ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
-
Upload
dijanahoop -
Category
Documents
-
view
239 -
download
0
Transcript of ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 1/40
AGAIAMTC 02- O^QZA
Orup` nkr`
agaiamt`rma supst`mba pkh`zulu l`ĉa czr`Žam` iat`gm` svklstv`&ksci nkr` hklc la saiciat`g#
^`sprkstr`mlamkst<
@g) m`lr`sprkstr`mlamclc c pk i`samki udlagu u zaiglcmkl hkrc traďc la pk radu
iaču prcrkdmci agaiamtci`' cz` hcsch` c scgcbcl`- Nkr )rclad`h agaiamt c s`ik la m` mahci m`g`zcŠtci` shkmbamtrcr`m u vaďci hkgcĉcm`i`' o`gcl' cmdcl c t`gcl )vrgk rclathc agaiamtc
Madkst`t`h nkr` u zaiglcŠtu raiatc mkri`g`m r`st ncgl`h` c ncglha su i`mlaktpkrma m` r`zma ncglma Štatkĉcma-
KRKNCMA O^QZA
Agahtrkmsha hkmecour`bcla czkgcr`mcf `tki` &z`ladmcĉh` ms> mp0# s` ladmci masp`ramci agahtrkmki#<
Nkr N 0s> >s> >p0 @guicmcl @g 0s> >s> >p5 2s> 2p0 O`gcl O` 0s> >s> >p5 2s> 2p5 2d0: 4s>4p0
Cmdcl Cm 0s> >s> >p1 2s> 2p5 2d0: 4s>4p54d0: 1s>1p0 T`gc Tg 0s> >s> > 1 s> 5 d0: s> 5 d0: e 04 s> 5 d0:
ms mp
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 2/40
Dkvkčamlai amarocla ikouďa la r`sp`rctc s) agahtrkma c
ladmko kd mlcf pran`bctc u sgknkdmu p)krnct`gu
Tcia sa dknclu 2 masp`ram` agahtrkm` hklc pr`va 2
cstkvrsma sp>)fcnrcdma hkla iačusknmk z`tv`r`lu uo`k kd
0>: : u ladmkl r`vmcmc-
agaiamt`rmc hrcst`gmc nkr ci` prkstkrmu struhturu s`
ladcmcĉmki ďagclki hkl` s`drŽc 0> `tki` nkr`' hklc mcsupkvaz`mc sp>)fcnrcdmci krnct`g`i`' vaď sv`hc `tki ci`
lad`m sgknkdmc s)agahtrkm c dv` sgknkdm` p)agahtrkm`-
Uaz` cziaču pkladcmcf `tki` N la vrgk l`h`' hkv`gamtm`
vaz`' znko ĉao` sa nkr kdgchula vcskhki taipar`turki
tkpglaml` )khk >2::kB-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 3/40
Hkd @g `tkic u hrcst`gmkl raŠathc mcsu pktpumk lkmczcr`mc c uiat`gmkl vazc uĉastvula i`mla kd trc agahtrkm`' znko ĉao`
la t`ĉh` tkpglaml ̀@g 516kB- O`gcl hrcst`gczcr` hkipgahsmk' ud`glamkst pkladcmcf `tki`
u hrcst`gmkl raŠathc la vaď` kd takrclshc kĉahcv`ma' Štkrazugtcr` mcshki taipar`turki tkpglaml` kd >3'6kB-
Rgcĉmk la c hkd cmdcl` c t`gcl`' iaču`tkish` r`stkl`ml` u ladcmcĉmkl hrcst`gmkl ďagclc su vaď` maok hkd m`lngcŽcfsuslad`' taipar`tur` tkpglaml` z` Cm czmksc 011kB' ` Tg
2:4kB-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 4/40
T`nag` 0< Rvklstv` `tki` c agaiamt`rmcf supst`mbc agaiam`t` 02 orupa
Rcinkg
agaiamt`
^admc
Nrkl
Hkv`gamtmc
^`dclus+miCkmshc
r`d-
V( +mi
Ckmshc
r`d-
V2( +mi
T`gcŠta+ :B UragcŠta+:B
N 1 :':6: ) ) >2:: >11:&;#
@g 02 :'0>1 ) :':41 516 >2::
O` 20 :'0>1 :'002 :':5: >3'6 >:::
Cm 43 :'01: :'02> :':6: 011 041:
Tg 60 :'011 :'041 :':30 2:4 045:
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 5/40
T`nag` >- Amarocl` ckmcz`bcla c hkaecbclamt agahtrkmao`tcvmkstc
`tki` agaiam`t` 02- orupa' radkhs pktambcl`gc mlcfkvcfagaiamt`rmcf supst`mbc Rcinkg
agaiamt`
Amarocl` lkmcz`bcla+aU
C CC CCC
Hkaecbclamt
agahtrk)
mao`tcvmkstc
^adkhs)
pktambcl`gc
+A:&U#
N 6'2: >1'> 26': >': F2NK2+N ‒ :'6?
