------

. : ..

Uf'JTIl IT ALl.ED THe Ral", f(ilCIN'" A CORNER .... ... .

= TAKE REFU6e

-

I I

j

. I I I

f I ,

I

:

J I

I

I

.-"~ ,.

I J....

The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was first published in Jan. 197 1 by Ant Farm.It was our attempt to gather information and skil l s learned in process and present it in an eas il y access i bl e format. That INF LATOCOOKBOOK came l oose leaf in a vinyl bin der that we fabricated in our warehouse in Sausa li to. The first print in g was 2000 copies .

The experiences that qualified us as ' Inflato­experts' occurred over an 18 month period in which we designed. built, and erected i nflatab l es for a variety of cl i ents and situat i ons.Charley Tilford showed Ant Farm how to make fast, cheap in flatag l es out of polyethylene and tape and support them with used fans from Goodwi l l . That was in the fall of 1969. The first one bui l t was the l arges t, a 10Q'xlOO' white pill ow that was bui l t for t he ill fated Wtl d We~t Fest i val in San Francisco, then after be i ng turned down fo r Stewart Brand's Liferaft Earth Event, final l y had i ts day at Altamont . There fo ll owed a year in which we built numerous demo -in f l atables at schools, .conferences, festivals and gatherings around the state of California and beyond.

ANT FARM at that time was: Andy Shap i ro, Kelly Gl oger, Fred Unterseher, Hudson Marquez, Chip Lord, Doug Hurr, Mi chael Wright,Curtis Schre i er, Joe Hall, and Doug Miche l s.

The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was w~i tten, designed, and put together by: Ch i p Lord, Curtis Schreier, Andy Shapiro, Hudson Marquez , Doug Hurr, Doug Mich els .with he l p from: Sy l via Oreyfus, Char l ey Tilford, and Sot iti Kitrilakis .

Th i s SECOND PRINTING (July 1973) takes on a new form for ease of printing and di stribution. It gets a new cover and binding. and some mate rial has been omitted for update. Still its a good buy at the or i gi nal price of 3 .00$, only at one place; thats Box 471 San Francisco Ca lif 9410 1

- ® ANT CORPS 1973

7H I i-I' '!

:z '-I E~ I (? ;"/:.,

'" o

1 ,

..; ,

~. w Z ~

~ ,

L

•

ENTRANCE

'"~~==~

THE WOf\LOtS

- -: LAf\GEST

I •

--I

, , . '- I

l : , .,

SNAK.E

OIL MASSAGE

MEDIA VAN

DETAIL

,

5D ,:jji"'

... ---.~""":-"-.--.. .. .... . . .-..

r

L

The World's Largest Snake Alphabe t Electroasi s -instant media & The Universa l Mass Consumption Grid Erection Americ an shopping centers Livi n ' & jivin' - a &: b o r uni ve r si t y automatons /sta. - c&e Ultrasonic media blasts from d Blow it up - f The World ' s Largest Snake eats videoscreens - g & a 5 man crew explores limits, blows up buildings , de s troy Fat City, build real (C)it"y Solar energy, dreams, enviroyesterday mobiletomorrow AND We give LO X energy credits with fillup.

• SECTION at CADDY

SECTION at CLOUD

WORLD'S LARGEST, SNAKE TRU CK SEC TION

SNAKE RATTLE & ROLL ROOM

57 \..-I"-'-'UT

--.- --

1

-

•

..

I th

e holes. A

dju

st tlie size of th

e neckho/e by.pinching it

-r closed -

the tautness or lim

pness of the stru

cture

if un

de

r yo

ur co

ntro

l. Tape the neckhole shu

t an

d in

flate

fully_ N

otice the .wrinkles nesr the shoulder o

f the bag. 'W

ith a

.knlfe ,cu

t.s 3" slit A

CR

OSS the w

rink.les. N

otice,

what h.appens. -im

me

dia

tely, to th

e hole.

No

w try

B

gainl-deflate the bag and tape the hole w

ith your ."

-.

tape -then turn the blow

ers on

again. This tim

e m

skels slit A

LO

NG

one of the w

rinkles. N

otice

w

hat it does.. Try this again at 8 pl,!ce w

him,

th'ere Bre no wrinkles.

An

y d

iffere

t/ce?

Of the

ntb, which w

ay wo

uld

you

cut if you were

m~kjng 8 d

oo

r an

d yo

u w

anted tq ~onserve B

/r?

-.." ." .

3.' Get so

me thicker plastic fD

mB

where.

Large orange or red pIeces c'ome as covers

on

flatca

r loads of gypS

uk wallboard. Large

black pieces come stapled to the side o

f a •

two-part m

obile ho

me, ~s it 90es dow

n the highw

ay. B

lack an;i,ear pieces are used

by constructio

n ere

to cover th{nfl$ u

p and

to pu

t under timere

slabs... A r8il1 find is

clear plastic reinfo!fed

wi(h~nYlon mesh used

in areenhouses.. M

ake sure that the piece is

-.

structure finer a

nd

yo

u·remem

ber o

f material 9.42

-the' 2

" polyeth-industry is good.

flat it is hard

can seal if she

p,

1=

T·.

---'

,

DO

NA

LD

DU

CK

\ •

. _':'?as~ you

ha

dn

't figu

red

qu

t a reason or eXClf~e, w

.hY to b

uild

infla

tab

le '~'::A-'C~'~~S~ iN

G,ETTIN

G-~\QUAJ~,(ED W

ITH' I~~~T~~~~}"

becom"es,o

bvio

us 8

5 soon as yo

u get p

eo

ple

inside. T

he free

do

m a

nd

instIl-¢i:J'A

1?fER

1 OF

TH

E LNf'L~TO..coO}{BOOK

biliry of 8~~n~ironment w

here the wa~'$ a~e. constantly bec~n:~ng the ceiling ;.'·.#h~~baggie from

MO;(ier's kt~e,.

Hold the end ~~and scoo~ ;11 ~m8 air. $~ A

he e~d and rh,e ceding th

e flo

or and the d

oo

r IS rollm

g a

rou

nd

the clli/my som

ewher6

"wlrh tape. _ Essentially a

ll inflatables wo

rk by encapsulating a

ir witJjJn

-B closed ;;iem

brsne.

fflle8~ a (oto

f e"nergy that is usually con

fine

d b

y the xyz planes o

f rhe nortn81 '1i .. 'SOt;In.you w

ill b,egin to notice'the bag gettlrig lim~r.' O

byiously, air iU

Jcaping thru boX

-foom.

The new-dim

ensional space becomes m

ore

or Jess w

hatever people dflo '"

h'6les ap

d creases in

you

r lousy taping job, R

ep68t tM

{J)(psriment using Ih

ot kn

ife to

cide it ;s _ a t~mple, a funhouse, a suffoc'atio~ tortu

re device, i/pleasure dom

e. A

'$

fiji th'e O!J.en e

nd

B

y seafing:~/I the ~ay across the ~n;'ng except fi

a small orifice,

confereflC6, p

arty, w

edding, 'meeting, regular S

aturday afte

rno

on

bllCom

es.,8 festival. the paggle,can be b/~wn y

p tig

htly lI.ke a rubber b

allo

on

jJnd ualtHJIW

"th. touc_

of'

,"

~ h

ot Iran:

N~t1ce the wrlnk~es m. th

e plastIc, if yo

u hav~ bll!.'im

.It up tightly.

To unfo

ld, infla

te an

d see each o

the

r in a black wh

ite red

pu

rple

clou

dballo

on

can (can Y

au C9f1lm

agme iJ

long baggle, W

ith one hundrBdpeople seale

d m

slde and real· d

itions righ

t) help to break do

wn

pe

op

le'; category w

alls ab

ou

t each oth

er and their o

wn

ize that the ~ir p~rm~neritIY entrained co

uld

(lot Isst 19f19, unless yo

u had.

. . . .

' .

enough plants m W

ith them.

Scotts, m

aker Bnd ta

ker of green, says th

at a

ab

ilities and can b

e a hm

t at the Jdea th

at m

aybe m

aybe any,body can should ,;ust take

50 by 50 p

lot o

f fawn tu

rf releases enough oxygen to supply a fam

ily of

space.making b

ea

utifyin

g inco her, his o

wn hands.

... ~

>('., four._

. ~'X ,

'. 2,

Gersom

e clf1!1ner bags, you

kn~w, those all·plastic ones w

ith a

ll the

.

--'--

--,~

'.

dreadfu{ warnm

gs about this is n

qta

toy, and ger same scotch

.tape and la

y ran

ds on ~'{blower o

f ~me kin

d. a sm

all fan. M

qth

er's:h

air

drye

r I:~ ideal and a vacupm cleaner b

low

er is pow

erful. Tape the

'\,.

ppen end'o

f the, cleaner bag aro

un

d the delivery end o

f wha

tever b

loW

Brjpr aro

t/?d the guard of the fsn.

-Turn on thl! pow

er, N

o­tice

wra

t happens, even thougrh the nack ho

la o

f the bag has been le

ft oPtn

. F

or the structure to becom

e i'lflate

d, m

ore

"A

O ",~-

IJ:r I~l~ be com

}:g!n

:hIu;.~~~/~~~ ~:"tB

~:~'~~ th

ru

, , , .

I I

;II "

I I

l

- -----.--.----~-

, ; ' ;

7lI" pft~1u " 5 '/#" h.,, /

@.---r-",\\'

Tape stripS of poly together mto a large square . . . .

, , , , , ' , '

L _ ____ _ __ - - - -- -- - ~

Fe\ d edse'5 over and tape .. _ . . .

Make tube for ,

CUT ME OUT

STICK ME ON f LAG ·

mfl-ate & etlt-entrv-siit-:-;-spend the n Isht t08@t\qe-r.---~. ," . ._, ".- ,

-

-KIDS

~i[j!L .u: .u: .u: ~U!L ~

~

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ i \ \ \

d

! Pt£cE., ( ,,+

\

. . .. . .

• ,

, , ,

..

".#'J ,,", ,'/ -"-

" , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , , ""- ',! ~

, , , ,

, , -' ~-----fI

, "

, , , ' , .

, " '- -, -.

-------GEOMETRY - - - - -

~ ~

~; ~?

, ,

ietrahedron

"

"- . .. , ~ -- ---

-

I \ ~I

~ I !

~ ! -w I I

L

" .~

~ M

AT

ER

IAL

S

We

used

pol

yeth

ylen

e be

caus

e o

f lo

w c

ost

CIn

d ea

sy h

andl

ing.

W

ith

a m

ater

ial

as a

bstr

act

as a

mic

ro-t

hick

pla

stic

film

, an

d as

easy

to

joi

n as

pol

yeth

ylen

e, o

ne c

an t

rans

it th

e en

tire

de

sign

-the

n-bu

ild

proc

ess

in s

uch

a sh

ort

tim

e 8

5 t

o be

abl

e to

see

the

pro

cess

as

II w

hole

. In

th

is se

nse

poly

ethy

lene

can

be

a m

ediu

m l

or

lear

ning

ab

ou

t w

hole

des

ign

proc

esse

s.

PO

( YE

TH

YL

EN

E -

(dic

tion

ary

defi

niti

on)

impe

rvio

us t

o m

oist

ure,

ligh

ter

than

wat

er,

tou~h,

pli

able

. ou

tsta

ndin

g at

die

lect

ric

high

fre

quen

cie

s; e

xcel

lent

che

mic

al r

esis

tanc

e.

We

star

ted

out

usin

g fo

ur m

il (.

004"

) fo

r ev

eryt

hing

(it

's c

heap

est)

bu

t no

w w

e us

e 6

mil

whe

reve

r w

e ca

n _

6 m

il st

rike

s a

pre

tty

goo

d ba

lanc

e be

twee

n co

st a

nd l

onge

vity

. T

he

life

~pan

of

the

mem

bran

e de

pend

s o

n 1

) th

e su

rfac

e th

e bu

bble

will

sit

on

(gr

ass

is b

estl

21

th

at

the

win

d w

ill d

o to

it

(Hig

h w

inds

may

des

troy

the

pla

stic

s ju

st b

y th

e fo

rce

of

the

wi

d, b

ut

mor

e o

ften

the

dam

age

is do

ne b

y th

e w

ind

ripp

ing

the

poly

on

bra

nche

s, c

orne

rs

of

hing

s, e

tc,)

; 3)

the

use

it

is p

ut

to.

Pub

lic

even

ts w

ith

high

ene

rgy

sour

ces

such

as

rock

m

usic

ten

d to

wea

r ha

rd -

stab

le u

ses

such

as

gree

nhou

ses

or

slee

ping

pla

ces

tend

to

wea

r w

eil.

