ELNUR HASAN MİKAİL - Kafkas Üniversitesi Akademik...

ELNUR HASAN MİKAİL

2nd International Conference on Advanced Research in Business and Social Sciences 2016

Dear Asst. Prof Elnur Hasan Mikail,

Congratulations! Your paper, “THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION OF IRAQ AND THE

TURKMEN FACTOR IN IRAQ” has been accepted for oral presentation at the 2nd International

Conference on Advanced Research in Business and Social Sciences 2016 in Bali, Indonesia on

September 7th to 8th, 2016. Panoply Consultancy is pleased to host the conference and we look forward

to the presentation of your paper at the ICARBSS 2016 in Bali, Indonesia. Registration and check-in

will be held on Wednesday, September 7th 2016 from 8:00 a.m. The conference will run from 9:00 a.m.

on Wednesday to noon on Thursday. .

Your paper number is 20109 and please quotes this number for all future correspondence. Your paper

will be included in the international refereed Conference Proceedings which will be published online

with ISBN via our website: http://icarbss.com/ which is visited by thousands of readers. If you want

your paper should be considered for ICARBSS 2016, you are required to pay conference fee. Details are

available at http://icarbss.com/ Please be sure to make all travel and lodging reservations in advance. For visitors and attendees coming

from outside the Indonesia, we suggest you begin to obtain your necessary travel documentation, visas,

etc. now. Increased Indonesia immigration security has dramatically increased the time necessary to

obtain a visitor's visa.

We look forward to your participation in the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Research in

Business and Social Sciences 2016 in Bali, Indonesia. Please feel free to contact me if you have any

questions at – [email protected].

Sincerely,

Anura Azlan Shah

[email protected]

Panoply Consultancy (Managing Director, Malaysia)

Conference Manager

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

http://icarbss.com/

http://icarbss.com/

mailto:[email protected]

2nd International Conference on Advanced Research in Business and Soc ial Sciences 2016 7th to 8th September, 2016 │ Patra Jasa Bali Resort & Villas, Bali, Indonesia

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PROCEEDINGS OF ICARBSS 2016

BALI, INDONESIA

VOLUME 1

2nd International Conference on Advanced Research in Business and Social

Sciences 2016

7th to 8th September, 2016 Patra Jasa Bali Resort & Villas, Bali, Indonesia


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EDITORS Husnain Iqbal, Anura Binti Azlan Shah

SPONSOR

Panoply Consultancy, Malaysia

All rights reserved.

© Panoply Consultancy 2016

Printed by Panoply Consultancy, 16-3, The Right Angle, Jalan 14/22, Seksyen 14, 46100, Petaling Jaya, Selangor D. E., Malaysia.

ISBN: 978-967-13620-1-3


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WELCOME

Dear ICARBSS 2016 delegate, On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I'm glad to welcome all participants to the 2nd International

Conference on Advance Research in Business and Social Sciences, organized by Panoply Consultancy, Malaysia and MIRPUR University of Science and Technology, Pakistan which this year is held in Patra Jasa Bali Resort & Villas, Bali, Indonesia.

I wish to extend a warm welcome to fellow delegates from the various countries. I realize that you are fully dedicated to the sessions that will follow, but I do hope you will also take time to enjoy fascinating

Indonesia with its tropical setting, friendly people and multi-cultural cuisine. In few words, the Conference will give a wide overview of the most-recent advances in the areas of

Accounting, Finance, Law, Management, Education, Psychology, Marketing, Communication & Culture, Society, Economics, Banking, and Political Science topics.

Let me conclude by thanking all the authors, the participants, the members of the Review Committee, the Session Chairs, the Keynote Speakers, all those who have contributed to build the Conference program, and all persons or organizations that have supported our work in many ways and have

contributed to the success of ICARBSS 2016. Thank you.

HUSNAIN IQBAL

Conference Chair (ICARBSS 2016) CEO & Founder Panoply Consultancy

[email protected] [email protected]


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PANOPLY CONSULTANCY

Panoply Consultancy is an Advisory, Consultancy & Training organization with extensive experience in developing and implementing concepts of business excellence for the multitude of industries. Panoply Consultancy is a global consulting and training organization which specializes in helping

people, teams and organizations achieve maximum effectiveness. It considered one of the most comprehensive consulting and training firms in the world. We provide high-quality consultancy and training services to individuals and organizations of all sizes within the private and public sector.

Panoply Consultancy provides services, ranging from bespoke training solutions to topic -specific workshops and seminars for all types of organizations. We are a solution provider for International

Conferences, Seminars, Work Shops and In-House Training. Panoply Consultancy consists of a panel of senior practitioners as staff, which provide tools and

techniques to the clients in order to become more productive. Time will be invested in completely understanding the clients' specific needs with regard to their context of issues. Our consultancy services involve the identification and cross-fertilization of best practices, analytical techniques,

change management and skills, technology implementations, strategy development, and operational improvement. By doing this, sustainable performance improvements will be delivered within the framework of the clients' values, strategies and goals.

Malaysia Office Tel: +60374537283

Mob: +60102610787 Email: [email protected] Address: 16-3, The Right Angle, Jalan 14/22, Seksyen 14, 46100, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul

Ehsan, Malaysia. Pakistan Office

Tel: +923004321701 Mob: +923159009566 Email: [email protected]

Address: 238/E, Nawab Town, Raiwand Road, Lahore, Pakistan. Dubai (UAE) Office

Tel: +971552249386 Mob: +971552249386 Email: [email protected]


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SCOPE OF THE CONFERENCE

The International Conference on Advanced Research in Business and Social Sciences 2016 (ICARBSS 2016), provides such a platform for all academicians, researchers, professionals, practitioners and post graduate students to exchange their latest research findings, new ideas and

experiences face to face interaction, in order to commercialize their ideas and to establish business or research relations to strengthen their ties with Global Partners for future collaboration. ICARBSS 2016 will be featuring invited speakers who will further explore the contemporary topic that is vital for the

success, survival and sustainability of Business and Social Sciences. TRACKS

Accounting Finance

Law Management Education

Psychology Marketing Communication & Culture

Society Economics Banking

Technology & Innovation Management


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ORGANIZING COMITEE

Conference Chair Dr. Husnain Iqbal (CEO & Founder) Panoply Consultancy

[email protected] Conference Managers

Ms. Anura Azlan Shah (Managing Director, Malaysia) Panoply Consultancy [email protected]

Ms. Maryam Iqbal (Managing Director, Pakistan) Panoply Consultancy

[email protected] Conference Advisors

Dr. Muhammad Khalique (Assistant Professor) Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Pakistan