@g 1'36 03': >6'4 0'1 @g2(+@g )0'55
O` 5': >:'5 2:'6 0'5 O`2(+O` ):'12
Cm 1'?3 03': >6 0'? Cm2(+Cm ):'24
Tg 5'00 >:'5 >3'3 0'6 Tg2(+Tg (:'?>
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 6/40
NK^
) u prcrkdc dkg`zc cshgluĉcvk vaz`m s` hcschki' m`lĉaŠďa u kngchu pkgcnkr`t` u< nkr`hsu' M`>N4K1&KF#4 6F>K8 harmctu ' M`>N4K?4F>K8 hkgai`mctu'B`N2K4&KF#2 F>K
) rclad`h agaiamt' :':::2! u \aiglcmkl hkrc
) dkncv`mla agaiamt`rmko N la taŠhk<
0- cz nkr`hs` sa prvk dkncla krtknkr`tm` hcsagcm` c nkr trckhscd- ^aduhbclki N
>
K2
s` M` cgc Io m`st`la brmc'`ikremc pr`f N<
N>K2&s# ( 2Io&s# >N&s# ( 2IoK&s#
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 7/40
># Hrcst`gczcr`mc N sa dkncv` prkg`zki silasa p`r` nkr
trcnrkicd` c F> prahk uscl`ma t`mt`gkva Žcba &00::)02::
:
B#<>NNr2&o# ( 2F>&o# >N&s# ( 5FNr&o#
Hrcst`gczcr`mc N la czuzatmk tvrd' faiclshc ahstraimkcmart`m- ^a`oula s`ik s` vruďki hkmb- FMK2 c F>RK4'kdmksmk s` r`st`glamci M`KF c tk s`ik czm`d 1:: :B' ` ct`d` pkg`hk-
@ikremc pr`Šh`stc N la ra`htcvmclc- \`orcl`v`mlai m` zr`hu
s`i sa z`p`gc m` ?:: :B c d`gla czo`r` dk N>K2- L`hk laraduhbckmk sradstvk- R` FMK2 khscdcr` sa dk krtknkrmahcsagcma<
: (1 (2 (4
N&s#
( 2FMK2 F
2NK
2( 2MK
>&o#
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 8/40
Mao`tcvmc stapam khscd`bcla<
nkrcdc) dkncv`lu sa scmtazki agaiam`t` cgc raduhbclkikhscd`' kdmksmk nkr`t` s vcŠhki iat`g`-
Hrcst`gmc spklavc sgcĉmc scgcbcdci`< B`N5' @gN0>' Mc2N cNa>N-
stapam khscd`bcla (2<
) svc kst`gc spklavc N
) fcdrcdc nkr` cgc nkr`mc
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 9/40
T`nag` >- Zkzm`tc nkr`mc c mah` mlcfkv` kpď` svklstv`
N>F5 N4F0: N1F3 N1F00 N5F0: N3F01 N0:F04
Rt`mla hkd
mkri`gmataip-
Zgcm taĉmkst taĉmkst taĉmkst taĉmkst taĉmkst ćvrst`
tv`r
Dlagkv`mla s
vkdki
vrgk
nrzk
spkrk spkrk ) spkrk ) Urgk
spkrk
Kpď`st`ncgmkst
vagch` i`g` vagch` Urgk
i`g`
i`g` ) Urgk
vagch`
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 10/40
) M`lladmkst`vmclc nkr`m' NF2 mcla pkzm`t
) Dcnkr`m' N>F5 ra`oams u kro`mshci spklavci`
dlagkv`mlai 0:!FBg cgc 2 I F2ZK4 m` i`omazclav nkrcd 'Io2N> dkncl` sa silas` nkr`m` `gc ma c dcnkr`m lar fcdrkgczr`d`luďc krtknkr`tmu hcsagcmu c agaiamt`rmc vkdch<
(2 )0 (0 (2 :
N>F5&o# ( 5F>K >F2NK2 ( 5F>&s#
) dcnkr`m sa dkncl` ra`hbclki cziaĐu gctcl `guicmcl fcdrcd` snkr trcfgkrcdki u nazvkdmki ataru<
2Gc@gF4 ( 4NBg2 2GcBg ( 2@gBg2 ( >N>F5&o#
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 11/40
) struhtur` dcnkr`m` mcla pktpumk r`zl`Šmlam`
