Presented by Aditi Dass Winrock International India May 11, 2006
Eline Boelee and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary Renwick (Winrock International) Multiple Use of...
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Transcript of Eline Boelee and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary Renwick (Winrock International) Multiple Use of...
![Page 1: Eline Boelee and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary Renwick (Winrock International) Multiple Use of Irrigation Water.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f055503460f94c1af73/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Eline Boeleeand Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary
Renwick (Winrock International)
Multiple Use of Irrigation Multiple Use of Irrigation WaterWater
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Outline
• Use of irrigation water for other purposes = productive+ (as opposed to domestic+)
• Productive purposes– Agricultural– Other productive– Example Sri Lanka
• Other uses of water– Example Morocco
• Consumptive vs non-consumptive– Example Pakistan
• Issues for planning, design and managementProdwat meeting Jun06
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Productive purposes
• Agriculture– Field crops (e.g. cereals, sugar cane, cotton)– Gardens– Permanent vegetation– Livestock incl. chicken and water fowl– Fisheries– Aquatic plants
• Other – Home-based activities (brick making, potteries, weaving, dyeing
etc.)– Small-scale industries (tile making, ice factory)– (eco) tourism
Prodwat meeting Jun06
![Page 4: Eline Boelee and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary Renwick (Winrock International) Multiple Use of Irrigation Water.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f055503460f94c1af73/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Uda Walawe Irrigation system
– rice & banana
– home gardens
– fisheries
Valuing multiple uses of irrigation water: Sri Lanka
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Total value of yields
• Irrigated crops USD 25M/year– Paddy USD 8.1 M
– Other field crops USD 3.5 M
– Bananas USD 13.5 M
• Home Gardens USD 8M/year– Home consumption USD 2 M
– Marketed USD 6 M
• Fisheries USD 0.74 M/year– Home consumption USD 64 k
– Marketed USD 679 k
– Fishers USD 390 k & sellers USD 289 kProdwat meeting Jun06
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Banana
OFCs
Rice
Value in Alternative Uses
Type of Use
Value
(USD M) health nutrition gender
Irrigated crops 24.9 ?
Home gardens 8.0
Drinking 0.1
Fisheries 0.7 ?
Total 33.8
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Other ‘essential’ uses of water
• Domestic water– On site: laundry, bathing
– Water collection
• Drinking
• House cleaning
• Environment– Wildlife
– Downstream wetlands
– Groundwater recharge
• Recreation
• ReligionProdwat meeting Jun06
![Page 8: Eline Boelee and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary Renwick (Winrock International) Multiple Use of Irrigation Water.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f055503460f94c1af73/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Example Morocco
• Large-scale modern (lined) canal irrigation systems– Rural water supply not always adequate
– Groundwater often too deep or saline
• Official allocations at scheme level– Intake for municipal water treatment plants (hence: main canal always
conveys water → maintenance challenge)
– Official allocations for urban water supply and community water storage tanks (livestock)
• Informal ‘additional water releases’ – To refresh all standing water in hydraulic structures
– Cannot be called ‘domestic’ because water quality standards not met
– By stating it is for livestock, it is still part of agricultural mandate irrigation agencies
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Irrigation water for domestic purposes in Tessaout Amont (Central Morocco)
Communal water storage in metfia filled with irrigation water from formal allocation (Central Morocco)
Inequity in water collection: more dangerous and time consuming for children (may miss school), while adult men can make a living as water seller
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Intake municipal water treatment in Basse Moulouya
Water distribution in Basse Moulouya irrigation system (Northeast Morocco)
9%
86%
4% 1%
ONEP Zaio
ONEP Nador
Sugar factory
Brick factories
0
1
2
3
4
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecWat
er d
istr
ibu
tio
n (
mil
lio
n c
ub
ic m
eter
s)Irrigation
Other
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Consumptive use of water?
• Consumptive uses of water
– Irrigation
– Water collection
– Water quality demands
• Non-consumptive
– Fisheries
– Laundry
– Impact on water qualityProdwat meeting Jun06
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Water quality issues in Punjab, Pakistan
• Large-scale irrigation system
• Use of canal water for domestic (laundry) and other productive (fisheries) purposes
• Groundwater saline
• Irrigation system only source of water for all purposes
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Direct and indirect use of canal water
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Bacteria in water sampleszero
1-99, low
>100, high
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Main findings Punjab study
• Seepage water better than surface water
• Most important risk factors for diarrhea:
– absence of water connection and storage
– lack of toilet
– low standard of hygiene
– low socio-economic status
• Water availability (quantity) was key determinant
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Again: Uda Walawe irrigation scheme, Sri Lanka
![Page 17: Eline Boelee and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI) and Mary Renwick (Winrock International) Multiple Use of Irrigation Water.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f055503460f94c1af73/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Water quality analysis
• Bacterial water quality low, except tube wells
• EC and fluoride high in tube wellsSurface waterShallow wellsTube wells
Flu
orid
e (
mg/
l) 5
4
3
2
1
0
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Best water quality: shallow wells
Source bacteria fluoride
Deep tube wells - ++
Shallow dug wells + -
Canals +++ -
Reservoirs +++ -
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Shallow wells drying through canal lining
• Rehabilitation: lining canals to save water at scheme level
• Reduced groundwater table: wells falling dry
45
46
47
48
49
50
24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38
weeks 2000 weeks 2001
canal water level
groundwater at 8m from canal
groundwater at 15m from canal
canal bottom
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Implications for planning, design and management
• All uses, users to be included in planning stage, multiple uses can be included in design: stakeholder analysis
– Identify multiple users of water, interest groups
– By occupation, gender, generation
– Inside and outside the irrigation system
– Look for marginalized groups
• In existing irrigation systems, variations in operation possible, sometimes even adaptations in infrastructure
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Economic values and decision making
Drinking
Home Gardens
Enterprises Fisheries
Livestock
Irrigation
Domestic
Water
$
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Issues to consider - 1• Risks
– Health hazard of using canal water for drinking
– Water source insufficient
– Damage to canals and pipes by livestock
– Contamination of sources
– Access and equity
• Health benefits through more water for hygiene
• Management issues– Improving ‘efficiency’ may cut off some uses and
possibly reduce overall value of outputProdwat meeting Jun06
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Issues to consider - 2
• Institutional issues– Can government agencies or user groups
accommodate all water needs and uses?
– Formal and informal water rights• Defined by time, space, quantity, quality
– Water transfers!
• Economic issues– Capturing value of all uses
• In project feasibility studies, funding, evaluations
• In prospective water transfersProdwat meeting Jun06
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Conclusions
• Irrigation water produces more than just grain or fiber
• ‘Water for rural development’
• Identify all uses, users → provide access to “marginal” users, for livelihood security
• Information on value of all uses leads to better policies
• Implications for water rights, especially in transfers
• Opportunities, but also trade-offs in optimizing joint product of all uses, users
• Economic valuation of alternative uses can serve as a decision making tool
Prodwat meeting Jun06
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Thank you
Multiple use of irrigation water