Elettronica e Controllo degli Attuatori SMA
Transcript of Elettronica e Controllo degli Attuatori SMA
Elettronica e Controllo degli
Attuatori SMA
Adriano Basile
STMicroelectronics, System LAB
Content 2
STMicroelectronics: Who we are
Shape Memory Alloy
Brief Mechanical Considerations
SMA Driving Topology
Experimental Results
• A global semiconductor leader
• The largest European semiconductor company
• 2012 revenues of $8.49B(1)
• Approx. 48,000 employees worldwide(1)
• Approx. 11,500(1) people working in R&D
• 12 manufacturing sites
• Listed on New York Stock Exchange, Euronext Paris
and Borsa Italiana, Milano
Who we are 3
(1) Including ST-Ericsson
Partners with our Customers worldwide 4
79 sales offices
in 35 countries
An unwavering Commitment to R&D 5
(1) Including ST-Ericsson
Advanced research and development centers around the globe
16,000 patents; ~9,000 patent families; 515 new filings (in 2012)
~ 11,500(1) people working in R&D and product design
Digital
Convergence
Group
(DCG)
Imaging,
BiCMOS,
ASIC & Silicon
Photonics
(IBP)
Automotive
Product
Group
(APG)
Analog, MEMS
& Sensors
(AMS)
Microcontrollers,
Memory &
Secure MCU
(MMS)
Embedded Processing Solutions
(EPS)
Industrial &
Power Discrete
Group (IPD)
Product Segments 6
Sense & Power and Automotive
Products (SP&A)
Wireless
(WPS)*
* former ST-Ericsson legacy products
Where you find us 7
Our automotive products
are making driving safer,
greener and more
entertaining
Our smart power products
are making more of our energy resources
Our MEMS & Sensors
are augmenting
the consumer experience
Our Microcontrollers
are everywhere
making everything smarter
and more secure
Our digital consumer products
are powering the augmented
digital lifestyle
Content 8
STMicroelectronics: Who we are
Shape Memory Alloy
Brief Mechanical Considerations
SMA Driving Topology
Experimental Results
Shape Memory Alloy (1/2)
• Shape memory alloys (SMA) form group of
metals that recovers particular shape when
heated above their transformation temperatures.
• SMA deforms easily under stress, if such alloys
are plastically deformed at one temperature, they
will completely recover their original shape on
being raised to a higher temperature.
• The shape memory alloys have two stable
phases
• the high–temperature phase, called austenite
• the low–temperature phase, called martensite
• Shape memory alloys are also used in a wide
range of medical and dental applications (healing
broken bones, misaligned teeth . . . )
9
Solid-to-solid state transformation
9
Shape Memory Alloy (2/2) 10
Diametro
[μm]
Forza
massima [N]
Contrazione
Massima
Forza
suggerita
[N]
Contrazione
suggerita
25 0,3 5% 0,1 3,5%
50 1,2 5% 0,3 3,5%
76 2,7 5% 0,8 3,5%
100 4,7 5% 1,3 3,5%
150 6,2 5% 2,7 3,5%
200 19 5% 5 3,5%
300 42 5% 12 3,5%
400 75 5% 21 3,5%
500 118 5% 33 3,5%
10
Content 11
STMicroelectronics: Who we are
Shape Memory Alloy
Brief Mechanical Considerations
SMA Driving Topology
Experimental Results
Advantages for Linear Actuators 12
Traditional Approach SMA Approach
Pro:
• The movement is really linear
• The system is silent
• The SMA wire does not occupy space
Con:
• One direction with one wire (a counter force is needed)
Further Mechanical Considerations 13
Spring
as counterforce (no control)
Second Wire
as counterforce (fully controlled)
The Electronic has to satisfy both the approaches and…
Content 14
STMicroelectronics: Who we are
Shape Memory Alloy
Brief Mechanical Considerations
SMA Driving Topology
Experimental Results
SMA Control Drv Topology 15
Diametro
[μm]
Forza
massima [N]
Contrazione
Massima
Forza
suggerita
[N]
Contrazione
suggerita
25 0,3 5% 0,1 3,5%
50 1,2 5% 0,3 3,5%
76 2,7 5% 0,8 3,5%
100 4,7 5% 1,3 3,5%
150 6,2 5% 2,7 3,5%
200 19 5% 5 3,5%
300 42 5% 12 3,5%
400 75 5% 21 3,5%
500 118 5% 33 3,5%
High Side Driving
Low Side Driving
Current
Generator
VDD
Shape Memory Alloy
wire
Current
Sink
VDD
Shape Memory Alloy
wire
SMA Control Drv High Side Topology 16
• MCU schedules and controls the main process routines:
• External Commands and Communication;
• SMA Actuators Current generators control;
• SMA data acquisition and elaboration;
• Offset management.
P-MOS Driver
Vdd
S/H Offset MCU
+
– PGA
V_SMA
Shape
Memory
Alloy
wire
EXT
INPUT
DAC
ADC
Driver
R_sense
SMA Control Drv Low Side Topology 17
• MCU schedules and controls the main process routines:
• External Commands and Communication;
• SMA Actuators Current Sink control;
• SMA data acquisition and elaboration;
• Offset management.