) ksci ‗ĉcstcf’ fcdrcd` nkr` pkzm`tc su c hkincmcr`mc fcdrcdc h`k gctcl nkrkfcdrcd ' GcNF
4' hklc sa dkncl` `hk dcnkr`m
prkg`zc hrkz r`stvkr gctcl)fcdrcd` u ataru <
>GcF ( N>F5&o# >GcNF4
Trcf`gkoamcdc &sv` 4#< nkrkv&CCC# egukrcd ' NE2' dkncv` saz`orcl`v`mlai B`)egukrcd` B`E> s nkr&CCC# khscdki u hkmb-F>RK4 hkl` prvk ksgkn`č` FE<
N>K2&s# ( 5FE >NE2&o# ( 2F>K
Nkr&CCC# egukrcd s vkdki fcdrkgczcr` dlagcicĉmk<
NE2&o# ( 2F>K F2NK2 ( 2FE
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 12/40
lar m`st`g` FE ikiamt`gmk ra`oula s mafcdrkgczcr`mciNE2 d`luďc tatr`egukrknkr`tmu hcsagcmu' FNE4<
NE2&o# ( FE FNE4
FNE4 la vrgk l`h` hcsagcm` c mlama skgc ma fcdrkgczcr`lu uvkdc h`d su svlaŽa r`stvkrama- Lkm NE
4
) la vrgk st`ncgmatatr`ad`rsha struhtura-
Nkr&CCC# khscd' N>K2 la nclag`' ĉvrst` supst`mb`8 l`vgl` sa uhrcst`gmki c st`hg`stki kngchu- Rt`hg`stc sa dkncv`
dafcdr`t`bclki krtknkr`tma hcsagcma m` t = 1:: :B' `hrcst`gczcr`mc m` t 90>:)>:: :B<
>F2NK2 ⇄ N>K2&s# ( 2F>K
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 13/40
Krtknkr`tm` hcsagcm`' F2NK2 m`st`la fcdr`t`bclki nkr&CCC#)khscd`<
N>K2&s# ( 2F>K ⇄ >F2NK2
Cmdustrclshc sa dkncv` z`hcsagl`v`mlai &s FBg cgc s F>RK4# vruďao hkmb-r`stvkr` nkr`hs`<
N4K1&KF#4>)
( >F( ( 2F>K 4F2NK2
Fg`Đamlai hrcst`gczcr` sg`nk r`stvkrglcv` F2NK2
Rgklavct` struhtur` ikgahug`F2NK2 pkvaz`mcf vkdchkvki vazki
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 14/40
\`orcl`v`mlai 4F2NK2 ounc vkdu c prag`zc uiat`nkr`tmu &iat`nkrmu# hcsagcmu' FNK>' ` l`ĉci z`orcl`v`mlai u N
>
K2
-)F>KF2NK2 FNK>
Dafcdr`t`bcl` la pr`ďam` hkmdamz`bclki h`k c hkd
scgch`tmcf hcsagcm`- Iat`nkr`tm` hcsagcm` mclaikmkikgahugsh` maok vcskhk pkgciarczcr`mc spkl-
@hk sa hkmdamz`bcl` kn`vgl` s` i`mlci nrklaiikgahug` F
2NK
2 ikouďa la stv`r`mla prstam`sta
struhtura iat`nkr`tma hcsagcma mpr- &FNK>#2 cgcF2N2K5 cgc N2K2&KF#2-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 15/40
@hk sa hkmdamz`bcl` kn v̀gl` s i`mlcinrklai ikgahug` F
2
NK2
' ikouďa la cstv`r`ml` prstam`sta struhtura iat`nkrmahcsagcma' mpr- &FNK>#2' cgc F2N2K5' cgcN2K2&KF#2<
D`glki dafcdr`t`bclki c hkmdamz`bclki ikou m`st`tc c druoa pkgc)
hcsagcma nkr` &F>N4K?#-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 16/40
Krtknkrm` hcsagcm` la u vkdamci r`stvkrci` vrgk sg`n`hcsagcm`<
F2NK2 ⇇ F(
( F>NK2
)
H09 5,0:)0:
F>NK2) sa fcdr`tczcr`<
F>NK2) ( F>K N&KF#4
)
@tki N pr`vc 4 tatr`ad`rsha sp2) fcnrcdma krnct`ga s` 4`tki` hcsch`- T`hvu hkmecour`bclu `tki N ci` c u skgci`nkr`tma hcsagcma ‒ nkr`tc<Krtknkr`tc tcp` INK2 pkstkla s`ik u hrcst`gmki kngchu
