Eleonora Wcislo and Marek Korcz Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
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Transcript of Eleonora Wcislo and Marek Korcz Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
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National Inventory of Potential National Inventory of Potential Sources of Soil Contamination in Sources of Soil Contamination in
CyprusCyprus
Part 2Part 2Risk-Based Approach to Assessment of Risk-Based Approach to Assessment of
Cypriot Contaminated SitesCypriot Contaminated Sites
Eleonora Wcislo and Marek KorczInstitute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study MeetingLjubljana, Slovenia, June 17-22, 2007
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Guidance on Guidance on CContaminated ontaminated SSite ite
RRisk isk AAssessment in ssessment in CCyprusyprus risk-based approach to assessment of
Cypriot contaminated sites
methodology for developing risk-based soil guideline values (RBSGVs)
RBSGVs for Cypriot soil contaminants under different land use patterns
chemical-specific data
methodology for site-specific human health risk assessment (HRA)
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RRisk-based approach isk-based approach characteristicscharacteristics
two-step assessment process refers to human receptors considers three land use patterns –
industrial, residential and recreational
refers to current and/or future land use patterns
adopted the recent US EPA risk assessment procedures (US EPA 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002)
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TwoTwo-step contaminated site -step contaminated site assessment processassessment process
Preliminary site assessment
Initial site investigation
Do site soil concentrations meet land use
relevant RBSGVs?
No further action
Yes
NoNo
Step 1:
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Site- specific assessment (site-specific HRA)
Baseline human health risk assessment
Development of data set
Exposure assessmentLand use scenarios
(residential, industrial, recreational, etc.)
Toxicity assessment
Risk characterisation
Do risk levels
meet TR?
No actionYes
No
Development of site-specific RBRLs
Evaluation of remedial options
Selection of the appropriate remedial option
Step 2:
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RRisk-based soil guideline isk-based soil guideline valuesvalues - - RBSGVsRBSGVs
concentration levels for individual chemicals at or
below which no appreciable chronic human health risk is
expected
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RBSGVsRBSGVs
intended for the protection of human health
developed for 102 potential soil contaminants, selected according to soil polluting activities in Cyprus
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RBSGVsRBSGVs
developed under three basic exposure scenarios
1.industrial2.residential3.recreational
derived from standardised sets of equations and default values
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industrial land use outdoor worker
residential and recreational land uses
child receptor for non-cancer effects
aggregate residential/recreational user for cancer effects
RBSGVsRBSGVs - Receptors - Receptors
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RBSGVsRBSGVsDDefault exposure efault exposure
parametersparametersResidential scenario Industrial/ Commercial Recreational scenario
Child Adult scenario (Adult) Child AdultEF Exposure Frequency days/ yr 350 350 225 214 214ED Exposure Duration years 6 24 25 6 24FC Soil Fraction Contacted unitless 1 1 1 0.08 0.08BW Body Weight kg 15 70 70 15 70IRo Ingestion Rate for soil mg/ day 200 100 100 200 100
IRi Inhalation Rate for soil m3/ day 10 20 20 10 20SA Skin Surface Area - soil contact cm2 2800 5700 3300 2800 5700
AF Soil-to-skin Adherence Factor (mg/ cm2
/ day)0.2 0.07 0.2 0.2 0.07
AT (non-carcinogens) Averaging Time AT=ED*365d/ yr days 2 190 8 760 9 125 2 190 8 760
AT (carcinogens) Averaging Time days 25 550 25 550 25 550 25 550 25 550
UnitDescriptionSymbol
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Target Hazard Quotient (HQ) = 1
Target Cancer Risk = 1E-06
RBSGVsRBSGVsDefault target risk levelsDefault target risk levels
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RBSGVsRBSGVs – Methodology – Methodology (1) (1)
Calculated types of RBSGVs
combined oral/dermal RBSGVs inhalation RBSGVs (fugitive dust or
volatiles) cancer and non-cancer RBSGVs soil saturation limit (Csat) – for
volatiles, liquid at typical soil temperatures
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compared all types of RBSGVs
the lowest value (as the most conservative) selected as the final RBSGV under a given land use pattern
RBSGVsRBSGVs – Methodology – Methodology (2) (2)
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RBSGVsRBSGVsGGroups of roups of ssubstancesubstances (1) (1)
inorganics (e.g., As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Zn)
aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene)
PAHs (e.g., anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, naphthalene)
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RBSGVsRBSGVsGGroups of roups of ssubstancesubstances (2) (2)
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., chloromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene)
chlorobenzenes
phenols and chlorophenols
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pesticides (e.g., aldrin, DDT)
dioxins and dioxin like PCBs
other substances (e.g., dibutylphthalate, ethylene glycol, methyl-tert butyl ether)
RBSGVsRBSGVsGGroups of roups of ssubstancesubstances (3) (3)
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RBSGVsRBSGVs - - RecommendationRecommendation
revise and regularly update the derived RBSGVs (e.g., in 5 years)
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perform baseline HRA develop data set
assess exposure