Dr. Nasser Alareqe International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia

Coordinator MR. Usman Iqbal (Operations Manager) Panoply Consultancy


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REVIEW COMITEE

Associate Professor Dr. Evan Lau Poh Hock International Journal of Business and Society

Professor Dr. Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital

Professor Madya Dr. Mohd Rafi Bin Yaacob Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Malaysia

Professor Dr. Asadullah Shah International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia

Assistant Professor Dr. Muhammad Khalique Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Pakistan

Dr. Nasser Alareqe International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia

Dr. Mohammad Nazri Bin Mohd Nor University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia

Professor Dr. Saodah Wok International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia

Dr. Nilanjan Ray Netaji Mahavidyalaya, West Bengal, India

Dr. Pantri Heriyati BINUS University, Indonesia

Dr. Mohd Norfian Alifiah Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

Associate Professor Ir. Dr. Ahmad Asari Sulaiman Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia

Professor Dr. Ravindran Ramasamy University Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia

Dr. Mohammed Borhandden Musah Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

Dahlia Darmayanti BINUS University, Indonesia


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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Professor Madya Dr. Mohd Rafi Bin Yaacob Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Malaysia

He is currently serving as a Deputy Dean Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Malaysia. He was graduated PhD from University of Newcastle, Australia

and currently teaching entrepreneurial behavior and also issues in commerce. His core academic teaching including research methodology, strategic management and international business. He is actively engaged in research projects on small medium enterprises (SMEs) and strategic

management as well as corporate environmentalism. He also supervises many Master Degree and PhD candidates at UMK and become external examiner for PhD candidates. He is very active in journal writing and presenting in research paper locally and

internationally. Professor Dr. Mohd Rafi has numerous academic publications that have been published such as books, chapter in the books and also journal for example: The Development of The Malaysian Palm Oil Industry and Environment (2011).


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Associate Professor Dr. Evan Lau Poh Hock Faculty of Economics and Business

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia He is a well-trained Universiti Putra Malaysia graduate with vast experience and research excellence

covering the areas of International Economics with numerous applications of econometrics techniques. Recently he ventured into socioeconomic discipline including Economics of Crime and Suicide. He joined Faculty of Economics and Business Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) in

2005 soon after completing his Ph.D in 2004. He servicing as a senior lecturer since 2008 and promoted to Associate Professor from June 2014 to date. He holds the Managing Editor post for International Journal of Business and Society (IJBS), an internationally refereed journal indexed in

Emerging Sources of Citation Index (ESCI), ASEAN Citation Index (ASI), SCOPUS bibliographic database, Malaysian Citation Centre (MCC), ProQuest publisher, Ulrich‘s Periodicals Directory, Cabell‘s Directories (Economics, Finance and Management) and EBSCO Host Publishing. He is the

director of Centre for Business, Economics and Finance Forecasting (BEFfore), UNIMAS which among other serves as a platform and reference point for business, economic and finance forecasting. He was the Visiting Scholar in Faculty of Economics in University of Cambridge. He

teaches both the undergraduates and the graduate courses. At present he is the Deputy Dean for Research and Postgraduate in Faculty of Economics and Business. To date, Evan Lau has impressive volume of articles in refereed journals (more than 70) and has also

presented his research works in many international and local conferences. As part of recognition and internationalization, he was listed as Top 10% economists in Malaysia since 2008 and Top 12% in Asia since 2012 by the Research Papers in Economics RePEc database. He was also cited as Top

10 Most Productive Malaysian Based Authors in Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences for the year from 2001 to 2010, published by the Malaysian Citation Centre (MCC), Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) in 2012. Apart from that, his biography was selected to be listed in the 29th Edition of Who's

Who in the world for 2012. He also indeed contributed to society in terms of economic research studies. Thus, an invitation was extended to him for interviews in several special programs on Budget (2006, 2011,2015), post budget 2013 and live radio interview in 2012 on the Malaysian broadcasting

station. His profile is also made available at SCOPUS, RePEc, Research Gate, Google Scholar and Academia where he was among the highly cited authors in UNIMAS. His excellence in research has brought him towards several award winnings. Beginning in his doctoral

studies days, he was awarded with first prize from the Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in 2001. Subsequently, this led him on to more winning awards. These include: 3 times recipients of Young Researcher Award in UNIMAS; 2 times recipients

Excellent Service Award, numerous research medals from several Research Expo (UNIMAS and UPM), best papers from several conferences and Highest Impact Journal Paper Award (Social Science Cluster) for UNIMAS from 2005 – 2015.


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CONTENTS THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION OF IRAQ AND THE TURKMEN FACTOR IN IRAQ .......... 13

CUSTOMER ONLINE SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR: THE INFLUENCE OF PRICE PERCEPTION, AND

SATISFACTION TO INTENTION TO RETURN............................................................................. 22

PRICE CO-MOVEMENT FOR MAJOR GROUP OF GOODS AND SERVICES: A TIME-SERIES

ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................... 26

OPTIMIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL IN THE COMPETITION OF CHINA - ASEAN FREE

TRADE AREA (CAFTA) .............................................................................................................. 33

HRM PRACTICES, MOTIVATION TO LEARN AND MOTIVATION TO TRANSFER IN MALAYSIA .. 38

SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON VOLATILITY OF RICE PRICES IN SAUDI

ARABIA ..................................................................................................................................... 47

RESTRAINING EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT ON

EMPLOYEE TURNOVER WITH RESPECT TO INTENTION TO QUIT AND SEARCH BEHAVIOR.. 57

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS FOR SUSTAINING INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY

IN ARTS FESTIVALS BUSINESS MODELS ................................................................................. 67

OBSERVATION OF LABOR NGOs EFFORTS IN HANDLING LABOR ISSUES THROUGH GLOBAL

GOVERNANCE MODELLING ..................................................................................................... 76

AN ASSESSMENT OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION AS AN ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN

POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................................................... 84

THE ROLE OF MOVIE TOWARD VISIT INTENTION TO A DESTINATION: YOGYAKARTA IN

INDONESIAN MOVIE ................................................................................................................. 90

THE INFLUENCE OF ERGONOMIC WORKSTATION ON MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

(MSDS) AWARENESS................................................................................................................ 97

PROVIDE GOOD QUALITY SERVICE TO SATISFY STUDENTS‘ NEEDS AND MAKE THEM

BECOME LOYAL STUDENTS....................................................................................................105

THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AS A SOURCE OF CUSTOMER VALUE CREATION IN

BRAND PREFERENCES FOR SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES: A STUDY AMONG

YOUNG ENTREPRENEURIAL‘S BRAND EQUITY IN INDONESIA ..............................................115

ANTARCTICA SCIENCE: EXTENDING VALUE MORE THAN CURRENCY ..................................122

RESTAURANT CHOICE BEHAVIOR FOR INDONESIAN GEN Y, GEN X AND BABY BOOMERS .130

EXPERIENCING SELF-EFFICACY: THE KEY FOR SUCCESSFUL CHANGE IN ORGANISATIONS

.................................................................................................................................................142

ANTECENDENTS IN INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL FASHION INVOLVEMENT (KAIN TENUN

SONGKET PALEMBANG)..........................................................................................................151

EVALUATING THE PHASE OF FIRM LIFE -CYCLE .....................................................................158


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RECOMMENDED FINANCIAL MODELS TO ANALYZE THE VOLATILITY PATTERN IN THE

EMERGING AND DEVELOPED STOCK MARKET ......................................................................166

EVALUATING URBAN REGENERATION: AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

OF URBAN REGENERATION INITIATIVES IN BRICKFIELDS, KUALA LUMPUR .........................171

I AM NATIVE AND THIS IS MY ENVIRONMENT .........................................................................179

NEXT GENERATION: REVIEWING MALAYSIAN YOUTH POLICY ..............................................183

COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE REGIME IN INDONESIA (CASE STUDY THE SOCIAL

SECURITY IN HEALTH POLICY) ...............................................................................................189

THE HEALTH SERVICES FOR EVERYONE (CASE STUDY IN INDONESIAN HEALTH POLICY) .196

ELABORATE THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT‘S ORGANIZATION EMAIL USED PERCEIVED

USEFULNESS AND PERCEIVED EASE OF USE .......................................................................203

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS IN

MALAYSIAN CONSUMER PRODUCT SECTOR LISTED IN BURSA MALAYSIA ..........................212

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND PROFITABILITY FOR

MALAYSIAN CONSUMER PRODUCT SECTOR .........................................................................219

APPLICATION OF PAROL EVIDENCE RULE TO ISLAMIC BANKING IN MALAYSIA ...................226


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THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION OF IRAQ AND THE TURKMEN FACTOR IN IRAQ

ELNUR HASAN MİKAİL Kafkas University, Turkey

[email protected]

ANDAÇ KARABULUT

Istanbul Gelisim University, Turkey

[email protected]

CAVIT EMRE AYTEKİN

Kafkas University, Turkey [email protected]

ABSTRACT: In this study the process of change in recent world political history and its reflections to Middle East is discussed and the political-cultural relationship of Iraq and Iran as two of the Middle Eastern countries with the Ottoman Empire in the history are examined. The present political structure

of Iran was analyzed from various dimensions of the Iranian regime. Likewise, the politics of Iraq was also analyzed with different political, economical and cultural dimensions. The genuine about this study among other factors contributing its importance is the empirical methods

used throughout the observations from the region for clarifying the obscure events and affairs. In this framework, the democracy of Iraq and the history of Iranian state tradition are examined. During the study, some original reports were achieved and through translations they are compared with other

corresponding reports. The actuality of this study on the polit ics of Iran and Iraq from a comperative perspective is also contributes its uniqueness.

KEYWORDS: Iraq, Comparative Politics, Analysis, Democracy, Political History, Original Reports A BRIEF POLITICAL HISTORY OF IRAQ

Today‘s Iraq was consisted of Mosul, Bagdat and Basra provinces of Ottoman Empire. In history, the name Iraq was given to the region

below the line between Tikrit and Rumadi in the south-west of Bagdat. A major part of the Mesopotamia which was a cradle of

civilizations throughout the history constitutes the current Iraqi territory. The Sumerian civilization which includes the territories of the

southern and northern part of Iraq and and a part of Syria has existed for about a thousand years. Between 3500-2500 years BC the

Sumerian civilization continued turning point in the history of mankind. Sumerians a very advanced culture, they have an excellent

management facility that can be accepted from civilization and politically. Sumerians have left the political history through a very rare form of

withdrawing their place to Akaddian Empire. Akaddians have protected the unity of the country, albeit for a short time and further

developed an advanced level of civilization. The civilization has reached the summit of power era in 1792-1750 years BC in

Hammurabi‘s period after short intervals fragmentation and consolidation periods. These periods were important milestones in

the history of mankind. The demographic structure of the country has undergone significant changes as a result of migrations,

incursions and military occupations from the

east. This situation was continued until the

establishment of Assyrian state whose the capital Ninav (Mosul). In the South, the Babylonian Empire was established. Assyrian

Empire fell apart in the face of the east of the Iranian interventions. Babylon strengthening the region was dominated by the

Mediterranean Sea. Later, the country respectively came under the rule of the Iranians, the Macedonian and Byzantines. The

country was conquered by Muslims in 637. Iraq which was in political turmoils was became the center of Caliphate state by the

fourth Caliph Ali (R.). The Caliph Ali (R.) has moved the capital from Medina to Kufa during this period.

The complicated ethnical and sectarian structure of the region was occured after the Saff‘ayin war, an important event in the history

of Islam, which took place between Hz. Ali and Muawiya army. As a result of the dramatic martrydoms of the childs and grandchilds of

the Prophet Muhammed and Hz. Ali in Karbala, the country became a center for Shiite and other groups, and sometimes

became a central location for socially or politically motivated rebellions (Canantan., Y., 1986).

Iraq, continued to be an inhabited center for the opposition and the distinction in the Umayyad Period despite the grim applications

such as hard governor Hajjaj. After the fall of


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the Umayyad Empire in 749 the country became the center of the Abbasid Empire

state. Baghdad, the capital of the new state was built by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur. The fighting of Caliph Harun al-Rashid‘s sons Emin

and Mamun, Maun's seizure of Baghdat with the help of the Pharisees, Iranian influence over Baghdad has increased. This case has

created discomfort in the people of Baghdad, mainly Arabs and including other people. Mamun made the Turkish groups closer to the

Caliphate center and the state governments in order to stabilize the situation, The point worth noting is that: Abbasids never trust the Arabs.