lar la lkm NK22) u vkdamci r`stvkrci` pktpumk fcdrkgczcr`m
&CmNK2' RbNK2#Dcnkr`tc N>K1
4) &Bk>N>K1' Io> N>K1# Iat`nkr`tc' s` bchgcĉhci ckmki N2K5
2) &M`> N2K5 c H2 N2K5# c s` g`mĉ`mci `mckmki B`&NK>#>
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 17/40
Nkrm` hcsagcm` hcsagcm` ci` `mtcsaptcĉh` dalstv`' `
hkrcstc sa u kngchu 2! r`stvkr` c 0: ! i`stc-
R`d` la s`ik dkzvkglam` upktran` nkrma hcsagcma u
ket`ikgkoclc prc prcpraic h`pc z` kĉc' lar 2! r`stvkr
F2NK2 dlagula czktkmcĉmk m` suza-
RguŽc z` cipraom`bclu z`vkl`-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 18/40
Hkipgahsmc nkr`tc ' s`st`vglamc kd NK2)orup` c NK4)orup`-M`lv`Žmclc la nkr`hs M`>N4K1&KF#4 6F>K - Rg`nk sar`stv`r` u vkdc' vkdamc r`stvkr ra`oula n`zmk- Nkr`hshrcst`gczcr` u naznklmci pg`vh`stci cgc zagamh`stcihrcst`gci`- M` sufki zr`hu ounc vkdu c pkst`la cmart`m- M`6: :B ounc 6 ikgahug` vkda' m` 21: :B ounc svu vkdu' m`6?6 :B nazvkdmc nkr`hs sa t`gc' ` kfg`Đam` t`gcm` kĉvrsma ust`hg`stu i`su-
^`st`glamc nkr`hs kt`p` imkoa iat`gma khscda c stv`r`h`r`htarcstcĉmk knklama nkr`ta &nkr`hskv` ncsarh`#- Kvk
svklstvk nkr`hs` d` ra`oula s` iat`gmci khscdci` hkrcstc saz` ĉcŠďamla iat`gmcf pkvrŠcm` prc gaiglamlu-
Rtv`r`mla st`hg`sta t`gcma ‒ hkrcstc sa u cmdustrclc st`hg` cai`lg`-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 19/40
Ng`ok n`zm` ra`hbcl` r`stvkr` nkr`hs` upktrangl`v` sa z`prkczvkdmlu parnkr`t` &s`st`vmc dck pr`Šh` z` pr`mla cnclaglamla rungl`#-
Zarnkr`tc su `dctcvmc spklavc nkr`t` c F>K> u hklci` la ladm`ikgahug` F>K z`iclamlam` ladmki ikgahugki F>K>-
T`gko M`)parnkr`t` m`st`la h`d` sa dkd` r`stvkru M`)iat`nkr`t` &M`NK>¿2F>K¿F>K>#
Dkd`thki F>K> hkmbamtrkv`mki r`stvkru nkr`hs`hrcst`gcz`bclki m`st`la parnkr`hs ekriuga M`>N4K1&KF#4 ?F>K F>K>
Rarcl` h`gbclavcf pkgcnkr`t` <
B`>N5K00 1F>K bkgai`mct B`N2K4&KF#2 F>K
B`>N5K00 ?F>K iayarfkeearct B`N2K2&KF#1 F>K
B`>N5K00 02F>K cmykct B`N2K2&KF#1 4F>K
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 20/40
@GQICMCL
) traďc pk r`sprkstr`mlamkstc &i`samc udck ?'1!#' cz`
K c Rc
) mch`d sa ma pkl`vglula h`k agaiamt`rm` supst`mb`'
) `guikscgch`tc &tcmlbc c ogcmambc#' z` cmd-dkncv`mla @g
hkrcstc sa rud` nkhsct hkl` sa s`stklc kd @g)fcdrkhscd`h`k Štk su naict c dcl`spkr @gK&KF# hklc sa r`zgchulu
pk struhturc c fcdr`rocgct @g&KF#2- Nkhsct la kmaĉcŠďam
khscdci` Ea&CCC# c Rc
Dkncv`mla `guicmcl`ćcst @g dkncv` sa agahtrkgczki r`stvkr` ĉcstko @g&CCC#
khscd` &ogcmcba# u r`st`glamki hrckgctu' u dv` dclag`<
