Elements of Aerospace Engineering

Elements ofAerospace

Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History

Practical Objectives

Syllabus & GradingPolicy

01.1

Lecture 01Elements of Aerospace EngineeringIntroduction, Applications & History, Objectives, Syllabus &Grading Policy

AE602 Elements of Aerospace Engineering

Manoj T. NairIIST


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.2

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Applications

3 History

4 Practical Objectives

5 Syllabus & Grading Policy


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.3

Aerodynamics

Definition: Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is a complex word originating from theGreek words

airpower or force

Ludwig Prandtl: The term aerodynamics is generallyused for problems arising from flight and other topicsinvolving the flow of air.Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resultingmotion of objects through the air.


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.4

Applications I

1 Airplanes2 Launch Vehicles3 Automobiles4 Ships!5 Internal combustion engines6 Gas turbine engines7 Wind turbines (Windmill)8 Weather prediction9 Buildings

10 Bridges11 Building heaters and air conditioning12 Cooling systems for computers13 Sports


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.5

History of Airplanes I

1 The idea of flying like birds had always fascinated humanbeings

2 Tower jumpers3 Ornithopter

Leonardo da Vinci4 Balloon

Nov 21, 1783: hot air balloon designed by Joseph andEtienne Montgolfier flew with 2 passengers for 25 mins -5miles across ParisThis was the first time in history that a human being hadbeen lifter off the ground

5 Fixed wing airplaneSir George Cayley, 1799First time lift generating and propulsion mechanism wereseparatedRecognized that thrust has to overcome dragDrew the first lift-drag vector diagramIn 1853, built the first human carrying glider


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.6

History of Airplanes II

6 ChauffeursThe would be inventors wanted T-D to be a positive numberTherefore were obsessed with a powerful engine, whichturned out to be heavy.They were not worried how will the machine be managedonce it takes-off

7 AirmanLearn to fly before putting an engineOtto Lilienthal - flew first successful gliders - 2000 flightsOctave Chanute - gliders

8 Powered flightSamuel Langley: first small unmanned powered aircraftWright brothers:

airfoilswing spanwing structurehigh power/weight enginepropeller - blade element theoryroll control - wing wraping


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.7

History of Theoretical Aerodynamics I

1 Initially aerodynamics dealt with very low speeds2 Therefore aerodynamics was founded theoretically on

hydrodynamics3 L. Euler(1707-1783) derived the fundamental differential

equations for non-viscous fluids4 D. Bernoulli(1700-1782) established relation between

pressure and speed in a flow in an incompressible fluid5 Navier & Stokes (1822) derived the fundamental

differential equations for viscous fluids6 Ludwig Prandtl

1 Boundary layer theory, 19042 Circulation theory of lift, 19053 Lifting line theory, 19054 Thin airfoil theory, 19065 Oblique shock and expansion wave, 19066 Compressibility effects, 19077 Supersonic nozzles and flow, 1907


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.8

Classification and Practical Objectives I

What is the distinction between solid, liquid and gases?Solids have a shapeLiquids and gases take the shape of the container in whichthey are placedLiquids fill the container up to a given volumeGases completely fill the container

What happens when a tangential force is applied to asolid, liquid of gas?Solids will experience a finite deformationShear stress (Tangential force per unit area) will usually beproportional to the amount of deformationLiquids and gases will experience a continuouslyincreasing deformationShear stress will usually be proportional to the rate ofchange of deformationLiquids and Gases are called fluids


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.9

Classification and Practical Objectives II

Gases have the largest intermolecular spacing and theleast intermolecular forces

Fluid dynamics can be subdivided into three areas1 Hydrodynamics - flow of liquids2 Gas dynamics - flow of gases3 Aerodynamics - flow of air

Generally the word aerodynamics is used liberally, and isused cover both aerodynamics and gas dynamics


Obtain forces and moments of the body

Obtain heat fluxes on the body

Details of the flow field


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.10

Syllabus I

History of aviationTypes of flying machinesAnatomy of an aircraft.Aerodynamics

Fundamental aerodynamic variablesAerodynamic forces, Lift generationAirfoils and wingsAerodynamic Moments

Flight MechanicsConcept of Static stability,Control surfacesLoads acting on an aircraftLoad factor for simple maneuversV-n diagram

PropulsionMechanism of thrust productionPropellersJet enginesElements of rocket propulsion


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.11

Syllabus II

StructuresAerospace MaterialsAircraft and launch vehicle structural elements

Space Flight MechanicsBasic orbital mechanicsSatellite orbitsLaunch vehicles and Re-entry bodies


Engineering

Introduction

Applications

History



01.12

Grading Policy

Quiz 1 15Quiz 2 15

Assignment 20Project 0

Final Exam 50

Text Books1 Anderson.J.D. Introduction to flight. 7th ed. Mc Graw Hill,

2011.2 Newman, Dava Interactive Aerospace Engineering and

Design, McGraw Hill, 2002.3 Anderson David W & Scott Eberhardt, Understanding

Flight, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009.4 Turner, M.J., Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion 3rd ed.

Springer, 2009.5 Szebehely.V.G and Mark.H. Adventures in celestial

mechanics, 4th ed. WILEY- VCH Verlag GmbH Co, 2004.

IntroductionApplicationsHistoryPractical ObjectivesSyllabus & Grading Policy

Elements of Aerospace Engineering

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