Turkish population in the country reached in the period of Caliph Mu'tasim in between 813-833, whose mother was Turkish. Now, the

management of the state is completely past the Turks. Country entered into Seljuk domination

between (1055-1200). Iraq after remaining Seljuk rule at a time after exposure of the Islamic world to the Mongol invasion, Baghdad

in 1258 entered the sovereignty of the Iranian Buyids for two centuries. In the later periods, parts of Iraq came under the rule of Ak

Koyunlu, Kara Koyunlu and Ilkhanate states, the Zengis in Mosul, and Atabeks in Erbil and Kerkuk established dominance as Turkish

states or Turkish principalities. Baghdad came under rule of the Safavids in 1508 and entered into the rule of the Ottomans in 1534. Ottoman

rule continued until 1918. When the First World War had ended, the Turkish Forces were still in Mosul. Turkish forces were in good

condition both militarily morally. After the second British siege of Kut Al Amara The Turkish forces withdrew to Baghdad through

freeing Iraq's north. now the headquarters of the Turkish army was in Mosul. There was a recession in Iraq Front between 1916 and

1918. Halil Pasha rescued Turkish artillery from the British siege with superior tactics and planning and had secured the succession to

Mosul. from August 1918, Turkish Forces in good condition in Mosul was commanded by Ali Ihsan (Sabis) who was commander On

October 22, 1918 The British started attacking. On October 30 Dicle Group of the Army was taken prisoner. As a painful coincidence, the

truce was held in the same day. This incident has been discussed for a long time in public. Ataturk gave place that incident in the Nutuk

and accused Ali Ihsan pasha. Despite everything the British‘s goals had not be fully achieved. British forces were located 60 km

south of Mosul. General Marshall was commanding the British forces. Marshall chose the path of threats and blackmail to achieve

their English goals. General Marshall sent a

letter to Ali Ihsan Pasha, and in the letter if the Ottoman army do not abandon Mosul until the

November 15 noon, abandoned Mosul, Ali Ihsan Pasha would be responsible for the flow of blood and he added: was writing would be

ve ekliyordu: (Leave the Mosul, otherwise you will be a prisoner of war.). Ali Ihsan pasha who had accepted the bluff of general Marshal, and

submitted the threats of Marshal as contrary to the truce and withdrawed to Nusaybin in November 9. As a consequent, Mosul was

withdrawed without a fight. Ataturk explained that incident in Nutuk and made heavy criticisms of Ali Ihsan Sabis.

The Britishs, tried to govern Iraq directly at the beginning, however they face with hard opposition made by the Iraqi population. In

1920 a general uprising was blowed in Iraq. The southern center of the Iraq was Najaf, in the northern part, Tal‘Afar was conducting

connections with Ankara government. The uprising was initiated after the fatwas of Shiite religious scholars (the Ayatollahs) against

Britishs. While the Shiites in Iraq was revolted against Britishs for religous reasons, the Turkmens participated the uprisings for

national reasons. Iraqi Shiites were against Britishs since the beginning. The Britishs have failed to realize a cooperation with Shiites as

opposed to their cooperation with Sunni notables in against Ottoman Empire in Arabia. Insomuch that, during the ocupation of Kuwait,

Sunni tribal sheiks (including the Al-Sabah family, the governors of Kuwait) were sided by Britishs while Shiites were supporting the

Ottomans. British realize they can not manage to Iraq, therefore a descendant of the Prophet from

Mecca, Sheriff Hussein's son Faisal made king of Iraq. with a series of agreements signed in the kingdom, they ruled Iraq with a mandate

until 1930. Iraq's independence was adopted with an agreement signed in 1930, it ended in 1932. mandate. In the same year became a

member of the League of Nations in Iraq (Canantan. Y., 1986). Mosul was the biggest problem facing the Iraqi

state. Mosul issue, has been resolved in favor of Iraq by the League of Nations. Afterwards The Treaty was signed in Ankara between

Turkey and Iraq in 1926. Good neighborly relations and friendship between Turkey and Iraq has improved since then. Baghdad Pact

were established in 1956 with the participation of Turkey, Iraq and Iran. Slain Iraqi King Second Faisal was engaged with a Turkish

girl. The first coup took place in 1936 in Iraq. The leader of the coup was Colonel Bekir Sıtkı

(Kurdish). In 1941 the second major coup in


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Iraq was took place known as Operation May. The Regent has fled the country. British forces

occupied Baghdad organized military action in Iraq. The majority of the coup leaders were tried and executed. Held on 14 July 1958 with

a bloody coup toppled Kingdom, the Republic has been declared. General Abdul-Karim Qasim was President. The Constitution was

changed and the country has been governed by the new temporary constitution was prepared. The new Constitution contained

extensive freedoms. However, in subsequent periods, in accordance with the policies of the ruling government the Constitution was

changed frequently. The rapid spread of the Communist movement and ethnic nationalism has caused chaos and

confusion in Iraq four years to live. Massacres happened in Kirkuk and Mosul. Mullah Mustafa Barzani who was in USSR, was allowed to

return to the country. KDP activities were released. Despite the broad rights, the Kurds rebelled in 1961. (See the section Kurds) 1963

General Abdul Salam Arif overthrew Qasim through coup. Arif had made an alliance with the Ba'ath Party. Communist hunt has been

launched across the country. Thousands of people were killed. Arif died in a mysterious plane crash in 1965.

President Abdurrahman was replaced by his brother Arif. Abdurrahman Arif period Turkmens took a deep breath. July 17, 1968

the Baath Party seized power in a coup, General Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr became president. The country began to be ruled by

the Revolutionary Command Council. In July 1979, Saddam Hussein was toppled al-Bakr became president. The country so far

continued full internal and external war, entered the bloodiest period in history. That almost everything is known about the

period. Law has been shelved. The country was a bloody dictator's rule. human rights were violated. responsible for ensuring

people's life and property security the state has threaten the safety of the people's life and property.

Iraq attacked Iran, in September 1980. 8 years of Saddam's continuing this meaningless war has led to the loss of the two countries, with

over a million people and at least two countries in economy and destruction of infrastructure go back twenty-five years. Kuwait was

attacked in Iraq on 2 August 1990 and until today the drams of the people continues because of these attacks. As a result of wars

and embargo economic loss to the country is estimated to be over one trillion dollars.

GENERAL POLITICAL SITUATION IN IRAQ The Arab Socialist Baath Party who seized

power with a coup in 1968, established a bloody dictatorship in the country. One-party rule, penetrated into every part of the country,

and established a structure of the Party, Security Organization Armed Forces In 1979, along with that of President Saddam Hussein,

appealing the experiences of the management of the former socialist countries, the intelligence and party organizations were

reorganized. The persons were trained in East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria. To benefit more from the experience of oppression of

these countries, the Iraqi Intelligence Service (al-Mukhabarat) and other security units have used the experts from these countries.