dkncv`mla ĉcstko @g>K2 c agahtrkgcz` @g>K2-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 21/40
0-# Dkncv`mla ĉcstko @g >K2 <
Maĉcstkďa Ea' Rc c Tc uhg`mg`lu sa pk N`yarkvkipkstuphu< suf nkhsct sa usctmc u ecmc pr`f c r`Šĉcmml`v` z`orcl`v`mlai m` 05:)0?: :B s` r`stvkrki M`KF &6: ! u
vcŠhu# u ĉagcĉmci `utkhg`vci` 6 s`tc- @g&KF#2 sa kt`p` c svcŠhki n`za prag`zc u `guicm`tmc ckm<
@g&KF#2 ( KF) @g&KF#4)
Khscdc Ea c Tc sa ma r`stv`r`lu ` Rc&CU# khscd ra`oula s @g&KF#2 c M`KF stv`r`luďc mar`stvkrglcvc M` `guikscgch`t<
RcK>&s# ( >M`( ( >KF) ( >@g&KF#2&s# M`> @g>RcK5&s# ( 4F>K
Mar`stvkramc spklavc Ea' Tc' Rc sa ktecgtrcr`lu ` r`stvkr `guicm`t` fg`dc c iclaŠ` prc ĉaiu sa czguĉula t`gko @g&KF#2
&r`zrlačamlai sa pkvaď`v` fcdrkgcz` `guicm`tmko ckm`#< @g&KF#4
) @g&KF#2 ( KF)
T̀ gko @g&KF#2 sa ktecgtrcr`' Ž`rc m` 0>:: :B u nazvkdmc @g>K2<
>@g&KF#2&s# @g>K2&s# ( 2F>K&o#
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 22/40
>#- Agahtrkgcz` @g>K2<
u r`st`glamki hrckgctu' M`2 @gE5 u ďagclc kd Žaglazmcf gcikv`czmutr` kngkŽamcf czkg`bclshci i`tarcl`gkic danagci or`ectmcipgkĉ`i` hkla sguŽa h`k h`tkd`8 h`k `mkd` sguŽa agahtrkda kdpatrkg)hkhs` &uogl`#8 m`pkm 1)? U' l`ĉcm` strula 1:::: @-^a`hbcla m` agahtrkd`i`<
h`tkd`< >@g>K2 ( 5a) >@g &g# ( >@gK22)
`mkd`< >@gK22)
( 2B&s# 2BK &o# ( @g>K2 ( 5a)
@g sa czguĉula m` h`tkdc u r`st`glamki st`mlu c shupgl` m` dmuďagcla-
@g g`hk khscdcr` `gc sa khscd`bcl` z`ust`vgl` znko stv`r`ml`z`Štctmko sgkl`' p` la cmdcearmt`m prai` zr`hu' vkdc c FMK2-
@hk sa z`Štctmc sgkl shcma dlagkv`mlai Žcvcmcf p`r` &m`st`lagaour` `guicmcl `i`go`i#' s vkdki sa t`gkŽc @g&KF#2 uzr`zvcl`mla F><
>@g`i`go`i&s# (5F>K >@g&KF#2&s# ( 2F>&o#
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 23/40
Rfai` ďagcla z` agahtrkgctshk dkncv`mla
`guicmcl`
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 24/40
@g sa r`stv`r` u makhscdcr`luďci hcsagcm`i`' m`st`la fcdr`tczcr`mc @g2( ckm<
@g&s# (2F( (5F>K @g&F>K#5
2( ( 0'1F>&o#
^`stv`r`mlai u n`z`i` m`st`lu `guicm`tc< @g&s# (KF) (2F>K
@g&KF#4) ( 0'1F>&o#
Czo`r`mlai m` zr`hu m`st`la @g>K2<
>@g&s# (2+>K>&o# @g>K2&s# r F 9 )05?: hL+ikg
Tarictmc pkstup`h &hkrcstc sa u tafmcbc z`v`rcv`ml`#<
\nko vagcha st`ncgmkstc vaza @g)K' @g ikŽa raduhkv`tc Ea>K2 c khscdadruocf iat`g` p` sa hkrcstc z` dkncl`mla Br' Im' Ik' vkger`i`' ur`m` cdr- iat`g`<
>@g&s# (2+>K>&o# @g>K2&s# r F 9 )05?: hL+ikg
Ea>K2&s# >Ea&s# (2+>K>&o# r F 9 6>> hL+ikg
>@g&s# ( Ea>K2&s# >Ea&s# ( @g>K2&s# r F 9 )646 hL+ikg
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 25/40