Und

er o

ptim

um

con

diti

ons

(min

imum

sun

& w

ind)

the

mat

eria

l sh

ould

las

t ab

ou

t a

year

. 4)

(fo

r pu

blic

pla

ces

part

icul

arly

) un

ders

tand

ing

of t

he n

atur

e of

the

mat

eria

l by

the

pe

ople

usi

ng i

t. U

sers

nee

d to

be

mad

e aw

are,

som

eho~

, to

tak

e of

f th

eir

shoe

s be

fore

en

teri

ng,

no

t to

wal

k o

n (

thro

ugh)

the

wal

ls,

no

t to

tea

r th

e do

ors

as t

hey

go t

hrou

gh,

and

no

t to

blo

ck t

he

air·

supp

ly t

unne

ls,

Gen

eral

ly w

e tr

y to

rei

nfor

ce a

reas

of

heav

y us

age

and

mak

e ai

r tu

nnel

s w

here

you

can

't g

et t

o th

em o

r m

ake

them

big

eno

ugh

to c

raw

l in

wit

hout

bl

ocki

ng t

he a

ir f

low

. It

's b

ette

r to

des

ign

in d

urab

ilit

y th

an h

ave

to p

olic

e th

e vu

lner

able

deta

ils

(e.g

., se

lf·c

losi

ng d

oors

in

Geo

met

ry s

ecti

on).

¥ C

OL

OR

or

: C

OL

OR

T

he m

ost

easi

ly a

vail

able

col

ors

are

clea

r an

d bl

ack

(use

d in

con

cret

e co

nstr

ucti

on

wor

k)

bu

t whi

te a

nd c

olor

ed p

oly

can

also

be

foun

d.

Cle

ar i

s de

cide

dly

mag

ical

. It

s dr

awba

cks

arer

that

it

gets

tre

men

dous

ly h

ot

insi

de i

f th

ere

is su

n a

nd i

t is

a ho

t da

y. It

can

coo

k th

e pe

ople

ins

ide

and

the

gras

s un

dern

eath

. T

his

can

be

turn

ed t

o g

ood

adva

ntag

e in

co

ol

we~ther

for

sola

r he

at o

r, i

n w

arm

er w

eath

er g

ood

lor

wat

er e

nvir

onm

ents

, sau

na b

aths

, oi

l m

a1ssa

ges,

etc

. B

e ca

refu

l o

f le

avin

g a

clea

r bu

bble

on

a g

reen

law

n fo

r to

o lo

ng a

s it

wil

l st

e~m

tKe

gras

s in

its

ow

n ju

ice

in a

few

hou

rs i

f th

e su

n is

hot.

Whi

te r

efle

cts

heat

, b

ut

it

ge;s

ver

y br

ight

ins

ide.

Y

ou c

an p

roje

ct o

n i

t at

nig

ht o

r bo

unce

col

ored

lig

hts

arou

nd

ins'i

de i

t. O

ne g

ood

desi

gn c

ompr

omis

e is

a ha

lf w

hite

/hal

f cl

ear

bubb

le -

you

can

put

the

whi

te s

ide

up

to

the

sun

or

the

clea

r si

de u

p on

coo

l o

r cl

oudy

day

s.

It's

bes

t to

fin

d sh

ade,

o

r br

ing

yo

ur

own

_ a

big

P<lra

chut

e ov

er a

bub

ble

help

s a

grea

t !:l

eal

on h

ot d

ays.

F

rost

ed

poly

is

best

for

rea

r pr

ojec

tion

, w

hite

for

fro

nt

proj

ecti

on (

alth

ough

whi

te w

ill w

ork

for

rear

pro

ject

ion

-it

jus

t is

n't

quit

e as

bri

ght

an i

mag

e).

Som

e po

ly s

old

as c

lear

is

wha

t is

call

ed "

nat

ura

l" w

hich

is

slig

htl

y fr

oste

d, a

ltho

ugh

no

t fr

oste

d en

ough

to

wor

k w

ell

for

rear

pr

ojec

tion

. W

ith

usag

e, c

lear

bec

omes

fro

sted

-yo

u ca

n fa

cili

tate

th

e pr

oces

s by

rub

bing

it

un,ti

l th

e st

atic

cha

rge

pic

ks u

p d

ust.

C

olor

ed p

oly

giv

es a

fin

e co

lore

d li

ght

insi

de.

Sou

rces

fo

r co

lore

d po

ly a

re 1

) sh

eetr

ock

and

som

e o

ther

bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

are

shi

pped

on

Ila

tcar

s co

vere

d w

ith

20

'X5

0' s

heet

s of

col

ored

pol

y.

Tal

k to

the

peo

ple

who

unl

oad

the

cars

. O

rice

we

got

a br

and

new

red

cO

lIer

from

the

US

Gyp

sum

fac

tory

in

Ho

usto

n.

2) C

olor

ed

po.iy

dro

pclo

ths

from

pai

nt o

r ha

rdw

ara

stor

es.

3)

Man

ufac

ture

rs o

f ga

s st

atio

n an

d us

ed

L ·L

-_I

_

Bui

ldin

g su

pply

sto

res

are

the

mos

t wid

espr

ead

sou

rces

of

poly

ethy

lene

(go

od l

ast

min

ute,

S

atur

day

sou

rces

) b u

t pa

ckag

ing

hous

es a

nd c

oncr

ete

cons

truc

tion

sup

ply

com

pani

es u

sual

ly

are

chea

per

and

carr

y a

larg

er s

tock

of

diff

eren

t w

eigh

ts a

nd s

izes

of

blac

k an

d cl

ear.

The

y ca

n us

uall

y or

der

whi

te (

in S

an F

ranc

is50

are

a, t

he V

isqu

een

dist

ribu

tor

has

whi

tr. .

.

Bes

t pr

ices

we'

ve f

ound

in

the

San

Fra

ncis

co A

rea

(per

sq.

ft.)

WE.

IGH

T 4

n<l11

hrM

ll &

v.t1

CLE

AR

1<

\0

1.6~

H

WH

ITE

2¢

NA

N

.A

BLAC

K 1.1

d;

l.b4

'2:2~

(Not

e:

Pric

es i

n S

an F

ranc

isco

are

n't

low

for

bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

. Pr

ice

per

squ

are

foot

do

esn'

t se

em t

o in

crea

se f

or l

arge

r si

ze p

iece

s.

Whi

te o

nly

com

es i

n 4

miL

)

Als

o se

e at

tach

ed S

ears

pri

ce l

ist .

.

TA

PE

or

: T

AP

E

P oly

ethy

lene

can

be

heat

·sea

led,

bu

t w

e us

e ta

pe b

ecau

se i

t el

imin

ates

har

dwar

e, c

an b

e us

ed

in t

he f

ield

, and

th

e te

chni

que

can

be m

aste

red

by l

arge

num

bers

of

peop

le.

The

mos

t co

mm

on k

ind

of

tape

is

2"

poly

tap

e av

aila

ble

from

mos

t po

lyet

hyle

ne

outl

ets,

bu

t it

's n

ot

the

best

. G

ood

tape

com

es in

wid

er s

izes

, and

is

muc

h st

rong

er (

it t

he s

eam

is

tape

d w

ell,

the

poly

will

rip

bef

ore

the

seam

).

Tap

e ca

n be

had

fro

m:

Ari

sta

Cus

tom

Tap

e C

o.

Fo

ot

of

Far

m A

d.

Sec

aucu

s, N

.J.

07

09

4

86

4·3

131

H. T

. M

cGill

Co.

P.

O.

Box

517

45

11

Fro

nt S

t.

Bro

oksh

ire,

Tex

as

7742

3

Mr.

Zim

mle

r is

a f

ine

!lJY

. H

e d

oes

n't

lik

e to

fill

ord

ers

smal

ler

than

$1

00

. H

e ca

n se

nd a

n o

rder

by

UPS

air

fre

ight

to

San

F

ranc

isco

in

thre

e da

ys.

He

wil

l cu

t hi

s 9

mil

vin

yl t

ape

(for

us

e on

pol

yeth

ylen

e) t

o a

ny w

idth

. P

rice

is

$1.2

0/in

ch o

f w

idth

for

a 3

6 y

d. r

oll

in a

ny c

olo

r ex

cept

cle

ar (

whi

ch c

omes

in

4"

on

ly a

nd i

s ab

ou

t $4

.50/

roll

1. T

he

4"

clea

r st

uff

is v

ery

good

for

on

the

spa

', pa

tchi

ng.

3"

wid

th i

s go

od i

n th

e co

lore

d ta

pe.

Jim

Coo

k (w

ho h

as a

goo

d de

al o

f ex

peri

ence

in

poly

inf

lata

bles

w

hich

he

is us

uall

y pr

etty

ope

n to

sha

ring

) se

lls 4

" w

ide

poly

ethy

lene

tap

e (3

6 y

d r

olls

) w

hich

is

also

exc

elle

nt

tape

. T

he

pric

e is

com

para

ble

to A

rist

a's

on

4"

clea

r b

ut

the

serv

ice

isn'

t qu

ite

as f

ast.

Let

us k

no

w o

f an

y o

ther

goo

d so

urce

s an

d w

e w

ill p

ubli

sh t

he i

nfo.

ea

rl lo

t ba

nner

s.

Ber

gman

Ban

Mrs

in

San

Fra

ncis

co s

tock

s ni

ne c

olor

s in

36

" w

idth

(4

mil)

an

d se

lls

it f

or

$.03

/sq.

ft.

4) U

nio

n C

arbi

de w

ill m

ake

any

colo

r fo

r yo

u in

lot

s o

f 5

,00

0 I

bs.

. r-

-p.-

---It

i"o

ossi

ble

to b

uv c

olor

s th

at t

hev

alre

adv

have

in

1,O

OO

-lb.

lots

. _

_ .-

._

I ,

'C" "

,* J'i

!"'~

~., ~

--_

._-_

.. ' .

-

= -

~ -_

.--

' . _

. --

--.

-.

P'

-

" C

dNT

AC

T P

APE

R (

the

stuf

f yo

u p

ut

on s

helv

es,

" ,. It'~

goo

d re

info

rcin

g fo

r pl

aces

th

at g

et h

eavy

str

ess

or

traf

fic,

lik

e do

ors

ilnd

whe

re

tu~nels

join

flo

ors.

REI

NFO

RC

ED P

OL

Y

'I (S

ee S

ears

cat

alog

pag

e.)

Thi

s is

fine

, st

rong

stu

ff,

alth

ough

a l

ittl

e di

ffic

ult

to t

ape

due

to

tekt

ure.

T

here

is a

lso

a co

mpa

ny in

Hou

ston

nam

ed G

riff

oly

n t

hat

pro

duce

s th

is s

tuff

. d

qn

't k

now

how

th

eir

pri

ces

com

pare

.

• T

AP

ING

PR

OC

ES

S

or:

TA

PIN

G P

RO

CE

SS

Th

is is

best

wor

ked

ou

t by

you

, pa

rtly

dep

endi

ng o

n th

e nu

mbe

r of

peo

ple

you

have

tap

ing

toge

the r

. A

VO

IO W

RIN

KL

ES

in

the

tape

ilS

the

wri

nkle

s w

ill

gath

er w

ater

, pa

rtic

ular

ty w

hen

th

e bu

bble

is l

eft

unin

flate

d in

the

ra

in.

Th

is w

ill

even

tual

ly d

estr

oy t

he b

ond

of

ilny

of

thes

e ta

pes.

HE

AT

SE

AL

ING

Som

eone

fro

m O

rego

n se

z:

You

can

sea

l pol

y w

ith

a re

gula

r cl

othe

s ir

on (

Tef

lon

if po

ssib

le).

rl

'!e

qual

ity

of t

he s

eam

var

ies

grea

tly

wit

h th

e sk

ill o

f th

e pe

rson

who

is s

eam

ing,

so

prac

tice

fi

~st.

I s

aw a

do

me

bubb

le t

hat

got

des

troy

ed b

y th

e w

ind

as t

he s

eam

s ha

d be

en h

eat·

seal

ed

this

way

by

amat

eurs

. P

ut a

cou

ple

piec

es a

re c

ardb

oard

tog

ethe

r up

righ

t u

nder

the

ov

erla

ppin

g ed

ges

and

rUn

the

iron

alo

ng i

t sm

ooth

ly a

nd e

venl

y.

POL

YE

ST

ER

(m

yla

r is

a tr

ade

nam

e fo

r po

lyes

ter)

Silv

ered

myl

ar is

a g

ood

refl~tjve s

urf

ace

and

VE

RY

mag

ical

. 2

mil

myl

ar i

s ro

ughl

y 'e

quiv

alen

t in

str

engt

h to

Go

r a m

il p

oly,

and

it

can

be t

aped

tog

ethe

r lik

e p

oly

. Jo

hn

Ree

ves

in B

osto

n go

t a

quan

tity

of

it f

rom

Eis

er I

ndus

trie

s in

Rev

ere,

Mas

s. f

or $

.20/

sq.f

t.

He

had

to d

o a

lot

of t

alki

ng t

o g

et i

t at

that

pri

ce.