Therefore, the establishment of another party or development of opponent ideas were impossible. The only solution to have

dissenting opinion in this case, was to go out of the country. Today, the number of Iraqis living outside Iraq is estimated to be around 3

million. the number of well-trained skilled workers is much higher among Iraqis who are abroad. Distribution of the political movement

of Iraqis as refugees in various European countries which are as follows:

Syria: Arab Nationalist, some Islamic

groups and the left fractions.

Iran: Islamic (Shia) Groups

England: Liberal-Social Democrat, Sunni Muslim Arabs and non-pro-

Iranian Shiite Islamic groups.

Turkmen Groups: to be the center of Arbil, although the intensity of some

marginal groups in Turkey, Syria, and Iran are in the UK.

Northern Iraq's Kurdish region, after being declared a safe area, the Kurds

formed their own administration. However, the economic, social and political reasons, this region is still

split. While in Duhok and Erbil were under the Massoud Barzani‘s control, Sulaimaniyah was

under the control of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan led by Jalal Talabani Saddam Hussein's management finds $ 1

trillion in economic losses in 1980 as a result of attack on Iran. Iran is demanding $ 900 billion in war reparations from Iraq.

Before the Iraq-Iran war, Iraq had $ 70 billion of foreign currency deposits in 1980, Today Iraq's $ 100 billion on infrastructure has been

destroyed, and the amount of compensation due to the Gulf War in Kuwait and demanded of other countries is 270 billion dollars. Due to

the embargo, oil is around 175-200 billion loss in question can not be sold since eight years.


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Iraq's infrastructure has been largely destroyed condition. Due to reparations and

UN operations and other reasons, it is estimated will be made in future UN control of Iraq's oil sales.

STRUCTURE OF THE BAATH GOVERNANCE

Baath Party, 1958 Revolution made its name heard after street fights with the Communists. The Baath Party began building an

assassination team consisting of young people to eliminate President General Abdulkarim Qasım, because of the broken relations

between President General Abdulkarim Qasım who was the leader of the revolution and the Baath Party. Hayrullah Talfah one member of

the party, called his nephew, Saddam Hussein and ensured his entrance intoyoung man hit team in street fights. So Saddam's name was

heard for the first time in this event. Saddam fled to Syria after the event, then went to Egypt (Canant that. Y., 1986).After the split

that occurred in 1966 in Tikrit clan members of the Baath Party seized one flank, Saddam has improved his position in the party

administration. In 1968 the Tikrit group in which Saddam is working came to the power. In Iraq, a Middle Eastern power structure was

emerged which came into being in this century and became a tradition: (President (dictator) - Family - Clan (clan) - Intelligence and Police

Force - Party - Government.) SEIZURE OF POWER

The Socialist Baath Party which came to power for the first time at 8th February 1963 with a bloody coup together with the Arab

nationalists (the Nasserist); has initiated an atmospher of terrorism during nearly eight months in the country and eliminated its

opponents in a bloody way, thousands of people were executed without trial. The Nasserist wing of the government was

overthrown from the Baath Party in October 1963 via an internal coup. The members of Tikriti clan members such as

Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (President) Saddam Hussein, Harden al-Tikriti, Hammad sehabe, Sadun Gaydar, Hayrullah Talfah, although

Salah Omar Ali had at the same time a kinship and family ties. as well as their membership to the Tikrit Clan. Sammara

Group which was close to this group and Abdulhalik Sammara who represents the group were overthrown from the power in the

second year. Then it was purged other groups. After the liquidation of other groups Tikriti clan, the clan members of Saddam's family

liquidated others and stayed in power alone.

Especially in 1979, al-Majid family from the Albu-Nasir group of Saddam's Tikriti clan has

dominated the state administration following the liquidation of Bakr by Saddam. Usually ending with the bloody power struggle, in the

first ring of power struggle while El-Gafur al-Khattab's groups were liquidating the penultimate step of liquidation was erupted in

Al-Majid family.Saddam's children, Qusay and Uday, killed their uncles Hussein Kamil and Saddam Kamil who fleed to Jordan in 1995

and returned to the country in 1996 in exchange for a namber of safeguards and a special amnesty, after their step-uncle,

Barzan, Vatban and Sebavi The current fighting continues between brothers Uday and Qusay. Power struggle is developing so far in

favor of his younger brother Qusay Saddam. Uday was exposed in an assassination in December 1996, and he became paralyzed as

a result. The bloody Qusay governing intelligence agencies of the country was appointed appointed as Deputy Commander in

Chief of the Armed Forces with decision made in August. The authorities of Vice President of Revolutionary Command Council Izzat Ibrahim

al-Douri who was sick were transferred to Qusay Saddam Hussein In addition, Saddam, receives a secret decision to the emergency

(in exceptional circumstances) is handing over powers Qusay. In this case, Qusay will help an advisory committee (bridged. Z., 1998). This

decision took place as reported in the media. Not denials by Iraqi authorities were declared. According to information from the country

Baghdad no longer actively managing Qusay Saddam Hussein. Uday is waiting for developments. Saddam, in this case the least

satisfied itself as cruel, experiencing the happiness and peace of mind to hand this task to one of its descendants (Stoel. M., V., D.,:

1995). QUSAY SADDAM HUSSEIN

While the regime was governed by Uday in appearance the management of the invisible and the dark interior of the rest parts was held

by Qusay. Uday was administrating the Youth Organizations, Sports and Olympic Committee, the country's first and only private

TV and also the first and only private newspaper and some clubs and associations. The Intelligence and Security Services,

Republican Guard and the Special Protection and management of organizations such as the Fedayeen of Saddam was left to Qusay in a

row. He was also Deputy Chief Commander of the Armed Forces. (Commander in chief is Saddam Hussein). He was the Vice Chairman

of the Command Council of Revolution which


17

was the highest legislative and executive bodies of the country In May 2000, Qusay

Saddam Hussein's Baath Party, was appointed to the executive council membership and deputy Chairman of the

Military Bureau. That appointment made Qusay the second strongest person of the country as well as the country's armed forces.

Saddam's younger son Qusay who had the most important voice in country after his father was born on two months after the revolution of

July 17 of 1968 which brough the Baath Party to the country's government. The people had recognising him from a photography in which

as the person behind Saddam Hussein with Kalashnikov rifle to protect him while reading an announcement at Radio House. This photo

was published in the press on the anniversary of the revolution in the early years, it was taken down in later years.