Kskncma @g<
iaf`h' sranrm`stknclag iat`g' g`o`m' dknrk vkdc ag- strulu'
g`hk sa ikŽa v`gl`tc' `gc h`hk la praiaf`h prar`čula sa ugaoura h`k dur`guicmcl <
& 32)31 ! @g' 2'1)1'1 !Bu' Io :'1!' Im :-1!# i`gaoustkďa c vagcha tvrdkďa' hkrcsta sa u cmdustrulc
`utkikncg`' `vckm` c nrkdkv`-
Qpktran` @g< vcŠastruh`
) u agahtktafmcĉhkl cmdustrclc &si`mlula i`su Žcb`' iktkr`c dr- urač`l`
) z` czr`du huďmko pksuč` c cmd- razarvk`r`
) @g)ekgcla h`k dkn`r czkg`bclshc i`tarcl`g
TaŠhk o` la z`v`rcv`tc c gaictc znko pkvrŠcmshko khscd`hklc sa ikr` uhgkmctc
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 26/40
stapam khscd`bcla (2<
Gctcl `guicmcl fcdrcd
m`st`la iclaŠ`mlai u ataru gctcl fcdrcd` c @g fgkrcd`<
4GcF ( @gBg2 2GcBg ( Gc@gF4
or`dc sv` 4 trcf`gkoamcd` hklc ikou pkstkl`tc u ckmshki cgc
hkv`gamtmki kngchu-
T`nag` 2- H`r`htar vaza `guicmcl trcf`gkoamcd` u r`zgcĉctci usgkvci`
@gE2 @gBg2 @gNr2 @gC2
ćvrstk st`mla ckmsh` ckmsh` hkv`gamtm` hkv`gamtm`
Taĉmk st`mla ckmsh` hkv`gamtm` hkv`gamtm` hkv`gamtm`
Zgcmkvctk st̀ mla ckmsh` hkv`gamtm` hkv`gamtm` hkv`gamtm`
Ukdamc r s̀tvkr ckmsh` ckmsh` ckmsh` ckmsh`
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 27/40
Rv`hc f`gkoamcd la lkmczcr`m u vkdamki r`stvkru' `gc la @g2()ckm l`hk fcdrcgczcr`m<
@g2( ( 2F>K ⇄ @g&KF#>(
( F(
@guicmcl&CCC# egukrcd ' @gE2 ci` h`r`htar skgc' dkncl` sa dcrahtmcisp`l`mlai agaiam`t`-
@guicmcl&CCC# fgkrcd ' @gBg2 sa dkncl` dcrahtmki scmtazki czagaiam`t` pravkčamlai agaiamt`rmko fgkr` prahk uorcl`mcfstruoktcm` @g<
>@g&s# ( 2Bg>&o#
>@gBg2&s#
Nazvkdmc @g)fgkrcd hkrcstc sa h`k h`t`gcz`tkr u kro`mshciscmtaz`i`-
Hrcst`gczcr`mc ̀ guicmcl&CCC#)fgkrcd ' @g&F>K#5Bg2
@guicmcl&CCC# nrkicd ' @gNr 2 sa dkncl` dcrahtmki scmtazki czagaiam`t`-
@guicmcl&CCC# lkdcd ' @gC2
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 28/40
@guicmclav&CCC# khscd ' @g>K2
) dkncv` sa dafcdr`t`bclki fcdrkhscd`'
) L`vgl` sa u prcrkdc h`k icmar`g hkrumd u r`zgcĉctcinkl`i`' sguŽc h`k dr`ok h`iamla<
R`ecr ) s` prcilas`i` Bk' pg`v
^uncm) s` prcilas`i` Br' brvam
Ri`r`od) zagam
Krclamt`gmc ̀ iatcst) gluncĉ`st
Krclamt`gmc tkp`z) Žut
m`ltvrč` prcrkdm` tv`r pksgcla dcl`i`mt` c h`rnkrumd`'
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 29/40
) trc struhturma ikdcech`bcla @g>K2 <
)@g>K2 m`lvaďa tvrdkďa' mcla fcorkshkp`m8
)@g>K2 m`st`la dafcdr`t`bclki fcdrkhscd` m` mcŽkl taipar`turc' z`orcl`v`mlai czm`d 0::: :B prag`zc u )
@g>K28
) @g>K2 s`drŽc `gh`gma iat`ga ekriuga M`>K¿00@g>K2-