The

re a

re a

lot

of

com

pan

ies

prod

ucin

g m

ylar

now

, b

ut

we

have

n't

inve

stig

ated

. A

gain

, le

t us

kno

w w

hat

you

find

ou

t.

--

3AF

ET

Y C

OD

ES

AN

D T

HI:

I-I

Ht:

lVI~h""

,I",

,,,_

=ro

m T

ensi

le S

truc

ture

s, V

olum

e O

ne b

y F

ret

Ott

o:

" ...

pne

umat

ic b

uild

ings

are

saf

er

:han

any

oth

er f

orm

of

stru

ctur

e. T

he m

ain

adva

ntag

e of

the

pne

umat

ical

ly s

tret

ched

n

embr

ane

is it

s sm

all

wei

ght;

eve

n w

ith

span

s o

f m

ore

than

100

m.

the

wei

ght

of t

he

.truc

ture

doe

s n

ot

exce

ed 3

kg/s

q.m

. E

ven

jf th

e co

mpr

esse

d ai

r su

pply

sho

uld

fail,

it

YOu

ld t

ake

a lo

ng t

ime

for

larg

e en

velo

pes

to c

olla

pse,

sin

ce t

he e

nclo

sed

air

can

leak

ou

t lil

ly s

low

ly.

Eve

n la

rge

hole

s an

d te

ars

are

no

t da

nger

ous.

A

ltho

ugh

the

pres

sure

dro

ps

luit

e ra

pidl

y. t

he f

orce

du

e to

the

wei

ght

of t

he m

embr

ane

is so

sm

all

that

, in

lar

ge

:nv'

i!lop

es.

it m

ay t

ake

days

bef

ore

the

encl

osed

air

esc

apes

eve

n if

the

open

ings

are

lar

ge."

Ve'v

e ne

ver

had

any

inju

ries

due

to

stru

ctur

al f

ailu

re.

Fir

e co

des

are

nece

ssar

y, w

itne

ss c

ircu

s te

nt

fire

tra

gedi

es.

The

y ar

e us

uall

y pr

imar

ily

conc

erne

d w

ith

exit

s in

pub

lic

stru

ctur

es.

Poly

ethy

lene

inf

lata

bles

hav

e a

virt

ual

360

' ex

it b

ecau

se a

nyon

e ca

n ri

p hi

s w

ay o

ul,

bu

t th

is i

s so

met

imes

har

d to

com

mun

icat

e to

a

fire

mar

shal

l :"

ecau

se h

e w

ill h

ave

no p

rece

dent

for

allo

win

g th

at t

ype

of

exit

. H

e w

ilt

also

wan

t to

tes

t th

e fi

re r

esis

tanc

e of

the

mem

bran

e it

self,

usu

ally

by

hold

ing

a sm

all

pie

ce o

f it

ove

r a

buns

en b

urne

r fo

r te

n se

con

ds.

then

rem

ovin

g it

. If

it

rem

ains

bur

nin

g fo

r m

ore

tha

n tw

o se

cond

s it

is n

ot

cons

ider

ed s

elf·

exti

ngui

shin

g.

How

ever

, w

hen

the

poly

ethy

lene

is i

nfla

ted,

the

str

uctu

re h

as i

nter

nal

pres

sure

whi

ch w

ork

s to

ext

ingu

ish

the

flam

e as

soo

n as

it

burn

s th

roug

h th

e m

embr

ane.

(C

harl

ey T

ilfo

rd i

n N

ew Y

ork

has

do

ne

som

e re

sear

ch o

n th

is a

nd h

as a

fil

m o

f hi

s ef

fort

s.)

Try

to

ex

plai

n th

is.

We

pu

t up

in

fla t

able

s in

man

y pu

blic

sit

uat

ions

wit

h m

ixed

suc

cess

-w

e di

d no

t ge

t ap

prov

al f

rom

th

e S

an l

eand

ro F

ire

Mar

shal

l fo

r S

tew

art

Bra

nd's

hun

ger

show

. b

ut

we

did

get

appr

oval

(w

ith

the

dili

gen

t ai

d of

Dr.

Fra

nk O

ppen

heim

er)

for

an i

nter

med

ia e

vent

in t

he P

alac

e o

f F

ine

Art

s in

San

Fra

ncis

co.

We

did

n't

con

sult

a f

ire

mar

shal

l be

fore

Alt

amon

t. b

ut

rem

embe

r y

ou

are

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

safe

ty o

f y

ou

r st

ruct

ure

.

Goo

d th

ings

to

talk

ab

ou

t w

ith

Fir

e M

arsh

alls

:

1)

self

·ext

ingu

ishi

ng p

rope

rtie

s of

inf

late

d po

lyet

hyle

ne

2)

rip

thro

ugh

exit

doo

rs (

thin

ness

of

the

poly

) 3)

th

e hu

ge n

umbe

r of

doo

rs y

ou h

ave

4)

leng

th o

f ti

me

requ

ired

to

def

late

the

bui

ldin

g w

ith

hole

s in

it

5)

the

pres

sure

at

whi

ch t

he b

uild

ings

run

s 6)

th

e nu

mbe

r o

f C

FM

of

air

you

are

prov

idin

g pe

r pe

rson

7)

ho

w p

ower

ful

yo

ur

back

up

fan

is

(thi

s is

a m

ust

for

publ

ic e

vent

s)

(. (0

Y 'W

I [.> O

f j

RECYCLING

The best way to recycle polyethylene is to reuse it , but when it gets many holes in it, it is no longer good as a rain cover. The worst thing you can do with it is to put it in a garbage can - it will probably end up as land fill and never decompose. The best thing you can do with it is BURN it. When polyethy lene burns it breaks down into CO2, H20, and carbon which is the ugly black smoke produced but which will precipitate out of the air quickly and be absorbed by the earth.

It is possible to recycle poly chemically, but it's an elaborate process and all the big manufacturers find it more profitab le to make it from fresh natural resources (petroleum), We think inflatable shelter is a much bener use for petroleum than buming it in an internal combustion engine. We also like inflatables because they aren' t in any one place long enought to leave marks on the earth after they're gone.

--~.-- .. '

•

,

•

Clear Polyethylene

.... 10 tQ. tL--4 mil· u..... 10dl tt."'"

Mesh-:teinforoed Plastic

"' ...... ll!.o ..... _-low.. 3 Nt~ • . xlllO).lL"'"

. Black Polyethylene

...... 1 0--'" .. thAD lo.r.o-1t. .....

•• "bout FHA

Steel.niDforad. Woyera wire meSh, DOI1-ravd edges, d~ mo.tcd with liquid c:dIub.e ~te. BumiDa' ~ of 9>:10t mesh is 1091bs.; of lul4t mesh lS71bs. Lub sevo::nJ. seasons. Cut With scissors.

WOIl't rot ot' mild ..... , Keeps out ~ Jjght, ultra-violet raY$. Lasl$ J to s times loaget in · sunli&bt tlwI dea:r polyethylene. Salt-proof, paint-proof, oil-proof .. can't becWDaged by COI". rosive compost « 5ibge ..ods. Cut to tile willi scisaon. Available in 6 to fO-tt. width!.

Utility Plastic for ~~: ~, .carpets" 11 0",(2 1 Milk-white tnnSluCJeft1 atm.. 30 iDc:he -..ilk. Giyas ~ effect OD. -b&thmom 1Irindows, shower doon.. IckaI. f..- temporvy . carpet tuIIDer5. Diamond embossed 6Jm (1) hugNaterslip~ ribOed fdm (2) is "'IOl'e pliable; both typQ c:aD. be easily deaud by ' shaking. Sold pel" foot or in I~ rO&. - . _.

1 ~MOnd &.~ Fi..... "2 ltibbocl fi... . . ", l'u it. Shippiq ...t.. • oz. . Per It. ShiJl1)iD« 1Ri«bt .. =

32 :oa.m~';~2f~ 32 ~~·;'i:iibr2f: .. 32 W 42276C . _: •...•.... S30 .. !I5 . 32 W 42272C ••••.•.... _ .$19095

,1,'

AccesaorieIJ to ~ anchor plastics

l[j~~~~r~~~~[~~~~; ( .. ond 5 I Snap Fallene ... Snap rovtn waOO 04

1ncl000000oitdoor V{oterproof CIaTh Tope. 60-£1. 3;l W.4291~ lridth. W1. 6 oz.. Roll $1.19

Daub .. -fcc.d Mounting Tape. Strong ivory paper lrith adhesive t.cklllf on b:>th sides.. 54-11. roll. nw 429l1~-in.1ridth. W1." oz .•••. Roll 7k

.A",",~ ,!o.11e Cloth Tap •• W~~roof. M&kei: .... cdlm\ sealant for air duct.., }OUIlII( Qr :1IIOUi..1iriiplastiC sboetIna:. 6O-foot ron. 2-1n.. width. ·l2"W-.4291:1-';'WU lb ..••.••• . : •.•... • Roll $1.65 . \'.t:b..·tNdc· ... mill 0ne .... 1 I._"""",,*,,,",, troo

., -~-~'" .............. --.

-;

~~' .. p/:',

quidtly. Crowns all 2x2·llIch pn:smre 5e115itive tape. Studs on tape ocwood SCIt1JS. 10 each per pkg. 4 Tape-lItOUnted dud. for smooth surfac:ea.

32 W 429D3-Pq . '" 10. Wt." 0&. . • . , •••••• pq. fie 5 Screw-in Stud. lor rough surfaces.. . 32 W~Pq. of 10. WL 4 01.. •••••• ••• ·.Pq. 99c: 6 Breon G_. t.d Pla,tIc Ti. DowI\J.. ;Pressure. sensitive a.dhesive. 4.!ix2.in.

32 W 42902-Pq. 01 10. WL 4 oz. .•. ...... •.•• pq. 990:. '7 Molding Strip. Rei!! treated e&rd~, taW. For moullting sheeting. " in. by 36 in. long.. .

32 W ~5-Pq. oi l s.. WL 1 lb. .••••••....•• Pte. SSt , 8 IutlOrl 510.... 101" -anchoring ph$tk ~ til grouod. 61n;long, DOtchtd. Pkt. of 40.

13 W'lml-5hiPPinll ~ht 6 ""-. ....... pq. $1~

J;.~~

. ,1

I

.~ I

I

,

...

Since.polyethylene is so light (1200 sq.ft. of 4 mil weig~s about 20 Ibs. ) a fan usual ly is a better air source than a blower. A blower gives more pressure than is necessary to support the weight. Blowers tend to be high-pressure low-volume ai r sources; fans give out more air at lower pressure. In measuring the output of a fan or blower there are two considerations: number of cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air delivered and the static pressure at which that air is delivered. A water manometer is an easy W<1'( to measure static pressure.

A manometer will give you a lot of interesting and useful information about your bubble. Wind effects, for example, do not always increase the pressure inside the bubble (see Anchoring section) . You can tet1 how mu(:h pressu re your seams will wi thstand. Make your seams strong enough to withstand 2/5" pressure, because windloading is best withstood by maintaining a tight skin. If the skin isn't tight, the wind will make a sail in·the side of the bubble and then you .are a~,th .. wind's mercy ...

.' i , . ".

,-Remember that for a public event it is . ~ I ~ ...

necessary to have a back-up fan that will •• , "' • support the whole bubble if the nu'mber . (' .1...(, '" " J ... . ~ , (./ • one fan should fai l. Each fan must be " • \..·v . -:.ro' . _, -' capable of supplying at least 5 CFM per person indise the bubble. Having a working generator on hand is iI good idea if your power source is at all dubious. (We have panicked when a fuse inside a locked building blew.J '

This;s the 100' pil low before we put a net on it . When it was half inflated, we stopped inflating it to patch up the li ttle strings we had taped to it for tie·downs. A storm blew up and the wind made the 40'X l 00' sail tl1at you see in this picture. All the little string9 popped and the bubble took off. We finally stopped it by cutting a 60' slit in the back side to release all the air. Imagining a sail boat with a sail that big will give you an idea of the magnitude of force involved. This was an extreme case of low pressure, bu't you get the idea . . . . .-._--'--_._ ......

rl

1

II ,

de1ivery tube

A good source of fans and specifications on fans is Grainger's (a national chain of wholesalers). ' They sell a large variety of fans and blowers, each one listed in the catalog with its output. I usually try to match up a used fan r am buying with something in their catalog for an output estimate. To get a catalog or buy from them you have to show some company credentials or a purchase order, but it is worth the hassle as their prices are about 1/2 to 3/5 retail. A new fan is usually cheaper than a used one in the long run jf you get it wholesale, " but any fan you can get for free can be made to work. (Beware of used fans for public events, though, unless you are sure the fan is good.

About the best fan we've used for medium-sized inflatables is Charley Tilford's old-time office fan that he talked the city of New York out of when they air-conditiOf'led some offices. This fan is a 24" diameter, l' h.p., direct-dri..,e, two-speed fan with ' a cast-aluminum, three-prop air-foil blade and a sturdy, c lose-mesh guard. This fan probably put out about ! 5,000 CF M at 0" pressure and maybe 4,000 at 1''' pressure. Having a strong guard on any fan is important if there are going to be any general public, little kids, or stoned people. .