Saddam in July 1979 came to power after going down the former President Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr, shot over forty people

consisting of Ministers, the Revolutionary Command Council and the senior members and the Baath Party. Saddam also calling

representatives of the Baath Party Provincial Organization for that murder of and made them a partner in crime with servitude fire to

their friends. At the time, he asked the his half-brother Barzan who was chairman of the Mukhabarat al-Tikriti to bring his son Qusay.

And Qusay, who was in 10 years old in that time, has taken place in the squad in ceremonies of shooting training and fired live

targets. the ministers and relatives of the people killed there were friends dating to Saddam's younger years. Qusay were joking

playing away to small arms in the home visit. 10-year-old Qusay, has recognized with murder, party and politics in this way for the

first time acquainted farewell to childhood. Qusay, also attended the torture sessions often on his father's request. Qusay while

governing a part of the Republican Guards he also became the chief of Emnül Al-Alhas, a special organization which was the head of the

executive management of the security services. by entering into formality examination of Politics and Law he graduated from the

Faculty of Science. Then he became the secretary general of National Security Council and through the power received from the

organizations he govern and his father he became the most powerful member.

SUBORDINATE FORCES OF POWER Saddam or his son Qusay, were ruling the country through their established bloody

organization. The form of government did not

follow a top to bottom (vertical) shape it had a side by side (vertical) structure. At the core of

the system, the Intelligence and Security Organization are checking each other, and are positioned above the Ba'ath Party government

in the state administration. Another element of that complex system was (Stoel. M., V., D.,: 1995) the guardians of the republic.As

opposed to other examples founded for ceremony in many countries often in teasing levels, those units in Iraq had approximately

60,000 personnel and composed of 11 divisions. The task of this association, which is above the regular Army is to protect Saddam

and his regime. In addition, there is an organization called Special Protection. This organization was founded with the purpose of

protection, it expands and is equipped with armored vehicles and air elements and materials. The task force still has assumed the

defense of Baghdad, serves as a kind of emergency power. 30,000 of these troops commander is said to consist of the staff

makes Qusay Saddam. Another force that manages Qusay Saddam Hussein was the "Saddam's Fedayeen" organization which was

founded by Uday Saddam Hussein. This organization was organized in Militia order and equipped with T-72 tanks, Aircrafts and

Combat Helicopters (bridged. Z., 1998). Saddam's regime has neglected the Armed Forces which he do not trust for external

defense because it was not needed at this stage. Even most basic need of Armed Forces (Army) was not meet. The slovenly attire of

members were immediately noticeable, most of the members were working in other jobs after working hours. In contrast, the

organziations such as Republican Guard, the Special Protection and Saddam's Fedayeen were attached importance. A member of the

Republican Guard were given at least ten times more salary than of an army officer belonging to the same degree. From the

foregoing it is understood that system; coup was organized to resist the popular uprising and internal turmoil.

IRAQI OPPOSITION AND HISTORICAL PROCESS

Socialist Arab Baath Party seized power with a coup, established a bloody dictatorship in the country. Individuals and groups with different

opinions were often disposed of in a bloody way. Bloody purge operations in the country began after clearing Saddam Hussein's former

President Ahmad Hassan Bakr in 1978 whom he shared power. Saddam Hussein's Baath Party on its forty Manager, Secretary, fusillade

Revolutionary Command Council brought


18

together with other members of the Baath Party members. From this period of liquidation

it became a part of everyday life. Oppositing persons fled the country to save their lives. Iraqi opposition accusations that they are not

directed at the largest union. To understand the causes of this situation, the secret service of the order every year to be used in

operations related to the opposition is allocated $ 1 billion. We think this stunning example is sufficient to grasp the situation,.

In 1980, the Iran-Iraq war broke out, met in Damascus scattered Iraqi opposition groups after several months of discussions and

meetings Iraqi Patriotic Nationalist Democratic Front (IYMDC) was formed. The Front was consisted of the following parties and

organizations:

Turkmen National Democratic Organization.

Socialist Arab Baath Party (Saddam dissident wing).

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan.

Kurdistan Socialist Party.

Iraqi Communist Party.

Arab Socialist Movement.

People's Liberation Army of Iraq.

Independent Figures.

Socialist Unity Party (Nasserist Arab

nationalist). Surely this front, while the PUK owns military power, political power was belong to the

Socialist Arab Baath Party because of the central position of Syria Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), has been excluded Front with the

pressure of PUK. Because of that pressure, the KDP and Kurdistan Socialist Party have left Iraqi Communist Party (IYMDC) and

together with the leadership of the KDP they found the Patriotic (National) Democratic Front (YUDC).

Turkmen National Democratic Organization (MDTO) which was representing Turkmens in the opposition have been exceptionally

beneficial for Turkmens through making the voice of the community heard and advocating the the role of future Iraq structuring and the

worked for making administrative, political and cultural rights of Turkmens recognized. The MDTO also ensured the recognition of

imposing the issue of Turkmen's place in declarations and statements. Among other reasons the KDP-PUK conflict

which wasturned into armed clashes from time to time was affecting negatively the opposition Movement. In 1983, Libya intervened to

combine the two fronts. The two fronts brought together in Libyan capital Tripoli in Libya, under the auspices of Syria and the PLO

representatives However, this initiative, other initiatives have also failed.

An important document on the future of Iraq was considered at the meeting. As a result of the insistence of the Turkmen delegation KDP,

the PUK and the other major political parties in this important document signed by the Turkmen they have adopted the administrative

and cultural rights. These rights as an independent agent took part in a joint statement.

The relationship between Iraqi Opposition (Secular opposition), and Syrian regime became broken especially after concemning

the Syrian government in 1986 when Iran invaded the Fawr peninsula to condemn and these events has led to the surfacing of the

existing deep disagreements in a way. From this date, the weakening of the opposition in Syria and Iraq entered into

disintegration. the Turkmen National Democratic has put aside its activities because of the lack of support. The opposition groups

in Iran have operated in Islamic-Shiile line. The organizations in that group are listed below (Canantan. Y., 1986):

Dawa Party.

The Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution.

Organization of Islamic Studies.

Islamic parties by staying out of the confrontation movements in Iraq described above, have carried out organizationing,

suicide bombings, informatic and armed actions. The combination of secular and religious opposition was held in 1990 with the

invasion of Iraq in Kuwait. Iraqi opposition was held in Beirut in March 1991." No practical and enforceable decisions were taken at the

meeting held under the name of "Beirut Congress". Later efforts came together in Vienna in June 1999 by an Iraqi opposition

group, the Iraqi National Congress (INC) was established. INC was boycotted by the major opposition groups. The above-mentioned

Islamic Party and the Syrian Arab nationalists, did not attend the meeting. The liberal groups in London, and the groups that found other

parties after broking off from the Islamic parties as well as Kurdish parties have joined the meeting.