) hkrcstc sa z` dkncv`mla @g c z` czr`du v`trkst`gmcf kpah`&hkrumd)h`iamla# c faiclshko pksuč` ktpkrmko prai`vcskhkl taipar`turc
@g fcdrkhscd' @g&KF#2
vkguicmkz`m t`gko s prkilamglcvci s`drŽ`lai vkda' dkncl`sa dkd`v`mlai n`za r`stvkru @g2()ckm`' duŽci st`l`mlai`ikremc kngch prag`zc u hrcst`gczcr`mc'
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 30/40
) pkstkla dv` kngch` fcdrkhscd ̀@g&KF#2 <
) fcdrkhscd &n`larct# c
) fcdrkhscd &fcdr`rocgct c ocnsct#'
) dv` kngch` khscd fcdrkhscd` @gKKF<
) khscd fcdrkhscd &dc`spkr# c
) khscd fcdrkhscd &naict#8
ci`lu cstc s`st`v `gc sa r`zgchulu u struhturc-
) svc kngcbc fcdrkhscd` c khscd fcdrkhscd` dafcdr`t`bclkid`lu kdokv`r`luďa kngcha @g>K2
) @g fcdrkhscd ikŽa ra`okv`tc m` trc m`ĉcm`<
0- h`k hcsagcm`< r`stv`r`mlai u n`z`i` m`st`lu
`guicm`tc hklc su fcdr`tczcr`mc
@g&KF#2&s# ( KF) @g&KF#4)
@g&KF#2&s# ( 2KF) @g&KF#52)
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 31/40
@guicm`tmc ckm mcla st`ncg`m' prkbaski hkmdamz`bcla cdafcdr`t`bcla prag`zc u vcskhkpkgciarczcr`m iat`)`guicm`tmc ckm @gK>
)'
spcmagc ) orup` icmar`g` kpďa ekriuga ICC
@g>K4 &ICC 9 Io' \m' Ea' Na' Bk' Mc c Im#'
prcilar spcmag` Io@g>K4
>- h`k n`z`< r`stv`r`mlai u hcsagcm`i` m`st`lu lkmczcr`ma
`guicmclava skgc @g&KF#2&s# ( 2F( @g2( (2F>K
H`hk la @g&KF#2 sg`n` n`z`' ma ikou sa dknctc skgc sg`ncfhcsagcm` lar kdi`f fcdrkgczcr`lu u vkdamki r`stvkru&h`rnkm`t' mctrct' bcl`mcd' `bat`t#' skgc l`hcf hcsagcm` sust`ncgma c uilaramk fcdrkgczcr`lu &mctr`t' suge`t' fgkr`t cparfgkr`t#-
M`lv`Žmclc la `guicmclav suge`t hklc hrcst`gczcr` cz vkdamcfr`stvkr` s` 06 ikgahug` vkda @g>&RK4#2 ¿ 06F>K
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 32/40
@guicmclav suge`t hkrcstc sa h`k glapcgk u cmdustrclc p`pcr`'h`k ikĉcgk z` vazcv`mla nkla m` th`mcmu u tahstcgmcl
cmdustrclc' z` praĉcŠď`v`mla vkda< kmaĉcŠďamkl vkdc sadkd`la @g>&RK4#2 c B`&KF#><
>@g2( ( 2RK4>) ( 2B`>( (5KF) >@g&KF#2&s# ( 2B`RK4&s#
) Žag`tcmkz`m t`gko @g&KF#2 pkvg`ĉc s` sknki svasuspamdcr`ma supst`mba p` c ichrkkro`mczia
) s`st`vmc dck dvkstruhcf skgc ‒ `g`um' stcps`
m`lv`Žmclc H@g&RK4#>Ώ0>F>K
2- ikŽa pr`vctc hkv`gamtma spklava u hklci` su KF ‒
orupa z`iclamlama druoci `tkici`' mpr- @gNr 2 c @gC2
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 33/40
@guicmclav suge`t' @g > &RK4 #2 ¿ 06 F > K
• Nclag` hrcst`gm` supst`mb` r`stvkrglcv` u vkdc
• Qpktrangl`v` sa u iacbcmc h`k `strcoams c h`k ng`ok h`ustcĉmk
sradstvk-• ^clathk sa upktrangl`v` cmtarmk h`k `strcoams hk umutr`Šmlcf
hrv`raml`-
