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Transcript of Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1...
![Page 1: Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Chapter 24 Vitamins and Minerals.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5513e8bc5503463a298b5c1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 24Chapter 24
Vitamins and Minerals
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2Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 24
Lesson 24.1
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3Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Identify the actions and indications for vitamins and minerals
• List at least six products used to treat vitamin or mineral deficiencies
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4Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamins Vitamins
• Natural chemical compounds found in animals and plants
• Dietary considerations
• Deficiencies
• Antioxidants
• MyPyramid
• Table 24-1
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5Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin A Vitamin A
Action• Fat-soluble; aids visual adjustment; role in
cell membrane stabilization
Uses• Treat deficiencies, eye diseases, and night
blindness
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6Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin A (cont.)Vitamin A (cont.)
Adverse Reactions • Hypervitaminosis
Drug Interactions• Oral contraceptives, mineral oil,
antihyperlipidemic drugs
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7Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin A (cont.)Vitamin A (cont.)
Nursing Implications • Lifespan requirements• Routes for administration• Patient teaching: nutritional sources
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8Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Action• Water-soluble; coenzyme involved with
carbohydrate metabolism; role in neurology
Uses• Treatment of beriberi
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9Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (cont.)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (cont.)
Adverse Reactions • Sensitivity reactions• Parenteral precautions
Drug Interactions• Poor stability with concurrent use of neutral or
alkaline solutions
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10Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (cont.)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (cont.)
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching• Food preparation• Dietary sources
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11Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Action• Water-soluble; precursor of two essential
enzymes that deal with metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
• Related to the release of energy to cells• Active in the respiratory system
Uses• Deficiency
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12Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (cont.)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (cont.)
Drug Interactions• Oral contraceptives
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching• Storage• Change in urine color
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13Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Niacin Niacin
Action• Water-soluble; part of two coenzyme systems
that transfer hydrogen in intracellular respiration
Uses• Prevent or treat deficiencies• Pellagra: symptoms
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14Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Niacin (cont.)Niacin (cont.)
Adverse Reactions• Dry skin, pruritis, skin rash, GI disorders, allergies,
feelings of warmth, headache, tingling of the skin, transient flushing in the face and neck
Drug Interactions• Antihypertensives
Nursing Implications/Patient Teaching• Dietary sources
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15Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Pantothenic Acid Pantothenic Acid
Action • Synthesis of coenzyme A; role in release of
energy in fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Uses• Treatment of paralytic ileus
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16Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Pantothenic Acid (cont.)Pantothenic Acid (cont.)
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching• Food preparation• Dietary sources
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17Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride)
Action• Water-soluble; functions as coenzyme in
metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates
Uses• Treat deficiencies due to inborn errors of
metabolism, such as vitamin B6 dependency, B6-responsive chronic anemia, and other rare vitamin problems
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18Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B6 (cont.) Vitamin B6 (cont.)
Adverse Reactions • None; pyridoxine dependency
Drug Interactions• Oral contraceptives; levodopa• Concurrent use with chloramphenicol may
prevent optic neuritis
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19Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B6 (cont.)Vitamin B6 (cont.)
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching• Storage• Dietary sources• Food preparation
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20Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
Action• Water soluble; required for normal erythropoiesis and
nucleoprotein synthesis• Metabolized in the liver and changed to an active form
Uses• Treat anemias caused by folic acid deficiencies; treat
alcoholism, hepatic disease, hemolytic anemia; supplemental during infancy (formula), lactation, oral contraceptive use, and pregnancy
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21Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Folic Acid (cont.)Folic Acid (cont.)
Adverse Reactions
• Folic acid is not toxic • Allergic reaction may manifest as
bronchospasm, erythema, malaise, pruritis, or rash
Drug Interactions• Antagonists: chloramphenicol and methotrexate
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22Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Folic Acid (cont.)Folic Acid (cont.)