Kurdish parties have acted in order to obtain the right to Self-Determination through abusing that low participation. According to the prior

informations received by the Iraqi National Turkmen Party executives, it was known that Kurds would join the meeting with a crowded

group as well as their intentions. The Kurdish party members who has an negative view of IMTP because of its boycott on the Kurdish


19

parliamentary elections held on 5 May 1992 started to take action after foreseeing possible

obstacles could be taken out by IMTP committee. And they started to seek an alternative Turkem delegation. Despite

everything IMTP delegation was able to attend this meeting. The delegation blocked the resolution of the Kurdish parties, with the

support of Islamic groups. Along with the participation of other groups that did not participate in the meeting in Vienna in October

1992, the INC meeting was held in northern Iraq's Salahuddin City. The INC has continued its activities until 1996 in Northern Iraq. On 31

August 1996 the raid of Iraqi forces in northern Iraq has caused numerous losses, and the rest were taken to Guam Island in the Pacific with

an operation organized by the United States. THE IRAQ POLICY OF THE US AND IRAQ

RECOVERY ACT After the second Gulf War, the United States has started to move for contructing a new

system in order to revise its Middle East policy starting with Iraq. That new system could prestige to contemporary values such as

human rights and democracy The US preferred to pursue a policy to control Saddam rather than replacing him (Dual

Containmet).The methods chosen for this application were embargo, no-fly zone and safe region zone.

US is implementing this policy since 1991. Since 1998, there were oppositions against this policy, or at least discontents began to

emerge. From time to time they raised their voices against this policy as allies of the US. Alliance formed against Saddam in 1991

entered into a process of disintegration. The Weapons of Mass Destruction of Destruction Commission (UNSCOM) which is a UN-

created and organization and supported by the US failed to get a desired success and in that point the US has changed its Iraq policy and

adopted to change the Saddam Regime (Stoel. M., V., D.,: 1995). Former US President Bill Clinton approved the

law on "Iraq Recovery Act of 1998" adopted by the Congress on 31 October 1998. The law was aimed to overthrow of the Saddam regime

in Iraq and establish a democratic government and included a comprehensive aid program for Iraqi people. For the Iraqi opposition groups

supporting those aims, the US would provide 97 Million dollars financial supply and demands the assignation of opposition groups

who will take the aid from the administration. For the use of aid and to bring the opposition groups together, a senior diplomat (Frank

Riccardone) was appointed as co-ordinator.

With this law, the Change Project prepared by the Iraqi National Congress "INC" was adopted

by Congress. According to the project, Iraq Recovery Act, is not considered as the action plan instead it is seen as a declaration of

intent. The project in summary contains expanding the Safe Zone that will be created in the South, and the realization of regime

changes in Iraq. Republican wing of the Congress supported this plan, administration (management) opposes the performance of

the Iraqi opposition and doubts that represents each occasion. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Elizabeth Johns in his speech in the

Senate has clearly stated this situation date of 02/06/1999.

CONCLUSIONS The approach of the US administration to the issue of Iraq was not hasty and by based on

past experience it was careful and very cautious. US did not aimed to realize this action alone with the exclusion of Iraqi public

and neighboring countries. In a speech of former President Clinton on Iraq on 20 January 1999, this policy is understood. In that speech

Clinton says "The change in Iraq will take time. We should have to close this matter carefully to achieve guaranteed result . We have to be

careful for the safety of life of Iraqi opposition in case not to risk their life unnecessarily. We must not take the US Forces and and those

who share the same objectives with us into a danger that we are not sure of the success. Our approach to this problem assets and be

cautious" The Assistant Secretary of State Martin Indyk, says "There is a need for assistance of the neighboring Arab countries

and Turkey therefore, it must take into account the thoughts of those countries about the Iraq in post-Saddam era, Any form of government

will not imposed to the Iraqi public." These words were conveying a reassurance for Turkey who concerned the division of Iraq and

Iran and Syria who concerned about coming of a pro-American government. The aim was to get the contributions of those countries to the

plans for Iraq. It is known that the US government spend great efforts to convince these countries. While an intensive effort was

made in the Middle East peace talks for initiating the Syrian-Israeli part, at the same time the sensitivities of Turkey regarding the

Northern Iraq were tries to be overcomed. Madlein Albright In his meeting with representatives of the Iraqi opposition in last

May said that "We do not accept any proposal for solution that is not accepted by Turkey." When analyzed carefully the following

developments related to Iraq Turkey's key role


20

is understood. The US has supported the demand of Turkey to arrest and judge

Abdullah Ocalan in Turkey unwaveringly. The US has also failed experience related to Iraq and has been wasted a variety of

opportunity. At least the people of Iraq and Iraqi dissidents carry these ideas. The views and opinions, as well as the Middle East

peace process without entering a secure channel, we think Iraq will not be allowed to play an active role in the region again. If

everything go as planned, we believe the change will take place in early 2001 in Iraq. Former Assistant Secretary of State Martin

Indyk, in his speech on 22 April 1999 in the US Senate Foreign Affairs Committee explained the outline US' Iraq policy as follows:

Lifting the embargo depends on leave Saddam in power. Saddam will not be allowed to control oil revenues.

Iraq's territorial integrity will be respected.

not imposed any government on the Iraqi people.

eliminate the constitutional basis of the Saddam administration, it will be trial for his crimes.

proposals regarding the future of Iraq in order to create an alternative Iraq to protect the peace of respectful and civil society will be clarified.

It is impossible to change Saddam Hussein's behavior. Therefore he should be kept under constant control

in order to restrict hisability to threaten its neighbors and the Iraqi public.

The difficulties of Iraqi public caused

by the Control would be alleviated

After removing the government of Saddam Hussein, the cooperations between Iraqi public and the internal

and external forces and neighbours will be enhanced to ensure the return to Iraq of the international community

and Iraq it will be rehabilitated.

Saddam Hussein will be taken following a steady force in the region

to exceed the red lines. 1- His possible attempts to rebuild or filling the WMD weapon arsenals.

2- Possible threatenings of its neighbors or the US Forces in the region.

3- Possible actions against the Iraqi public, especially if the action against the zone to the north or flight.