Charley cut down the pedestal so that the fan was near to the ground for more stability. The easiest way to attach the air tunnel to this type of fan is to tape it directly to the 'blade guard (another reason for a strong guard). Since the building will probably move around - especially if there is no net and the bubble is on a hill or in the wind - it is a good idea to make the air supply tunnel long enough so that the building can move without pulling the fan over. We've lost some good fans this way. (A good invention might be some skids on the bottom of your fans.)

>.

~ ~?"'~ eJ" best fan for large bubbles (used on the 100' pillow) is a four-foot diameter, six·blade .

-:;e:~;~ii:P::o::w::,:,;~ed by a * h.p. motor. We scrounged this fan from a house that got The original motor (l' h.p.) got burned out by a faulty generator, so

i

WARNING,

Fl)NKY GENERATORSI EAT FAN MOTORS

test your ... if at all possible. If you are renting a generator get the rental place to test it for you. The replacement '%. h.p. motor we got (and all the fans and blowers we've gotten since) has overload protection. This is simply a device inside the motor that shuts t he motor oft automatically when the motor overheats (due to overloading, incorrect voltage, etc.). The page from the Craftsman Motor Selection and Installation Guide shows how motor speed relates to fan speed determined by pulley sizes. This is a good booklet you can get from Sears. (HOW TO SELECT AND INSTALL ELECTRIC MOTORS) The attic fan puts out about 15,000 CFM at 0" and very approximately 12,000 at 1/8". A STRONG mesh guard high ly recommended. ""," screen is good. (Hinge pins a re remdveabfe for transporting.)

Charley recommends this fan for medium to big inflatables. This frame is made with e lectrical conduit. Included are the specs for this fan from the Grainger catalog.

12" TO 24" VENTURI-FRAME EXHAUST FAN KITS 1200 to 6IOCI CFM. 1 &. 2·Speltd Tot . ll y En ( lose-Q' C.yton Motol"$. Alulllinu m Blltdes

U" FAN :::mab~~ffi!l!~ ~~~~or~ ~~ied.u~':J~.:t r:nt1~l:ee:=. Q~Ie!i~'1= $27 69 at a savinI up to 30%. Tb.l.II ven- frame with venturl dlschule. A bible pre-

• turi_fr.me prefl!ITed everywhere punched motor hue taatent to vert cal. suPPort. lftI s. u. bec.nse of ealle of Installation with O-boIL'l supplied. Panel has mOWltlDJr hole

IlIId efficient ventUaUon. Kit comes ' In each comer tor easy, seeu", mountlnJC.l1arcI_ complete. Totally-enclo&ed Dmon 1500 RPM ware kit included. Panels are 4"" wider I nd sbaded pole or 1725 or 1725/1140 RPM .split- hlll:her than fan blade sUe. For Ihutten, see p'base, llSV. 60 Cy. motors: Motors ru,"",";-'.L!'""""e·,· ~~",c=",.,----;;;; ... ",;;:;",;;;-'

8c\'~ RPM c~ ~. ~O:- . 1ItU.!I ~~; s:~. lroo 1200 1/20 7C867 S3O.3O $18.12 $ 17.53 13

il

I

., ,

. J

---

. 'L

-=

-L --

--'C

· L

-,

-~-""=L

L ••

A I

xl.

Iho\

Ild

be j

USl

liS

N m

ougn

SO

thu

'"g

er

Pres

Aln

: m

idw

ay ~n

pulle

ys .

. ill

defl

ect

;, aO

OuI

\/4

inc

h. I

f to

o J

oos,

e, I

lip

pig

e 01

th

e pu

lle)

'll

.. il

l "'

u.r

;1

01.11

. If

too

lig

ht,

il ;n

crea

xs m

otor

lo

ad a

nd w

ur

on t

he M

arin

S'-

SELE

CTIIG

PU

LLEY

S V

.pu

lk)1

In

: m

nlu

red

fro

m c

dSe.

10

edge

( ..

o/

in

gYllo

,·t)

. T

he

follo

win

g u

ble

giv

es

you

the

sptt

ds

of

driv

en p

ullc

ys .

. hen

IIl

inS

nri

ou

J co

m·

bina

tion

s of

dri~

and dri~

pull

ey

I;U:II

(i

n

inch

e3).

iIii.a

lilW

f Iti

iIs

11("

" f-.

\ iI'

~ ~

• '''

'YIN

p

oli

o,

.p ••

4 ..

... ~ ..... ",. l,n

,', ..

. ..

.. , ...

f ...

. l

.~lO 'P

M ..

.. , ..

4 .. ~1.

1M ,

...

d,

1I".

d.

TIIO

DI.

: ~ ~.

II..

, _

$oo"

i'.

I M

.,t.

l ••

""-,. I ..

... .

,;.,

_.

1'..'::

. ___

____

____

____

_ •

1»

. ...

D,;

"" ~

",.,

ito

_.I

_o

t

PREC

AUTI

ONS

THAT

WILL

SA

VE Y

OUR

MOT

OR

DON

'T O

VERL

OAD

MOT

OR

o.~rll»ding

1 m

oror

nn

bur

n ;1

oul.

DD", "

,. I'~cl

;1 1

0 rN

n ~~

"'iHUO,,

sl,

ou

r/f

llld

td.

DON

'T L

ET V

OLTA

GE D

ROP

Wh

en \

'(llt

lgc

at

n>O<

OI

drop

.. u

lcd

r th

e 'l

iM

chin

g I .. p~n

l H

.. h

n1

.he

mot

or i

s o~rlo.dN

. W

ith

100

lin

k "

/ud

" ;1

is (

in e

Rea

) ""

crw

orlc

ed

-he

n ..

up

_

and

"'i

ll b

urn

0IJc

. U

K I

mpl

e si

u

,,·ir

ing

.

DON

'T "

SUFF

OCA

TE"

MOT

OR

If f

r« c

itaJ

bli

on

of

ai.

10 •

mol

D'

is I

l:Il

riC

fN

(by

dirt

. "'s

or p~~r

, O

f cl

osin

g ,I

up ,n

J

boll

) il

ov

e,h

eau

-m

ay b

u.n

011

1. K

ul' m

OIO

T rI,

.".

... d

d,/

,. If

u~d

,,·hU

t ..

·nod

ch

'!".

dU

ll. t

iC.

Can ~nlU '

n.

"de.

bl

o ...

ou

l Ih

e in

ler'

o ..

.. il

h dr

y co

mpr

uH:d

a,

. -o

r U

K a

"I(

\Ior

n cl

eane

r.

GROU

HD M

OTOR

PRO

PERL

Y

Th

e m

Oio

r fra~ s

houl

d be

co

nn

«lN

, by

... i

tt: o

f P

"""

"u

ut

ed

in

line

10

m

oIor

, 10

•

Mli

l.b

le

gro

un

d (

""'I

er p

i,,"

or

a g

rou

nd

ing

rod

prop

erly

i.u

ull

ni)

-bi

Kh

ro p

l1M

cct

you,

and

10

prO

icct

lh

e m

oeor

in

cue

oJ

an m

lem

al s

hon

C;t

aJiL

LUBR

ICA

TE M

OTOR

PRO

PERL

Y

Mo

tora

w

ith

b

....

. ze b

elr

;na

e d

o re

qll

lre

oe·

ceel"

",1

_

1."1

.. o

t 10

0 I"

",u~

.. ' 0

, ,.

cessi"

. '-

lub

ric.t

lon

. It

', b

eel

to c

he

ck "

'arl

,..e

nd

ed

d •

fe

w d

rop

e ea

ch O

m..

Too

",,,

eb o

il c

en

c

eu ..

tro

ub

le b

y celt

ina O

llt

of

the

b

url

nl:

In

to

the

mol

D ••

USE

RE·

SET

PRO

PERL

Y

If y

ou h

Ive

an "

"e.l

oad

pl1

M«

tOf

... it

h a

m:ln

ual

rest(

bU

llon

, al

....

ys .

. ..;

1 /0

' tl

olo

r 10

fO

ol 1

.'/0"

U

lIing

th

e n:

«t.

Ntr

n h

amm

er t

he

n:.J

« <

if ;

1 S

«mS

10

~Hick"), u

th

is .

. iII

brn

k o

If th

e _

ilC

h

plr

n.

Any

tro

uble

"'I

h 1

l:'J«

lin

g .

. ill

prob

ably

be

due

10

du.ll

bet

wee

n th

e co

n ••

eu -

and

bID

.... ·

ing

:I"'y

the

dU

llI,

Or

sim

ply

hold

ing

the

blln

on

in f

irm

ly ..

. ill

corr

ect

thi,

.

f ~ W

!! ~ If ;~

~ ~ ,1m

I~ I~ I- 'll ." 13 I!

----

---

-

.,-'

.-~~-6

' {

"';

. ..

, .... -

-r--

"'l

I t..

' \~t'"

1\ "

~

" '

':1 1,

: Il~:

I - •

I -? ~ ~

·We

boug

ht a

hug

e ce

ntri

fuga

l bl

ower

at

the

flea

mar

kat,

but

the

mo

tor

wen

t ou

t on

UI

afte

r on

ly t

wo

even

ts.

The

pro

blem

, wit

h us

ed m

otor

s is

th

at th

ey o

nly

go o

ut

It

cruc

ial

mom

ents

whe

n th

ere

is t

he m

ost

stra

in o

n a

mot

or,

i.e.,

in a

win

d O

f w

hen

ther

e .a

re a

lot

of

peop

le g

oing

in

and

out.

Whe

n yo

u bu

y I

used

fan

or

blow

er, r

un i

t for

15

min

utes

fir

st t

o se

e if

it he

ats

up.

If t

his

heat

s it

up

(hot

to

the

to

uch

), d

on

't b

uy

it,

becl

Use

if

it he

ats

up w

ith

no lo

ad,

it is

alm

ost

sure

to

bur

n ou

t un

der

stre

in.

The

w

heel

on

this

blo

wer

is

abou

t 12

" X

12"

. W

e ha

ve u

sed

the

0/. h

.p,

mot

or o

n t

tlis

blow

er, w

hich

pro

babl

y pu

ts o

ut a

roun

d 35

00 C

FM a

t IO

"pre

ssur

e an

d 30

00 a

t J(

," p

ress

ure.

It

wou

ld p

roba

bly

pop

the

seem

s of

any

bub

ble

if t

hare

wer

e no

air

ou

tlet

(su

ch a

s a

door

).

SIZ

ING

FA

N

8!tll

lltlH

lI.,

Figu

ring

out

wha

t si

ze f

an t

o u

se,

in a

mor

e th

orou

gh w

ay t

han

just

ref

erri

ng t

o t

hic

har

t .

It in

vol\/

8$ t

akin

g in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

all

the

dem

ands

on

th

e fa

n.

The

se a

re:

1) T

he p

ress

ure

at w

hich

the

bub

ble

will

be

runn

ing.

T

his

is de

term

med

by tn~

size

end

sh

ape

of t

he b

ubbl

e in

rel

atio

n to

the

win

d.

Thi

s is

deal

t wit

h in

the

"A

ncho

ring

" -

chap

ter.

R

unni

ng p

ress

ure

is a

bout

llb

/sq.

ft. (l

IS"

pres

sure

in a

wat

er m

anom

eter

).

Und

er h

eavy

win

d as

muc

h as

2 I

b/sq

.ft.

may

be

need

ed.

2) H

eat

calc

ulat

ions

. U

nles

s yo

u ha

ve a

cces

s TO

a g

iant

hea

ting

or

cool

ing

syst

em,

your

onl

y co

ntro

ls o

ver

the

tem

pera

ture

ins

ide

will

be

a. c

olor

of

the

poly

ethy

lene

-cl

ear

gets

the

war

mes

t, w

hite

is c

oole

st

b. s

hade

-ge

ttin

g th

e bu

bble

int

o th

e sh

ade

is by

far

the

eas

iest

and

gen

eral

ly t

he

mos

t su

cces

sful

way

to

coo

l a

bubb

le;

freq

uent

ly t

his

is im

poSS

ible

, th

ough

c.

how

muc

h ai

r yo

u pa

ss t

hrou

gh t

he b

ubbl

e -

thes

e ca

lcul

atio

ns a

re p

rim

aril

y w

hat

we

are

deal

ing

wit

h be

low

3) H

ow f

ast

you

wan

t to

Inf

late

the

bub

ble.

It

is

unus

ual

that

you

wou

ld w

ant

to i

nlla

te

the

bubb

le s

o fa

st t

hat

the

size

fan

req

uire

d w

ould

be

larg

er t

han

that

reQ

t.lir

edby

the

co

olin

g re

quir

emen

ts.