N-MOS Driver
Vdd
S/H Offset MCU
+
– PGA
V_SMA
Shape
Memory
Alloy
wire
EXT
INPUT
DAC
ADC R_sense
Driver
Spec Example 18
Diametro
[μm]
Forza
massima [N]
Contrazione
Massima
Forza
suggerita
[N]
Contrazione
suggerita
76 2,7 5% 0,8 3,5%
P-MOS Driver
Vdd
S/H Offset MCU
+
– PGA
V_SMA
Shape
Memory
Alloy
wire
EXT
INPUT
DAC
ADC
Driver
R_sense
SMA Driving Waveform
• Current generator supplies measuring pulses @40mA
• Measurement required (typical) is Δ1Ω
• Voltage read with 12bit ADC (ref @2.5V)
• Measurement has to be amplified by gain factor = 31
• 40mA * Δ1Ω = Δ40mV
• Δ40mV*31= Δ1.240V
• 2.5V / 4096 = 0.6mV
Bill of Material from Spec 19
Application Specific Integrated
Circuit (ASIC)
Channel #1
Drive +
Conditioning
Stage
Channel #2
Drive +
Conditioning
Stage
Channel #4
Drive +
Conditioning
Stage
Channel #3
Drive +
Conditioning
Stage
USB
conn
Analog
Conn.
Reset
PB
Dig
ital
Co
nn
.
Analog Power
Supply 6.5V
Sens
Digital
Power
Supply 5V
MCU
Control Waveforms • Each of the SMA wires is driven with a
control waveforms consisting of two
phases:
• Ph1: measuring phase 40mA
• Ph2: driving phase, PWM mode 90mA
• During Ph2 driving signal is modulated
by varying the duty cycle of timers
• The target is to have a maximum of 2mW
when doing the measurement to keep the
power delivered to the wire as low as
possible
• The total resistance variation depend on
the wire length (i.e. 14mm may reach 6Ω)
• Generally the requested measurement
accuracy is 1mΩ / 1Ω.
mWs
smAiRP 2
40
84033
2
2
Measuring
Phase
Driving Phase
Measuring
Amplitude
Measuring Phase (8μs) Driving Phase (32μs)
Ton
Driving
Amplitude= 90mA
40mA
Ph1 Ph2
f=25 kHz
20
Content 21
STMicroelectronics: Who we are
Shape Memory Alloy
Brief Mechanical Considerations
SMA Driving Topology
Experimental Results
Experimental Results 22
First step has been emulate SMA wires and SMA
based actuator with Matlab / Simulink
This has been obtained thanks to tri-lateral collaboration between
ST, SAES Getter and Scuola Superiore S. Anna of Pisa
Experiments: Parameter Determination 23
• Only a single wire is powered thus
allowing the resistance to leave the
associated martensite (R0) value
and progress along the SMA
resistance curve. This test intends
only to follow only a part of the
resistance curve and not enter the
austenite region.
• Procedure description
• Channel 2 is brought to R0 position, i.e.
Channel 1 is powered with a fixed duty cycle
(≈17.3%) in order to straighten Channel 2 wire
• DAC for Channel 2 is set in order to output
~2V on the ADC.
• A 0.5Hz Saw tooth duty cycle (0% ÷ 10%)
waveform is fed on channel 2; measurement
pulse only on the other channels
RMAX
Time
R
es
ista
nc
e
Experiments: Hysteresis Curves (1/3) 24
• Hysteresis curve Duty Cycle vs. Voltage is obtained
• The range of acquired voltage is [0:4095] ≡Δ2.5V
• With given amplification, considering Δ1Ω variation, the
range of output voltage is about 1.240V
• By performing consecutive acquisition with different DAC
values, the hysteresis curved is determined
• One wire is supplied with ramp waveform whose frequency
and max/min values are modified is several acquisitions
DC= DC_MIN
DC= DC_MAX Ch1
time
DC =DC_MAX DC =DC_MIN
T=1/25KHz
time
Temperature
Experiments: Hysteresis Curves (2/3) 25
• By increasing the frequency, the hysteresis curves results wider, time
is not enough for the wire to cool down
• opposite channel is power with opposite waveform in order to pull the hot wire
DC є [2:15]%, 1Hz
DC є [2:20]%, 1Hz
DC є [2:20]%, 2Hz
DC є [2:20]%, 4Hz
DC є [2:20]%, 8Hz
Duty Cycle
V R
Experiments: Hysteresis Curves (3/3) 26
• By modifying DAC value the whole hysteresis is exploited
Duty Cycle
V R
DC= DC_MIN
DC= DC_MAX Ch1
time
Ch2
time
V R
DAC DAC variation
Experiments: Signal Follower 27
• A sophisticated controller has been implemented in firmware, allowing
following results:
4 wires driven with ramp waveforms @20Hz, range [2000:3000]
Op
po
site
ch
an
ne
ls
Op
po
site
ch
an
ne
ls
Experimental Results: live video 28
Thank you!