattle.jpg “Hanging and Burning”: http://blog.insidetheapple.net/2009/07/civil-war-draft-riots-day-2.html NYDR Mob attacking African American: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/J/2/-/-/Clarkson-st02.jpg. Colored Orphan Asylum: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/O/2/-/-/Orphan-fire01.jpg. NY Draft Riot Morgue: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/N/2/-/-/Morgue-riots.jpg Chancellorsville: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Battle_of_Chancellorsville.png Gettysburg:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_by_Currier_and_Ives.png. Vicksburg: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Battle_of_Vicksburg,_Kurz_and_Allison.png Chickamauga: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Chickamauga.jpg Battle of the Wilderness: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Battle_of_the_Wilderness.png Dictator at Petersburg: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Battle_of_the_Crater.jpeg Battle of the Crater: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Battle_of_the_Crater.jpeg Sheridan Crossing River:
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/march/sheridan-shenandoah-valley-campaign.htm Frank Leslie’s Valley of the Shenandoah: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/11800/11867/shenandoah_11867.htm
Images
Confederate and Union Home Fronts.WomenCivilian LifePolitical Culture
The Eastern Campaigns.Lincoln’s Assassination.The Collapse of the Confederacy.
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