But

if y

ou d

o us

e th

is a

s a

desi

gn f

acto

r, t

ake

a ro

ugh

esti

met

e o

f th

e vo

lum

e o

f th

e bu

bble

(in

cub

ic f

eet)

, di

vide

by

the

nu

mb

er o

f m

inut

es y

ou w

ant

to t

ake

to i

nfla

te t

he b

ubbl

e, a

nd t

he q

uoti

ent

is t

he t

he r

equi

red

CFM

ou

tpu

t fo

r th

e f~

Vol

ume

(tt3

) '"

CFM

req

uire

d In

flat

ion

Tim

e (m

in.)

In

flat

ion

Tim

e Im

in.!

---

~~, -

--

--_

. __ ._

-_.

j

.. ---_

.... --

:::-

-I

~ I(

O·

\ I:.

I •

" I~

I~ sl··

0 c c . i 0

V\ N

IIJ~~

- z ~G

:I

G'

Z

C\

I: ::t

: ).

S

~ o ~ .•

~!

-

--

,,--

----

----

-

The

spe

cifi

cati

ons

we

are

tryf

ng t

o' g

et f

or th

e fa

n ca

n be

exp

ress

ed a

s II

per

form

8flo

e cu

rve.

A

ll th

e fi

gure

s be

ing

deal

t w

ith

here

are

app

roxi

mat

ions

, 50

you

will

hav

e to

adi

u.st

you

r bu

bble

ope

rati

ng c

ondi

tion

acc

ordi

ng t

o w

hat

feel

s ri

ght

whe

n th

e bu

bble

is u

p (

mor

e ho

les,

ch

okin

g th

e fa

n tu

nnel

wit

h II

stri

ng,

etc.

).

Thi

s cu

rve

is d

iffe

rent

for

eac

h fa

n. W

e w

ill g

ive

as a

n ex

ampl

e he

re t

he a

ppro

xim

ate

curv

e fo

r th

e 24

" V

entu

ri-F

ram

e E

xhau

st F

an f

rom

the

Gra

inge

r ca

talo

g.

'Us,i

ng t

he

give

n w

orki

ng p

ress

ure

of II

bub

ble

to b

e 1

.. pr

essu

re (

see

"Anc

hori

ng"

) th

is

part

icul

ar f

an w

ill b

e pu

ttin

g o

ut

abo

ut

35

00

CFM

. .

.

I I I I I 1-

' I

1M I-I

.P.

24

" VE

NlV

Rl

fRAM

E EX

HAU~

T FA

N _1I1'\.'\'T~

~ fi

ll'

P5I\A

IIII'I

AtIIZ

-!

-r

(iURV

e.

-~

, . ,

It\C

he5 w~er

!'N1

"IIr

e

. " 7'

tf{'

'

+

1

• .'

----

4

---

c

11 & 'i2

... ~ :::l

:n 0.:. ... <z:

In order to arrive at how much ai r the fan is going to put into the bubble and how much area of holes it will take for this air to pass through the bubble whiie maintaining the proper pressure in the bubble requires a series of calculations. Since the amount of air ~ aTI! going

to pass through depends on the heating and cooling requirements. we must figure out woat conditions ate going to make it hotter and how much hotter, then balance this with the factors that are going to cool the bubble.

HEATING FACTORS 1) sunshine 2) people. inside

COO LING FACTORS 3) conduction through the bubble skin 4) passing air through the bubble

How to figure these follows:

1) HEAT GAIN DUE TO SUNSHINE Heat gain due to sunshine is Very Approximately 300 BTU/sq. ft./hr. of direct sunshine (sun at 90 degrees to the su rface of the bubble). Heat drops off towards sunset or as the angle the sun makes with the surface of the bubble diminishes.

It should be noted here that if you're using white polyethylene, which you should be if you are doing anything in the sun in hot weather, the heat 98in will be somewhat less, but we will design for the maximum heat so we will have a little more cooling power than necessary rather than a little less ....

2) HEAT GAIN DUE TO PEOPLE INSIDE Heat gain due to people inside is very approximately 400 - 1,000 BTU/person/hr. This depef,ds on the level of act ivity of the people. If the bubble is going to be-in full sun, this figure will be negligible compared with the heat gain due to the sun.

HEAT GAIN

HEAT LOSS DUE TO CON DUCTI ON T HROUGH THE BUBBLE SKIN

a '" (AH T HU) Q .. conduction loss in BTU!hr A " surface area of the bubble (not counting that

which is one the ground)

APP. HEAT GAIN DVE TO SUN T " the diffe rence in temperature inside and outside

the bubble in degrees Fahrenheit U " heat transfer coefficient for polyethy lene (a.bout 1.2)

AN&LE

4) HEAT LOSS DUE TO PASSING A IR THROUGH THE BUBBLE

Qair .. heat loss in BTU/hr

W .. cubic ft. of air moved per hour

Cp .. heat capacity of air (about .016 BTU/ft3)

T .. d ifference between inside and outsjde temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

Now in order to use these fi gures, add together all the gains from heat and people. subtract from this the heat loss due to cond uction, and solve the 4th formu la for W or the amount of air you are QOing to have to move. 5)""

In order to pass this much ai r through a bubble, it is necessary to have some holes fo r the air to flow out. To get a rough idea of how big these holes should be, we will use the fan performance curve (which has been determ ined by the above figuring) figure obtained above for the required number of CFM to be moved, and the following formu la:

TO e.U88~e -.:...1

lpHv2) Pd "'2"G

,

"

I I ,

LOOKS Q:1,+1PLEX ?

Pd

P

V

G 2G

= pressure drop at a hole (about 1Ib./sq.ft. under normal conditions

= density of air which is about .07 Ibs./ft.3

= air velocity at the hole (in ft.Jsee.)

= acceleration due to gravity

:. 64 ft./sec.2

v = (approx) 30 for normal conditions

Within the figures for V are the variables we are playing with:

NOPE I ITS c-Z. HERES "rN £XAfYlPt.E TO SHOW YiJV HdW. ,GO OVER

V ={ CFM at which fan is operating) (from calculation 4 above) ~quare feet of opening

60 seconds (the variable here to change minutes to seconds)

YO()R MSVMPT/()N5 HYPOTHETICAL PILLOW DESIGN for determining fan and size EXAMPLE

(fllN ifftl&e,E ,Erc) ANP 50'X50' p illow, white on top. To be used in daytime -maximum exposure to the sun will

CALCVLAT I ON5 BERJIlE be about half the pillow getting 45 degree angle sun for noon hours. There.will probably 8UY,/IIe;. be about 100 people at medium tohi!tl activity as there will be rock music. Outside

temperature is about 60' Fahrenheit - temperatures up to 80' F are acceptable inside. O.K.

W-- Little sketches are helpful for getting rough estimates so ... . ~ ---~~, 0' 3 r"T} -SS'uwnii'9Glfoal':l.Lrnl=-:-"22'5506;oo's,o,q-yttr-----~ 1250 sq ft exposed to 45 degree sun

(see chart) J1.xi.iRx.:tll~KIiIX1%¥ will gain,

\\

.J1n'~ ~[1'0 1 50 BTU/hr/sq ft. 1250 ~I "-L ',,, 1 '" \f x 150 ,,~t~yv OV 187500 BTU gain/hr \ 'ic "".., ~ from SUD

z L~\VV ~ v 2)Body heat gain1l0 BIWik.ip.~x •• ~ 'f)CJt{.:J~'\ . gener,ating 500BTU/hr/person =

EXfhS' r.t (" "t, l ' 0,000 BTU gain per hr ~v 3)Conduction Loss-

Wa.:tx~x

.<?, Q=MTU

Q= (3500)(20)(1.2) = 85,000 BTU/hr Loss from conduction .ox ta 187,500 T yO" ooo - 85 ,0 0 Total Ga in per hour .

= ;!A,OO Q" ,

4) Heat Loss Due to Passing Ai r ihrougb ilUl;8Rx 150,000 =(W)(.016)(20) Two medium-size fans (around W = 480,000 cubic ft per hour

,480 ,0 00 60 = W expressed in CFH

5000 CFH) migh t be a good solution, providing good control over the ••• xaxx.xxaiaxi air-flow

W = 8 ,0 00 CFH 5 )

v.=(m 30 = V )

r ~sI ft opening 60

or

• as wellaas a double blower system

~xJl.x opening = 4.5 sq ft. Rough guess your door openings i •• x:tkia a bit

zxza¥xXakaxZk •• smaller to allow for zka(inevitable)tears which will increase

the area of air leakage.

'. I ' , \

II "

J

~l

~l

Ii ,

, ,

,,:.' .....

200/

+

I

+-+ +­

+ +-

"':\

ANCHORING

If your inflatable is going to be up outdoors in any wind, it will need an anchoring system, For small volume (500 sq.ft. of floor area or less) interior weights should work; these could be sand bags or water bags. Larger structures require heavier. anchoring. There are a number of ways of doing it: integrally made tie downs, buried edge, weighted edges, taped edge, or tension net anchors. Buried edge is good for a semi.permanent installation where you can dig a trench. A taped edge is good for a small installation on'a smooth floor; tie downs and tension nets are good for sites with existing things to tie to (trees. fire hydrants), or where it wou ld be easy to drive tent stakes or augers.

The anchoring system must wi thstand not only windloading but also the internal air pressure of the structure. Precise structural ca1cul~tions shou ld be left to 2 engineers, 3 Ph.D. mathematicians, and a computer, but a little rough math can give you a close enough estimate of what anchors to use. We will deal first with inflation pressure and second with wind loads.

PRESSURE LOAD ... On any suriace that is curved in one direction, i.e., a cylinder or a long pillow, the tension per unit of width is equal to the internal pressure multiplied by the radius of curvature. Work in pounds and feet. Some ball.park figures on figuring pressure: the highest pressure you are likely to get with a pov.-erful direct ,drive fan is 2 pounds per sq. ft. (2Ib.fsq.ft.). A normal working pressure is llb./sq.ft. On a water manometer, 1" of water equals 5Ib.fsq.ft. (see monometer drawing). Indoors you can keep a structure up with as little as Y.lb./sq.ft.

Make a sketch of the shape, find the radius of curvature by making a section through it, on this diagram the tension equals pressure times radius of curvature. ' The tension is the downward force you need per foot of edge.

TIft '" (P)(Rc) TIft downward force needed per foot of edge

P pressure (in Ibs./sq.ft.)

Rc .. radius of curvature (in feet)

EXAMPLE: The Earth Day Bubble by Charley Tilford in' New York City was 200' X 60', radius of curvature was 30'. The anchors were parking meters spaced at 9' along the long edges (the 200' dimension). The pressur!! which the bubble was designed to withstand was 2Ib./sq.ft. The ropes spanned between parking meters so the load on each rope was (tension per foot of width) ti~es(spacing between meters) . Tension = (30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.l and

Tension per rope " (9)(30·J(2Ib./sq.ft.) .. 540 Ibs. per rope. 2500 Ibs test 3/8 inch dia nylon rope was used.

If you want to do an inflat.able with the weighted edge (instead of a plastic floor): findthe total downward force required, then divide by the perimeter to get force required per unit of length of the perimeter.

WINDLOADING

To figure windloads: find the area of resistance the structure presents fu the wind. (len"gth)(height). The horizontal force from the wind blowing on the structure can be up to 10Ib./sq.ft. d~ending on the shape of the structure and the wind velocity. A lower, more shallow-sloping profile will create less resistance (and will ...... createmeo..-e.: negative pressure on the leeward side of the bubble.

Bubble I presents a large area to the wind. The negative pressure is concentrated on the back side. (This negative pressure is created the same way as lift is created by an airplane wing.) Bubbles II and III are actually getting some lift help from the wind. Bubble III would probably need less fan pressure in the wind because of the negative presS'-:Jre on the outside created by the wind blowing over the low profile. A structure to be left up for more than , say, an afternoon (or a structure for an event which you don't want to have to postpone due to high wind) shou ld be designed for 101b./sq.ft. pressure. For a structure 50' long and 15' high, the design force would be (50'H15')(10Ib./~q.ft.l which is 7500 Jbs force on the structure.

FORMULA (area presented to the wind)(10Ib/sq.ft.l '" wind load

If 7500 Ibs seems like a lot, think of the force on just the minimal area your body presents to the wind in a good, high wind.

I I

I I

TOTAL LOAD

This wind load must be added to the inflation load to get the total load that the anchoring sy5tem has to counteract. If it is possible that the whole wind-load could be on one anchor point (such as when a square pillow with a square net anchored down at each comer presents one comer to the wind). then the total windload must be added to the inflation load on each anchor. If the wind is coming di rectly against one side, then the windload divided by the number of anchors that will be under tension should be added to the inflation load for each anchor.