assess toxicity
characterise risk
develop site-specific risk-based remedial levels (RBRLs) (if risk estimates exceed target risks)
Site-specific HRA process Site-specific HRA process sstepsteps
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Development of data setDevelopment of data set
preliminary identification of potential human exposure, according to the defined land use patterns
collection and evaluation of existing site data
identification of data gaps (a check list of necessary data provided)
contribution to the development of sample collection strategies (if required)
identification of analytical needs
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Development of data setDevelopment of data set
collection and evaluation of new site data
sorting soil concentrations by appropriate depths of sampling relevant to land uses and types of chemicals
division of a site into sub-areas and sorting site data by sub-areas (if required)
collection of updated chemical-specific data for site contaminants
development of unified data set for each chemical (statistical calculation)
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Exposure assessmentExposure assessment
identification of potential receptors (children, adults) and their types of activities
identification of soil exposure pathways incidental soil and dust ingestion dermal contact with soil inhalation of fugitive dust inhalation of volatiles outdoors
estimation of pathway-specific chemical intakes (relevant equations provided)
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Toxicity assessmentToxicity assessment
collection of information on toxicity of evaluated contaminants
identification of important toxicity measures (RfDs, CSFs, ABSd, ABSGI)
identification of carcinogen classes and target effects/target organs
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Risk characterisationRisk characterisation (1) (1)
Non-cancer risk
quantification of hazard quotients (HQs) for each non-carcinogen/exposure route by receptors (child, adult)
HQ = CDI/RfD
calculation of total hazard index (HI) by receptors (child, adult) (summing HQs calculated for all exposure routes/ pathways and all non-carcinogens)
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Risk characterisationRisk characterisation (2) (2)
Non-cancer risk
comparison of total HI with non-cancer target risk (HI=1)
summing the HQs according to the target organs/effects, if HI>1
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Risk characterisationRisk characterisation (3) (3)
Cancer risk
quantification of cancer risks (CRs) for each carcinogen/exposure route by receptors (child, adult)
CR = CDI x CSF
calculation of total CR by receptors (summing the CRs calculated for all exposure routes/pathways and all carcinogens)
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Risk characterisationRisk characterisation (4) (4)
Cancer risk
calculation of aggregate risk under residential and recreational exposure scenarios
comparison of total CR with cancer target risk (CTR=1E-06)
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Risk characterisationRisk characterisation (5) (5)
presentation of baseline risk assessment results
characterisation and presentation of uncertainties
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Site-specific RBRLsSite-specific RBRLs
concentration levels for individual chemicals, also termed risk-based concentrations, which correspond to target risk (TR), i.e.,a specific cancer risk level (e.g., 1E-06), or hazard quotient (HQ), or hazard
index (HI) (e.g., less than or equal to 1)
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Development ofDevelopment ofsite-specific RBRLs (1)site-specific RBRLs (1)
calculation of soil oral/dermal and inhalation RBCs under the relevant exposure scenario
RBC = C × TR/Calculated Risk
C – chemical concentration in soilTR – target risk (cancer or non-cancer)RBC – risk-based concentration (oral/dermal or
inhalation)
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calculation of adjusted RBCs for non-carcinogens, if more than one chemical affects the same target organ or organ system
ARBC = RBC/n
ARBC – adjusted risk-based concentrationRBC – risk-based concentration (oral/dermal or
inhalation)n – number of contaminants with the same target
organs/effects
Development ofDevelopment ofsite-specific RBRLs (2)site-specific RBRLs (2)
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calculation of Csat for volatile contaminants, liquid in typical soil temperatures
establishment of volatile inhalation RBC as equal to Csat, if the calculated volatile inhalation RBC > Csat
Development ofDevelopment ofsite-specific RBRLs (3)site-specific RBRLs (3)
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comparison of all types of RBCs, developed for a given contaminant
selection of the lowest RBC value as a preliminary remedial level
comparison of the lowest RBC with the background concentration (BC)
establishment of RBRL as equal to BC, if the lowest RBC < BC
Development ofDevelopment ofsite-specific RBRLs (4)site-specific RBRLs (4)
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Risk-based approach role in Risk-based approach role in decision-makingdecision-making (1)
determine the needs for reducing risk and the needs for remedial/corrective actions
set up remedial/corrective options
select a remediation option or a corrective action, appropriate for site-specific conditions
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Risk-based approach role in Risk-based approach role in decision-makingdecision-making (2)
design and conduct site remedial action to protect human health
facilitate other risk management decisions (e.g. changing the land use pattern)
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Thank you for your attention !!!
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha Street40 - 844 KATOWICE
http://www.ietu.katowice.pl/