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • RDA• Parenteral forms should be protected from light• Patient and family teaching: nutritional
counseling; laboratory monitoring; need for medical follow-up
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23Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin B12Vitamin B12
Action• Water-soluble and contains cobalt; produced by
Streptomyces griseus; functions in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism; part of the erythrocyte-maturing factor in the liver; required for DNA synthesis
Uses• Treats all B12 deficiencies, pernicious anemia, other anemias,
malabsorption syndromes, blind loop syndrome, pregnancy, chronic liver disease complicated by vitamin B12 deficiency, malignancy, thyrotoxicosis, renal disorders
• Used in the flushing dose in Schilling test
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24Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin C Vitamin C
Action• Acts in several enzyme systems; involved in
intracellular oxidation-reduction potentials; aids in the change of folic acid and the metabolism of certain amino acids; aids in the absorption of calcium and iron; blocks the absorption of copper in the GI tract; protects vitamins A and E and polyunsaturated fatty acids; necessary for the formation of teeth, connective tissue, and capillaries for the synthesis of collagen; wound healing
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25Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin D Vitamin D
Action and Uses• Fat-soluble• Three categories• Movement of calcium and phosphorus ions into small intestine,
kidneys, and bone• Used to treat childhood rickets, adult osteomalacia,
hypoparathyroidism, and familial hypophosphatemia
Adverse Reactions: Vitamin D toxicity
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching
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26Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin E Vitamin E
• Fat-soluble
• Functions are not understood
• Antioxidant: prevents cell membrane damage
• Stabilizes the RBC wall to protect against hemolysis or destruction
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27Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin K Vitamin K
Action• Fat soluble; helps hepatic formation of active
prothrombin proconvertin, plasma thromboplastin component, and the Stuart factor
Uses• Treat or prevent blood-clotting disorders
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28Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 24
Lesson 24.2
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29Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Identify the actions and uses for minerals in the body
• List at least six supplements used to treat mineral deficiencies
• Prepare a teaching plan for patients who require mineral supplements
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30Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Minerals Minerals
• 19 inorganic substances present in the body; 13 are essential to normal metabolism and function
• Ions: positive and negative charges
• Electrolytes
• Table 24-2
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31Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Calcium Calcium
Action• Essential for muscular and neurologic activity; formation
and repair of skeletal tissues; activates several enzymes that influence cell membrane permeability and muscle contraction; aids in blood clotting; activates pancreatic lipase; influences intestinal absorption of cobalamin; involved in the transmission of neurotransmitters and in metabolic processes; regulation of lymphocyte and phagocyte function through interaction with calmodulin
Uses• Supplement when dietary levels are low
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32Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Calcium (cont.)Calcium (cont.)
Adverse Reactions• Hypercalcemia symptoms
Drug Interactions• Vitamin D; phytic acid (found in bran and
whole-grain cereals)
Nursing Implications/Patient Teaching• Dietary sources
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33Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fluoride Fluoride
Action• Strengthens enamel
Uses• Reduces dental caries
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34Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fluoride (cont.)Fluoride (cont.)
Adverse Reactions• GI distress, urticaria, and malaise; excessive salivation,
mottling of teeth, GI disturbances, and nausea are seen with overdosage
Drug Interactions
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • Administration; avoid glass containers when diluting
fluoride; milk may decrease absorption
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35Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Iron Iron
Action• An essential mineral for the synthesis of myoglobin and
hemoglobin; stimulates the hematopoietic system and increases hemoglobin to correct iron deficiency
Uses• Treatment of symptomatic iron deficiency; prevent
hypochromic anemia during infancy, childhood, pregnancy, and breastfeeding from other anemias; after some GI surgeries
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36Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Iron (cont.)Iron (cont.)
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching• Nutritional sources, adverse effects
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37Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Magnesium Magnesium
Action• Maintains osmotic pressure, ion balance, bone structure, muscular
contraction, and nerve conduction
Uses• Deficiencies
Adverse Reactions• Diarrhea
Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching• Cardiac monitoring• Nutrition
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38Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Manganese Manganese
Action• Activates many enzymes, assists in normal skeletal
and connective tissue development, helps in the initiation of protein synthesis, and plays a part in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids
Uses • Dietary supplements for multiple deficiencies• Natural sources of manganese
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39Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Potassium Potassium
Action• Principle intracellular cation of most body
tissues; active in maintaining normal renal function, contraction of muscle, and transmission of nerve impulses
Uses• Prophylactic – nephrotic syndrome, hepatic
cirrhosis with ascites, hyperaldosteronism• Replacement therapy
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40Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Potassium (cont.)Potassium (cont.)
Adverse Reactions• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, GI
bleeding
Drug Interactions• Contraindications
Nursing Implications/Patient Teaching• Dilution and administration; monitoring of serum blood
levels; dietary sources
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41Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Zinc Zinc
Action and Uses• Essential for normal growth and tissue repair, mineralization of
bone, detoxification, creation of DNA, synthesis of protein • Prevent zinc deficiency and aid wound healing
Adverse Reactions• GI, nausea and vomiting; excessive dosage; intoxication
Drug Interactions• Calcium
Nursing Implications/Patient Teaching• Dosing and nutrition
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42Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
• Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation
• Patient and family teaching