TYPES OF ANCHORING SYSTEMS

TheSe systems have the structural advantage of distributing the forces evenly around the whole perimeter of the building. We used one with pieces of pipe taped into the edge over a waterbed environment so that we were able to remove t he inflatable by lifting it over the bed without having to move the water bed which weighed 3000 Ibs. Because the plastic floor is eliminated. this type of inflatable wou ld also be good for a .gre!!!lhouse, storage facility, pool cover, etc. These types might tend to last lcoger, too, because they are more static so people probably wquJdn't walk through the walls or otherwise freak out at the expense of the plastic.

WE IGHTED EDGE

Weighted Edge is anything heavy that can be laid on the edge of the plastic or taped into the edge. See illustration.

I saw an interesting inflatable that John Reeves did in the Summer T~ing program in Boston that was an inflated hemisphere (out of 2 mil silver mylar) that tied down to a pieC1l of telephone cable that he had gotten the phone company to donate. A 20' diameter circle of this phone cable weighed about 200 Ibs. The phone company usually just chops it up and melts it down again. John's bubble leaked air between the"cable and the edge of the plastic. This could be desireable if you want to circu late a lot of air, but if you have pressure problems a flap could be taped on inside the bubble. like on giant Bird·Air and most commercial inf latables. A section of the detai l

might look like this:*

Looking at the elevation drawing of this, notice the catenary curves between each tie-down point. This is the natural configuration the line between two weighted points on an inflatable takes, so it will strengthen your bubble to actually cut a curve to an approximate shape, reinforce the edge by taping a piece of cord into the edge and running the tie-down loops through the string. This will distribute the force of the t ie-downs throug, the whole edge of the inflatable, rather than gathering the stress at the point where the tie-<iown meets the edge of the plastic. This will minimize wrinkles and tears due to concentrated stress. Inflatables that are to be tied to stakes can be made in the same way as this.

~~-------. . . '

" " . • . ' J • .. :::r:=:

- 1

L

j

L

L

I, Ir j; ,. " I' ,I Ii

l ,

, TA

PE

D E

DG

E

-.~

,

Edg

es c

an b

e ta

ped

to a

nyth

ing

smoo

th e

noug

h to

tap

e To

BU

RIE

D E

DG

E

L

Jim

Coo

k at

H.

T.

McG

ill C

o. i

n H

oust

on

sho

wed

us

this

met

ho

d o

f bu

ryin

g ed

ges.

H

e ha

s ha

d ex

tens

ive

8xpe

rillf

lce

wit

h it.

H

is c

ompa

ny h

as d

one

poly

ethy

lene

sw

imm

ing

pool

cov

ers,

Chr

istm

as t

ree

war

ehou

ses,

and

oth

er s

tuff

. T

he h

oles

In

the

bo

tto

m e

re i

mpo

rtan

t.

Unl

ess

they

are

the

re,

the

unde

rgro

und

poly

col

lect

s w

ater

. m

akes

mud

, an

d th

e lu

bric

ated

pla

stic

sli

ps o

ut

of

the

grou

nd.

FR

AM

E E

DG

E

Jim

Coo

k ,I

so s

how

ed u

s pi

ctur

es o

f a

syst

em h

e di

d w

ith

two

by f

our

fram

es.

Wra

p th

e po

ly a

t le

ast

one

tim

e al

l th

e w

ay a

rou

nd t

he s

mal

ler

piec

e of

woo

d be

fore

na

ilin

g o

r bo

ltin

g th

is o

nt t

o t

he 2

X 4

. T

he f

ram

e w

ill e

et a

s te

n$l

on r

ing

cont

aini

ng

the

Infl

atio

n pr

essu

re, a

s w

ell

as a

ctin

g as

a h

old-

dow

n ag

ains

t th

e w

ind

.

TAP

ED

RO

PE

S

Thi

s Is

on

e o

f th

e fe

w w

eys

to m

ake

a po

ly b

ubbl

e th

at h

as fI

pla

stic

flo

or w

ith

ou

t a n

et.

An

oth

er w

ay I

s lu

st t

o pu

t so

me

heav

y th

ings

lik

e pe

ople

or

bric

ks w

rapp

ed In

som

eth

ing

soft

Insi

de t

he

bubb

le w

hile

inf

l~ti

ng I

t.

l ~-

.~

' .

~

""'II

~' {

CW

" I .

. dtt

~C<4

CDl"d

6 ti

lt M

\

I~ .t.r.n~

' Is

Mt.

I~

v, ,y

,_ '

.' _

~11'

'' 'S

h&

kI

Pj 1

0,00

0 II

' a ~

u,~

.-fII

totO"

TO

....

, ..

.,. •

• """""""~.'"

•

• ~

.. hI

<' ",

,«I "'

l"t ~

[" .

.,,,,,,1

1-

rRAM~D

e;D

bE. -

\Q;~

1.

/f

( (~

-C

'I

~:~

~-~

I ~~

j

1 ,: I' 1; i;

•

NE

TS

Adv

anta

ges

of

a pl

asti

c-fl

oor

buil

ding

wit

h a

net

are

port

abil

ity.

lo

tal

encl

osur

e,

larg

e in

flat

able

s, a

nd e

ase

of c

onst

ruct

ion

of t

he a

ncho

ring

sys

tem

. In

a l

arge

in

flat

able

, it

wou

ld b

e di

ffic

ult

to

mak

e a

conn

ecti

on b

etw

een

a ti

e-do

wn

rope

an

d po

lyet

hyle

ne t

hat

coul

d w

iths

tand

th

e gr

eat

forc

es o

n t

he b

ubbl

e.

Net

s ti

ll

also

be

very

bea

utif

ul.

To

desi

gn y

ou

r ne

t. m

ake

a m

odel

of

yo

ur

bu

bbl

e an

d st

art

play

ing

wit

h st

ring

. If

yO

U c

an,

set

up t

he

mod

el s

omew

nere

tha

t yo

u ca

n na

il in

to l

he f

loo

r (l

ike

a pi

ece

of

ply

wo

od

) to

sim

ulat

e an

chor

ing

po

ints

. If

yo

u a

lread

y ha

lle a

site

fO

f th

e bu

bble

pic

ked

ou

t, p

ut n

ails

in

whe

re t

here

are

na

tura

l anc

hon,

lik

e p

arki

ng

met

ers

or t

rees

or

cars

. If

you

are

goi

ng t

o us

e yo

ur o

wn

auge

rs,

then

you

are

,to

tall

y fr

ee t

o d

o an

ythi

ng w

ith

the

net,

spi

der

web

s, s

tar

shap

es,

gian

t gr

ids,

wha

teve

r ..

. T

o t

est

your

mod

el,

get t

he f

an t

hat

is g

oing

to

hold

up

you

r bi

g bu

bble

and

use

It

as a

win

d so

urce

. T

his

test

ing

can

be r

eall

y in

form

ativ

e if

you

very

the

win

d an

d th

e pr

essu

re i

nsid

e th

e in

flat

able

. N

ylon

str

ing

(har

dwar

e st

orel

is

a ni

ce m

odel

mat

eria

l.

Bui

ldin

g a

net

can

be

a m

ajor

job

. W

a m

ade

a 10

0'X

10

0' n

et w

ith

a 5·

foot

gri

d b

y st

akin

g do

wn

ali

tha

hori

zont

al r

opes

. th

en t

ying

sli

p kn

ots

ever

y 5

feet

in

each

rop

e, s

lipp

ing

tha

vert

ical

rop

es t

hrou

gh a

nd p

oppi

ng t

he k

no

ts.

Tha

kno

ts a

t th

e ad

ge o

f th

e na

t w

are

just

squ

are

knot

s, t

iad

on

to l

oops

in t

he

adge

rop

e.

If y

ou a

re t

ying

kno

ts,

thin

k ab

ou

t kn

ots

that

do

n't

inv

olve

sli

ppin

g th

e w

hole

rop

e th

roug

h aa

ch k

no

t.

The

100

' pil

low

nat

: O

ur f

int

net

was

thi

s 10

0' s

quar

a.

We

used

par

achu

te c

ord

for

the

bulk

of

tha

nat,

%"

nylo

n ro

pe f

or t

ha 2

nd,

3rd,

and

4th

rop

85 f

rom

the

ed

ge, e

nd 3

/8"

nylo

n ro

pe f

or t

he e

dge.

A

t ea

ch c

orne

r w

e ti

lKh

"0

" r

ing

to

avoi

d th

e ro

pe r

ubbi

ng a

nd c

utti

ng I

tsel

f at

thi

s st

rass

poi

nt.

Fro

m t

ha

0 ri

ng t

o th

e an

chor

we

used

som

a 10

,000

lb.

nylo

n st

rapp

ing

that

we

got

from

a s

urpl

us

stor

e w

ith

a do

oble

D r

ing

on t

he a

nd 5

0 th

at w

e co

uld

tig

hten

and

loo

sen

the

net.

T

lght

anln

g th

e ne

t In

the

win

d he

lped

qui

te a

bit

in

low

erin

g th

e pr

ofil

e of

th

e su

rfac

e pr

asen

ted

to t

he w

ind.

W

e us

ed 1

0,00

0 lb

. uu

gers

. C

htlr

ley

Til

ford

ha

s si

nce

med

e an

othe

r 10

0' p

illo

w o

ut

of 6

mil

poly

(th

e or

igin

al w

as 4

mil

l us

ing

8 n

et w

ith

20' a

quar

es I

nste

ad o

f 6

' squ

ores

.

RO

PE

ST

RE

NG

TH

Ch.

rley

Mnd

. fr

om N

ew Y

ork

the

acco

mpu

nyln

g ap

prox

imat

e ro

pe I

tren

gth

cher

t:

DIA

ME

TE

R

BR

EA

KIN

G P

OIN

T

NY

LO

N

P~e

!!!SO

""

~",.

,~"

eao

""

~"I"

I~"

13

00

'"

II ro

· '2

. ~O"

l"It

JO~

&f&

" "'~

,1f

'11

50

· 1/

2.~

1.:t1

O*

"'~I

I"

=-

"

AN

CH

OR

S

1-"0

" 1'"

.

~"o",

· ",A

0

0

~~

f~ •• -. c "'-

:,).

"re~

· '(

-- -..

We

got

our

10,0

00 l

b. a

uge

rs f

rom

a t

elep

ho

ne

supp

ly c

o. i

n H

oust

on.

T

elep

hone

st

lpp

ly c

o.'s

are

gen

eral

ly a

goo

d so

urce

lor

th

ese.

T

hese

aug

ers

are

abou

t 5

feet

tal

l.

A,B

. Chl

lnce

Co.

, Je

rsey

Ave

., N

ew B

runs

wic

k, N

.J.

has

10,0

00 I

b (1

" X

66

" sh

aft,

S

" he

lix)

aug

l!rs

for

ab

ou

t S

6.1

5.

Big

aug

ers

gene

rall

y ha

ve a

n ey

e at

the

to

p t

hat

you

nic

st

it:k

u lo

ng (

6'1

hea

vy p

ipe

thro

ugh

and

twin

the

m i

nto

the

grou

nd.

Th

is g

ener

ally

ta

kcs

2 Il

copl

e.

Sm

ull

bubb

les

can

be a

ncho

red

wit

h do

g· an

chor

s w

hic

h co

st a

bo

ut

$1

.25

cuc

h fr

om a

pet

sto

re o

r ha

rdw

are

stor

e.

Tre

es, l

ight

pol

es,

lire

hyd

rant

s, p

arki

ng

met

ers.

car

s, et

c.,

are

stil

l th

e ch

eape

st.

Whe

n yo

u ha

ve y

ou

r bu

bble

up

and

the

win

d co

mes

up,

tig

hten

you

r ne

t an

d in

crea

se y

ou

r in

flat

ion

pres

sure

. T

he i

ncre

ased

air

pre

ssur

e w

ill k

eep

the

side

of

the

bubb

le f

rom

cav

ing

in a

nd t

he t

igh

tene

d ne

t w

ill I

:jecr

ease

the

are

a pr

esen

ted

to t

he w

ind.

(Se

e p

ho

to o

f bu

bble

ab

ou

t to

tak

e us

all

for

a ri

de I

n A

ir S

uppl

y S

ecti

oo.l

JtI..

r

/-

• fi ,

rJ

I V') I­Z -~ o a::: -> Z w

-----. ---.;

:J' I I \

--', ..--. .-/"

-

8NI~ A lddn~ 3~nSS3~d H81H

~

--

Cl

'" ..: I U

'" o ~ . \UCA: z ".::~ ..: ~, --.,.:J

'" •

, "-'--'--

, . ;... . : 1- _ .: ~ ... \ . .' , '" \ •

• •

.1 '. 'r:",: • , . < ' •

. ",

u ..

+1

I Ii , . ,.

i

I

•

! II r I

-',

~.~ ...

45° Angles.

FlatCnearly flat;) T~. P"~~rB/anket 4· F;'n Patch

. . _-"- ,.,

. ',,", . " , '

l:::::::==:::L~ . ' .

ZiPper Hatchways Access Panels

'-'.- , .. ~- ~~'--

..