Martin Indyk accept a reality; Saddam is still strong despite the nine-years of embargo, Iraq is a threat to locals and neighbors. Therefore,

the United States, adopted a policy in place of

Change its Control Policy with the regime-change policy and President Clinton stated

that "We now have a responsibility for changing the government in the eyes of the Iraqi people, We are committed to changing

the governmentissue." Clinton recalls the words of the United States as evidence and shows the determination on this issue. Indyk

says, "Because of those reasons the Iraq Recovery Act was adopted in 1998." Today the situation is like that but it is impossible to

predict the directions of developments from stage. Turgut Ozal in one of his speech has said us that "The president Bush has

negotiated with himself in all stages of the Second Gulf War in Iraq however in the last stage when the Allied forces progressed

towards Iraqi territories the negotiation was interrupted." The process mentioned by Ozal was the most important process. If the Allied

Forces had threatened Saddam when they move to the outskirts of Baghdad, the Iraq crisis would not happen today. The US has

disabled its allies, especially those directly affected by the issue at this stage. According to the law called "Iraq Recovery Act

of 1998" Congress adopted in 1998, r $97 million was allocated to the Iraqi opposition and a coordinator was appointed to bring the

opposition groups together. Iraqi opposition meeting aims to be mergerd and since March 1999 they regulated meetings. The most

concrete cases performed by the opposition group was to choose the seven temporary presidential council to the Iraqi National

Congress, meeting with US Foreign Minister twice, making negotiations with the UNSC members between 20 September -1 October

1999, and the activities they did against Iraq Management in the EU. Iraqi National Congress did not held on Jun 1999 as planned

because of the differences of opinion aboutthe choosing of the competent authorities related with the INC. The meeting was held in New

York October 29, 1999. Because of filing to remedy the differences of opinions some important persons and groups like Arab

nationalists, the Iraqi Communist Party as well as efficient Islamic organizations such as the Islamic Dawa Party and the Islamic Labour

Organization. The Kurdish groups demonstrated the crowd and active participation. The expression of "is covered

with Respect" for Kurdish federation decision which was seen in earlier reports has changed as "Accepted" in this meeting. It should not be

expected to have efficiency in the process of change from this meeting of INC because of the controversial processes of arrangement,

attendance and decision-making. The US


21

administrators have already stated that Iraqi opposition groups would not have an important

role in the process of change in Iraq openly. In this regard there are deep disagreements between Congress and the US Administration.

The US Administration is contrary to the Convention doubt the strength of the Iraqi opposition. In the meetings of opposition held

in April, May, and June the Iraqi Turkmen Front has also participated. In the negotiations with US foreign Minister and other officials, the

Turkmen representatives were also presented.In July, the following principles of ITC were declared to the Group Leaders of the

opposition (Canant that. Y., 1986):

The ITC is supporting theterritorial

integrity of Iraq

The ITC is the only legitimate representatives of the Iraqi Turks.

The Turkmens will be represented by

13% in the all kinds of commissions, boards and General Assembly created in the new structures

The appointment of represents a rate of 13% will be made by the ITC.

REFERENCES Canatan Yaşar, ―Türk Irak

Münasebetleri(1926-1958)‖; Kültür Bakanlığı Ankara Yayınları, 1986.

Köprülü Ziyat , ―Irak‘ta Türk Varlığı‖, Ankara

Yayınevi, 1998, Stoel Max Van Der, ―Irak‘ta İnsan Hakları

İhlalleri‖, Irak Milli Türkmen Partisi

Yayını, 1995. S.K. Aleksandrov; İ.A.Antonenko, V.İ.Antonov

―Kısa Siyasal-Ekonomik bilgi kitapçığı.

Dünya Ülkeleri‖(Stranı Mira) ,.-, Polit İzdat Neşir Evi, Moskova, Politik Edebi Eserler Yayınevi, 1989.

Khosro Khavar, Farhad, Roy Olivier , ―İran: Bir devrimin Tükenişi‖, Çeviren İsmail Yergüz, Metis yayınları,©Editions du

Seull, Beyoğlu İstanbul , 1999. Wright, Robin , ―Son Büyük Devrim‖ , Çeviren

Şeniz Türk Ömer , Baskı Doğan Ofset

A.Ş.©Robin Wright ―The Last Great Revolution‖, 2000.


231

i (1850) 3 HLC 1

ii Supra

iii Section 2 of the Evidence Act, 1950 states that the Act shall apply to “all judicial proceedings in or before any

court, but not to affidavits presented to any court or officer or to proceedings before an arbitrator”. iv

Section 3 (2) of the Act provides for the establishment of subordinate courts in Malaysia which is the

Penghulu’s Courts, Magistrate Courts and Sessions Courts. Hence, Subordinate Courts Act 1948 is applicable to

these three courts only. v “Court” under section 3of the CJA 1964 is defined as to mean “the Federal Court, the Court of Appeal or the

High Court, as the case may require”. Hence, the jurisdictions of these courts are stated in the CJA 1964. vi

For example, RHC 1980 is made pursuant to section 17 of the CJA 1964; see: p.1 of the RHC 1980 vii

Subordinate Courts Rules 1980 is made pursuant to the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 viii

See Limitation Act 1950 ix

See preamble of the Evidence Act 1950 x PP v Yuvaraj[1969] 2 MLJ 89

xi Section 2, Evidence Act 1950

xii Section 3, Evidence Act 1950

xiii Ibid.

xiv Ibid.

xv Ibid.

xvi See section 91, Evidence Act 1950

xvii Section 92 (a), Evidence Act 1950

xviii Section 92 (b), Evidence Act 1950

xix Section 92 (c), Evidence Act 1950

xx Section 92 (d), Evidence Act 1950

xxi Section 92 (e), Evidence Act 1950

xxii Section 92 (f), Evidence Act 1950

xxiii [2010] 4 CLJ 388 [2009] 1 LNS 980

xxiv [2004] 6 CLJ 25

xxv [2010] 4 CLJ 388; [2009] 1 LNS 980

xxvi [1979] 1 LNS 113

xxvii Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim v Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd & Another Case [2010] 4 CLJ 388 [2009] 1 LNS

397 xxviii

[2004] 6 CLJ 25 xxix

Supra. xxx

Supra. xxxi

[2006] 8 CLJ 9 xxxii

Surah al-Baqarah, 2: 177 xxxiii

Surah al-Māidah, 5: 1 xxxiv

Ibn Kathīr, vol.2, 3-7. xxxv

Surah al-Maidah, 5: 1 xxxvi

Ibn Kathir, vol.2, 3-7. xxxvii

Ibid. xxxviii

Surah ar-Raᶜd 13: 25 xxxix

Ibn Kathīr, vol.2, 3-7. xl

Surah ar-Raᶜd, 13: 20

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