, U

" <t

III • U

+ - - ___ 4 ~

._---- -~ '~

,

ruJ to flat or nearly fiat; surface

I r--;---"';Out5100

. it ·1 Riehl; anale Joint&

IOutolde

1 _ T~l ~ ~I~e~~ _ I~ r--:Jtt~~ I. I - -,-----.

_1'-_.1 '/ ' Plan ahead

So .hat the­most ccm~'e)< tunnelo ca be fittecl be ore. the majOr r.liloW5 are wp'ed up·

I To fmd out how to do thiS one Just take apart. ,

at! old pair , of pent'S "

~

, , , , , ' " _ .1-~----'<:=----

,

I 'm e 12

- - -----~- -- - -

fi\6ke UP a few .PInts 8~ead of t,me w ith care

~~.~

, I

,.

.,

I

I· ..

Wnnk~ in I"<-f" p<11q.v """n the p'lasuc skm ,. stre'6<d alonS we wnnkks II There are litt'le or no stres!h the cthei wav

~ 1(1 II" ~ . Re.nfutred poIoch ' .

A ,;lit cut &rQ~~. the wrinkles will tend to spread

. cpen and leak. air:

!-Jot. recommended

,

,- , , , , , . ' "

!\rin8 or hula hoop taped around 8 arcular hole will ~rne Il self cioslns door tf It " located SO It rests flat on the f':I'WNi when no ore IS mtennS'

, . , '"

I.S7d ~ length of ~ cin:vmfererce of do'lOt . ~ •

I

! <t i I ~ . 1-0 I~

relnfon:~ I . In holes

" ,

c I c

" <f ... '1;

1J + ] £ t p u

.".--- ......

~

Hot Ltps, a floroy donut- at the end cf" low Pre5'5Ure wnnel. When conne;:.rea 100 'the blower; small holes ad mit air to tile nJnnel from the I i~, 1VIer1:eY

InflA!tlr1(S It -e-,~., .0

I

,..

p

Curv!lture determines stress : a tmy plast IC rose carnes /3 hundrol pounQs pressure and a huqe weather balloon has a p",ssure barely above atmc<pt1enc. Yet we stresses on both -the \'x:J5e wall and W balloon .skin may be the spme - The tinY vA:Je will i IS shan:1y curveq ari:\ the weacher n~ lIcorl s<-l'f<lce Is'fitirter: :r:r the etlrttJ were a giant. ballccn, nrl"flne row "We pressure WOL/Id IX neruecl 'InSide tv tense ty1e hom on ~ trqht!

2Q

Make a little cube out of th in elastic sheet. Then Inflate. Tk con1ers , sharply curved, MnA ~ 'mpli J1)nrlc the m,dJ:l)lnts 3rc taut enougn tb burst! Be,ne, rutter, chese areas t8/tl more streSS. 1l1e ewe tries 'to IXcome a sphere - a shate In which the skm curves !1:> an . ,. equal amount In all dl Y'ceDons. deprly, the best shaPe 15 a Sphere, an.d these.

pageo; are c:levot<lct 'to get;t;! riP, as c.IoSt 10 :;phencal CIS \ p~lllle WIt/1 flat rntltena s. , ,

-' ' , , , , , , , , ~-- -- - 11UI1Y ,

'\ / , , , , , , ,

<f" , , , , , , ~~ ,

, •

\ , , , , , , \ I , ,

, .' ,

I

Surf&::e IS' lV,ded '"to poly'JOl'l'< e more p:>ly tIll<ci., the se.r tile ;;t mat. a ' phenc8 surface..

POLYGON Get Ideas from: l:esebBIi;" volleyballs, METHOD =~I~~odeSlc ciomery,zot1'\€s,

GO'"

Surlace IS or JlC"es.

GoRE METHOD

. A form made of rhornb idlall'lOl\d\) IS economical ~to"":::,,",,"

maKe 'trom rolls of pla.uc.

fe.~e of the base BlVes

MabnB the leJ18th ,.f the @ 5 equal * rne cm:um-

a half· sphe!ical shape.

Get ideas from' peehnB tilneennes ® we2the.r PDlloons, Inner tubes, bead1 bails, Inflataole warehouse!>, Bloves, . wotic1 globes.

, , , -.I .......

•

., "

! "

"-

§ta,I_-, j-"'7"-=;:::=

...

, , , \ - --

Ta~ , . toeeth<;r' & Inflate

-- --"---=""- .....

F

-

, , ,

" , ,

~

, ; ,'-'. -.

, , ,

Ir I

.. ,

..:~.:- ,-. - ........ . .

, ---------- - ----,--- ,

i (1 ~')' I ""'" ltl6El11ER I THesE ~es !wo , , TAPE" I ' '

I ----- ._-- -. _---- ._--- -----,- -- ----. ---+-, I

,

I I

"-____ --'lliJG="'l:H"--'OF"---"''5I~ __ J:~.QJ.f.tl_ ...•.. _ .. ----.---.---------4-

:q

~

I R:Ly

. . ,

PNEUM,I..TtCS: At K~Y Td -.Ai~k HYBRID STRUCTURING

ATtIJ'f _no Mr. Bird', tmpre.lve c:hNw. m.n1l1nd h_lng Mr. Lundy'. enthuulIm I lIrilh to introci.lct .• note of construct ..... pn-6lim11m. P..JmImc.lly. I comider thet the tppUc.t1on· in the field of ItrUctures · of pnlUmltic techniques Is 106 involved whh tpfving norrnal structural Ind shelter prob-

EL 'It'h1l.1h.lntwmittent enclowre of . "mmlng pool, or protection of trMtitionli

, ormruetion wori( b extremely uMfuI, ... ch IIPPllcadom, if 100 iNkietpreld, can well re­aJl, in the fo'lowlng actionf which .re detri· menU! to increasing the development of V

pneumatic technology : 11 Over-emphasis may be given to the static siting of .ir structures.. 2) Direct cost comparisons with traditional structures m~ be made. 3) The fixed-period accommodation avail· able with air structures may only be exploi­ted for disaster or random-use of air struc­tures. All these actions can retard the investigation of new applications requiring improved and more complex air-structures. In addition the development of new materials and fabricat­ion techniQUes snould be related to new applications rather than concentrate on trie perfection of existing applications since these very applications are still extremely arbitrary. White space exploration and defence pro­grams provide a valuable technical "spin-off' of the development air-structure technology, its very peculiarity is likely to restrict, in the near future, the technological advance of air structuring related to civil and social activit­ies. Too many architects and desi{11ers wait to see what NASA and various Defence pro­jects will produce. This conference must increase the content and frequency of ex­change between scientists, engineers, manu­facturers, architects, planners and social administraton_ An immediate task could be to agree on the semantic definition of the various structures and systems we are now discussing (air·supported structures; air­inflated structures; air structures; pneumatic membrane structures; sealed pneuma"i:ic structu res). I n this paper, reference to air structures ir.:;:ludes air-supported and air-inflated structures, together with air-controlled and air-moved structures. In addition, we must keep mutually aware of the alteration of attitudes of authorities and others to the employment of air structures. In September 1965 the Department of Architecrure and Civic Design of the Greater London Council refused to license a high-pressure air-beam structure for temporary use as a place of public entertainment on the grounds that it constituted merely "a tent withou_t poles or frame". In December 1965 the same depart­ment of the G L C were prepared to consid­er the use of the identical structure on receipt of calculations related to stability. Only when a continuous exchange is estab-

IMtdc.n "IndNlW.i 'giroups- hi my c.­..chlteci:t tnd phy.icll pI.nnen· make eccure!l' ~ aJblUntlltld dem~ on pneumatic UdtnolOW. At 'itl, mge of the conference II1.t some.epec:tI of thi' tech­nology which are of ~rtk:ul ... Intcnst to mt • an ...-ch it8ct: a) Multi-memb,-.ne construction which enIIbfes variable preauriution tnd contain­ment (ct. paper by R. Szilard). bl The lNllilllbility and performance If)«:if­ication of trlfllParent membranes . cl The contrd of light and radiation by both membranes. intennembrane conatruct· Ion and contained gaaes. or l!quidl (ct. p.,..-s by R. S:dl.-d and N. Laing). V

dl The containment of granular tubatances between membranes to control humidity, sou nd transference etc. e) The capacity of controlled air movement· through the material of the membranes. Such a possibility enables changes in the norm" methods of foul air evacuation. fl Multi· layer bonding enabling v.iable cel constnJction. Such hybrid construction can enable the simultaneous use of hi!ll presaJre seated volumes and low pressure air-support­ed volumes.. gl UltrHonic bonding enabling an increased variation of membrane material. An incre. sed use of various materiats is urgently required not only to enable varying structur­al perfonnance specifications to be met but also to achieve varying textural qualities. h) Further information on the perform­ance of hi!ll and low pressure structures in movement. "tie existing U K inflatable vehicle transporter which both protects the vehicle and propels it on the Hovercraft principle is an example of this. Movement must include the employment of the Hover craft or Ground Effect Machine (G E M) principle. iI Self·packing, on deflation, of large vot­ume membranes. il A new method of costing air·structures which is related to the variation of use and not merely material and unit plant cost. Any mechanical plant, pumps, blower etc. must be accepted as a structural element. The variation and individual control of vol­umes singly or in combination enables the separation of membranes related to the elimination of particular adverse conditions Ict. paper by R. Szilard). As roofs, walls and floors no longer exist in the conventi011al sense, their pneumatic equivalents no longer need to provide the additive structural support normally reo quired. Only col lective stability is requ ired and the air one breathes can become the major structural force. This being so, the interior fittings or divisions of such sbUctures become relatively more perman· em (see the interior of Lundy/Bird US Atomic Energy Commission's travelling exhibit). Movement of such internal parts must alsO be investigated. The use of air-pallets for such intermittent movement is extremely valid. The use of an air-conditioning plant as the structural pressure fee<i is onlv one

;

. .

• ~;" .-"=-". -". ".

671721 D5 1 1 Paper given at 1st International Colloquium

on Pneumatic Structures Stuttgart

example of the advantage of co-ordinated use of air within such structure"s. Methods of cleaning and mOl/ement related to the whole or part of the structure should also be indu­dod_

I n the past major urban congregation areas were detennined by the location of a large pennanent structure providing mass accommodation or shelter such as the Roman Circus, the Mediaeval Cathedral, the Market Hall and Itle Sports Stadium. With the use of air structures such permanence is not requiredand so the additional restrict­ions of the fixed site should now be avoided. I n effect large air structures can enable planner5 to r:everse the pattern of traditional

urban congregation and seNicing nodes found in existing towns or cities. In new proposed urban settlements such nodes need no longer be pennanent generators of fixed urban patterning.

Theuse of air structures to provide sAon­term small and medium sized ~ial facilities enables the siting of shon-term mobile housing to be independent of towns offering similar facilities. Air structures are already used to provide industrial production space panicularty where the demand for such space is likely to fluctuate. Thus in effect we already have the mobile factory, but it must be further devel­ope4 and its potential further exploited . Work on disaster control and emergency planning has, over the past years, produced a wide range of pneumatic appliances and applications such as fabddams, dracones, vehicular hover-pads and GEMs or hovercraft. However, such uses of air structures have not yet been seen as a method of reducing the dependence of emergency planning. That is, they have not been viewed as a potential asset to society enabl ing rapid yet variable control and com­munication to be achieved. Such realisation, backed by increasing design and develop­meht work, can enable air structures to contribute to a higher degree of sensitivity in society's continuous control of the physical environment.

This conference and the possibilities of future exchange that it has created must assist in establishing new priorities for future work. While I accept the fact that develop­ment of present projects is by no means per­fect. a desire to achieve greater accuracy in -the immediate tasks must not impair our realisatiol"l. of the future potential. Pneumatic.s, as far as partial or total structur­ing are concerned, are likely to stagnate un­less this is realised. The field of valid applica­tion has scarcely been touched. The determination of the extent, inter­action and location of activities that require buildings is no longer a sufficient brief. The quantitative assessment of the valid social life related to panicular location must also be made and designed for.

This then is the major role for <-if structures now and in the future .

L

• L

L

, j

A RESPONSIBLE METROPOLITAN NEWSPAPER'

DAILY

Faculty Urges U.C Contr%f Air Labs

Some dared to enter, others iust gaped at th is huge plastic air container In Tr;ou", .... , ..... F·310,"

lower Sproul Piau .it the U.C. Campus

Breathing- That's Their Bag 3F,IlKELEY- A 4O-by.w-foot can cam pus e ~ ~ ... iih their The voice invited onlookers affixed small yellow cl'rcles to

piastic bag was the theater, Clean Air Pod (CAP 1500) per- to take shelter in lbe CAP oruookers' foreheads. ''These ~:.z.g~ a.nd prop yesterday Illr formed outdoors at the Uni· 1500 which, it said, had been are sensors w.mch can be

vemty of california campus tested "in Akron under gov- monitored by a Human Re-a chWingly realistic bit of as part of a three-day Envi. ernment contract," The air &lurces Sat e III t e whidl is theater about a "day when the ronmentai Teach-in. system inflating CAP 1500 also t r-a c kin g your fmaJ move-air becomes too polluted to As an 'air raid siren drew screens out deadly pollutants, ments," it was amiably ex. breath!. U.C. students to lower Sproul the voice said. p I a fn e d by a I man called

"Air Emergency" was ~n. Plaza, a monotone loudspeak. Those who didn't go Into "F·310," who described him· er voice informed them that CAP 1500 were given "nega· sell as a " human mentad pro.

ceived and built by a Sausall· an "air failure" had occurred tive census forms" to fill out g ram m e d only to answer to "family" of dropout ar· and those who couldn't escape before dying. questions from the press." chilecls called the Ant Farm. from the pollution would die White·jacketed Ant Far m The teach-in toncludes to.. The commune, touring. Amerir -- wtthin""1S"li'illitites. members wearing gas masks day.

• G

LO

BE

err\" TO

DA

Y w

as a one night show at the S

ausalito Art C

enter in which

we w

ere given tolal control over the environm

ent. music, adm

ission charge, etc. W

e inflated a w

eather balloon dome abou

t 30

' dia, in the cen

ter, with a lo

ng tube entrance and squeeze-through hO

I lips at either end. plus a smail inflatab

le with a

water bed in it. a shro

uded pictu

re phone center w

ith the help of T

he Cine

ma

Wo

rkshop

video equ

ipment. an inflatable sculp

ture. and o

ther ex

tras (see Plan).

Adm

ission w

as by barter. o

r $1.50 donation -

we go

t 44 dollars, 4 joints, and one B

udweiser -

not enough to pay expenses. a lo

t of people got in free.

Th

ere was a

band that nev

er came. but th

e environm

ent too

k over and especially the picture

phone w

as a dynamite invisible environm

ent between th

e inside (o

f the balloon)

and the ou

tside. T

his event wou

ld have been ideal for a seq

uential time audience

like a museum

where w

e could live in it for say a w

eek. It w

as a treme

ndous energy o

utput for a one n

ight stand, w

e forgot to take any photos.

_c:::7

~

r _~

"'" CO> ~

'"

2.~~

~'tO

'" ~

-'" ~

"

'-' ~

~<ro}~~ ~

~ .. :~.~ <= "i ~ ~!~<:!Jc:::...-

" . \\'~J

'=' -"" ..,,!it: _

I "e. '-

..." ". £"

,,~

~

I :', D

, /

..,:;;~;P ~~ J

~ c:::

c:: --

" --~~~~~

, ~ "-<>--,.

I

/

"~~

<>'"' .. «

'~

teO,

-~ <,

":::

" I} ~ ~

'" ,,

"

~-.; ~

-~\1 ,~

~?

' l~t

Q

-

~

t

• S

l:J3!SIl<l • '3~

.lJJHh\

•

• I

H51

I <

-::-W

I/

7 0

• • ~. 0

frt~

.......... 0

'"

• o

~

J

-T

UIM'1UNk.A.TIt>"4 ~ /HO,'f"O­UALS. Iii D'~TIO 4t"IC.~1'1' ,.~

,

ue Ul'A"UT"f" OIlJ""IV£ ,...0 KUI' ItUobIIido

,",ITIN". JUo40 ~",""IN(, ,ALIt.­ITlci .~'\."'l .

,

$A _0 .. w ... . I'4J.#'( CON DUIT'. ~ I\A,\T"- c.-..I~"t. ~.it'UCCIt MO\C, N.lD oTteR """*"

@ ~ IHlXf'OIi,11/I. ~. , .......

I ~-

~ c»ttSItlATUlN '" 1lC -'8cNI TllQl..i INT .. /II

Ql MDeM.A T)W)I,l(oHT I'1t«.HS 4oTU4u\"\TW/tf

.L ~ 4'C"~Tl!:H ~T ~ TO A. .. ~ ~ CIoII..°

'TUU.

L

•

i

,­,

--;:::::- ----

~- --~ ".

'~\ I---~_, ... " '" ...

" " " -- <> <>'"

'" ", ... •

•

a>

" , 0-

'" ... ... '" 0-

" L " '" -

~~ ~~' ~

10,0 f/lSTt f"G(;.

JQ~"ft3t46

-

• -'- ---

. - - -

,.. ....

.

, , "

" , ,

1 I , , .. -,

r •

~

~ ,

, 1

:. I

, , Ip!

, .

t .

,

T_

L I, II

)d

<5' L

1. ,

I ,

~~I:

L .L-

-L-

---

. L

.L

) \ , , , ,

~.."

.'

\ \

' I

..... :,

\ \

i~·\"

:\i \ I

fifp

: f \

t-,," ,\ \ \ -

(it\i

~ \ \

r ~

( 'I

!'\.

,,' ""-

--=-

"::

J ~ \

,

. -

, 1\

b~

: I},

---~ 2

,.,.r

" I

)

II ~I

~ ,-\

v--=: ~ f:

\,; \ rf ~I

:

'I

\:'

t.!~

~~-. -'f\

'r '

~-

~'

, "-

, -

~tru

--~

) '-.-

~.

• ~...,:

II--

.;.

_ ,

I~

; :

t:!

~ '.

,

i',

1,1

"'-:'.'"

;

, ~

1 P

I

\

i:( ~

\ 1"

~~ rk

;,-)

f '

\ t~

I) .

\ '

:.--::: -

Q >.

> F.

-

*"", ~

.,'

.

";~

i"t;

'k

\i ~

~E!

J"

~, \: '"

~~fh. ~

, ~

.. "

~-}l:;;-

'\

',i

~'i-<

'I

: I

:f

,-,

, ~.

r ~

~,

" =

, :::..'

:r-J \:'

\ \"V

r

f "

",

"~I' ,',

,I

I ~

, '/

I "

,,'

.', 'I

... r!

\,

r' '

I '

\ \

r r '/

., \

I

, ' !

I /I

(l,

'I'

I/,iI"

',,'!

: '

\ U

,f

~I\'

.,.

4.iJ

;l·r

,v

,I

I

'f

I' t, . ,

, ,

, I ,

, \,

I) l'

I,

,

1,1 IF,

') I I (

/), \

,

,

~ ., ~

I

-.. ---.;

";';

'.11

:1

i:~

N

M ... '" , '" "

ilX

)

,>­

,c<

'

",

'::;0

'

0 w

:"

~ « « w ~ N

M ...

2 3

EVEN

TS

PNEU

MAD

S 4

3 2

FANT

ASY

10

9 B

7

6 5

4 3

2

~ ~

~

~

Rea

sona

ble

F

acs

imil

e E

arth

W

ks.

John

P

ask

i ew

i cz

THE

IN

FL

AT

Q-N

ETW

OR

K

(liS

we

kn

ow

it)

A

rch

itec

tura

l D

esig

n T

he o

nly

per

iodi

cal t

o co

nsis

ten

tly

publ

ish

stat

e o

f th

e ar

t m

ater

ial o

n

pn

eum

atic

str

uctu

res.

'" >, .,

~

~

o >

~

~

~

~ "'''

... rn

_

17 W

elsf

ord

P

itts

bu

rgh

Pa

15

2]3

Erw

in S

Str

au

ss

'rTA

En

terp

ri s

es

1015

L

agun

a S

t su

ite

10

San

ta

Bar

ber

s Ca

, 93

101

Ch

arle

y

Ti 1

ford

%

Ant

ioch

Co

lum

bi a

M

d ..

, •

Chr

ysa

lis

/Pari

s 7

Rue

D

es

Ecu

yers

78

00

St.

Ge

rmai

n En

La

ye

Fra

nce

13.5

0$ p

er y

ear

Arc

hit e

ctur

al D

esig

n 2

6 B

loom

sbu

ry W

ay

lon

don

w.e

. l' E

ngla

nd

Jun

e 19

66 is

sue

has

a co

mp

lete

is

sue

on

pn

eum

atic

str

uctu

res.

QJ

..... ~ 3

""

..!o:

: V

I O

"'1f

V

I<lJ

$:"

,C

~ -0

0

Bob

Co

lom

b PO

Box

81

03

Kan

sas

Cit

y

., 0"10

. 04

112

Hug

h M

cCar

ney

20

Wil

lia

m

St

Mt

Verp

on

N.Y

. 10

552

ARCH

IGRH

m

mAG

AZIN

E IS

P

UB

LIS

HE

D

fRom

'"

-u,,

-0">

3 S

L

.f-l

C

~

C ~

n;I~

€-t~

~6~~

('}~

o'-~:t~~

~u

w ~ ;0

q

&

l'l . ,

~

>-~o

~ a:

.0

EE

:~:

:?

9:;

; Z

N

I"

)

; LL

.,

; 01

..r

u-:q~18

'"

0 g

.'i:

!o~-

-»

.:c&~zz

6ole~eJ

Bud

Don

nel

ly

POB

ox

2181

All

ey

Fri

end

s

59

ABE

RO

AR

E G

RRO

ENS

LO

ND

ON

N

W

6

Cin

cin

nat

i Oh

io

4520

2 33

00

Rag

e St

Ph

ila

delp

hia

Pa

19

104

M

N ;1: ~ •

...: i:j:

~

'" ..,

:5 i3

...

"'-

I-.....

..

"'.

::J

"

'z

... -

!:!d

~E:

§~ ~

..,

a.l!u"';!~:5

.Ii!

.!!

!.1

9 ...

...J..,~

..:

tso_

~ ..

!::!

..: 3

,=:.

"'~:

:<5<

> ,.;

::f

;;;::Q

~ ::::t

:;:; ~

i li ~~l

. 5)!~::; ~

p .;

t;

!( ~

:!i-;;

:"""

.s.

""Il{

,,

>

.....

...

C::::!l5

!:

l U

... -

~

. "

. " -," :!~-t Uj"

: • ~>

l~ :

!iiii:

~:::

:;:

1 ii:

: =::

::!' :

S e:2

.! ....

Hi

i ~l"':

'" ~

... i

. "

~

Ja

y

Ste

inh

au

er

1125

C

lev

land

La

G

rang

e Pk

II

I 60

525

BUBB

LE

PRIM

ER-p

hilo

soph

y fo

r an

in

flat

able

co

lleg

e an

d a

kin

f o

f feasi~ility

rep

ort

fr

om:

Ruru

k E

kstr

om

AlA

10

351-

Bar

can

Cir

cle

C

olum

bia

M

O.

g>~­

:::J

25..

~~c

;;: m

a

::J

< -,

n

0 0

--,

~

'" ("

)

~ ~

~ •

• ~ 'f - ~

}>o;

'O"

'}>

o ':

::o

Q.=

;'

g-~~

:6

:;o~

'cn

, x

0 ..

.

!:N~2

'"

(D

_ ::!

:j"

Ol

,C::

..

. ID

$ . " ~. , ~

~~>­

f.!)

UlE

u

u x

~ :E

::i!:

0 LL

..

.

r:o .

.. ~

>-0

'·-

0 ,

~"

::r:o

.,;..,

.r:o

..,

:t

")(DO

a ~uo..j"J ·

Vl~I

UO.A

t

6Joquopu~H 04~

L

oLpa

sa

qn:j.

..I

auu

~

sqnl

J U

OO

ll'q

5 a

:j. n4

::1 "".

.I ""d

s:

j.eoq

~

ssa

..l:j.:j

.""w

..I

~e

sOlq

qnq

deos

$O

S'ZZ

SU

O!le

J1Sn

m 0

99 ~

'dd

OZ£~l96

l

g- 3

0017

17

5L

L

2l£

B

.909

II

I o6eJ

~4J

~S

PJeM

OH

6

56

5

'::lu

I ..

Ia6u

~eJ9

'M'M

01

10

!.I1

:;1

sam

l:ln

JlS

:l!lB

Wna

Ud

au

o a

wnl

OA

53J

nl:)

nJ1S

"1!

SU"l

'r'N

~J~MsunJ8

MaN

al

\V

"aS

Jar

'OJ

OJu

e4J'

B-V

f , 5'

~ !i

~b

~ ~~~

c::.

;i

:::::

.....

CI.

XD

J:::

J !!!

..01~

~~:> 9~~

-C

I. z

-...

.;;;

~.::

: ID

g.

2 (l)01~

:E::

:J!l

o

ii'

-<}>

o!:;

•

...

0 <

ID

_

....

ID

...

~ -

. m

,

~

n o

A ~ ~

m

, n

9 >

VE

l

I A

lddn

S M

IV

l~

S1V

1N

3W

VO

Nn

J D

NIM

QfO

NV

lE

V

~ '" m

~

m '" m i'i m ~ m 8 ;:

;:

m " n » r :z ~

r ~ ~ r m " » z c ~

,,~

c " m " ~