• hkrcstc sa h`k pkg`zm` supst`mb` z` dkncv`mla n`zmko `guicmcl`bat`t`' @gKF&BF2BKK#>' 6!)tm` suspamzcl` u vkdc ) Nurkv` vkd`
@guicmclav sun`bat`t' Gcqukr Nurkwc Qpktrangl`v` sa r`stvkr hklc sa s`stklc kd `guicmcl suge`t`' h`gbclh`rnkm`t`' `bat`tma hcsagcm` c dastcgkv`ma vkda ) prcilamlula sa h`k`strcoams c u kngchu kngko` hk pkvrŠcmshcf z`p`glaml` c cŠĉ`Šaml`-
H`gclav `guicmclav suge`t' stcps`' `g`um' H@g&RK4 #> ¿ 0> F > K
Zkstkla stcpsa u hklci` uilastk @g dkg`zc Ea' Im c dr- iat`gc- H`d` su lkmc knklamc c stcpsa dknclama kd mlcf su knklama- Qpktrangl`v` sah`k `dstrcoams z` z`ust`vgl`mla i`mlcf hrv`raml` c h`k ng`ocdazcmecbcl`ms-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 34/40
@guicmclav fcdrkhscd' @g&KF#2
hkrcstc sa h`k `mt`bcd
@guicmclav fgkrcd' @gBg 2 ¿ 5 F > K
Ngcladk)Žut hrcst`g`m fcorkshkp`m pr`f' g`hk r`stvkrglcv uvkdc- Qpktrangl`v` sa h`k `dstrcoams-
Nclag` ogcm` &Nkgus `gn ̀#
• Zrcrkdmc scgch`t hklc m`st`la r`sp`d`mlai eagdsp`t`' h`gcl`guicmcl scgch`t` &H@gRc2K6#-
• Ecmc nclagc pr`f' dkn`r `dskrnams c `dstrcoams-• Rtarcgmc pr`f pkscp` sa dcrahtmk m` r`ma-
• Hkrcstc sa u e`ri`bautshkl tafmkgkoclc h`k pumcgk hkdczr`da pcgug`-
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 35/40
O@GCL
) prcgcĉmk r`Šcram u prcrkdc' `gc mcodla sa ma m`g`zc u vaďci hkmbamtr`bcl`i`'
) u agaiamt`rmki kngchu dkncv` sa agahtrkgczki n`zmkor`stvkr` o`gcl fcdrkhscd`
) sl`l`m' nclag c iaf`h iat`g vrgk mcshko t`gcŠt` &>3'6 :B#'vcskhko vragcŠt` &~ >::: :B#' t`hk d` ci` m`lŠcra pkdruĉla s tahuďci `orao`tmci st`mlai kd ncgk hkla druoa
supst`mba hkl` la ngczu sknma taipar`tura taĉmkst-Hkrcstc sa z` pumlamla hv`rbmcf tarikiat`r`-
) Or`dc spklava stapam` khscd`bcla (0' (>' (2
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 36/40
stapam khscd`bcla (0< spklavc mcsu pktvrčamc stapam khscd`bcla (><
) dcf`gkoamcdc< silas` o`gcl&C#) c o`gcl&CCC#)spklav`o`gcl dcfgkrcd O`&O`Bg4#
o`gcl&CC# sugecd O`R
stapam khscd`bcla (2<
) sgcĉmc kdokv`r`luďci spklavci` @g) trcf`gkoamcdc< o`gcl trcegukrcd O`E2' ckmczcr`m8
o`gcl trcfgkrcd dciarczcr`m u pgcmshki st`mlu' O`>Bg5
) o`gcl fcdrkhscd' O`&KF#2 ci` hcsagc c n`zmc h`r`htar'
u vcŠhu n`za sa r`stv`r` d`luďc o`g`t lkm O`&KF#4) ) o`gcl suge`t O`>&RK4#2 d`la u vkdamci r`stvkrci`
`ikmclav o`gclav `g`um' MF4O`&RK4#> 0>F>K
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 37/40
CMDCL
• vrgk rclad`h agaiamt' mcodla sa ma m`g`zc u vaďci hkgcĉcm`i`
• scvh`stk)nclag iat`g' iaf`h h`k vks`h' ma m`rkĉctk ra`htcv`m
• or`dc spklava stapam` khscd`bcla (0' (>' c (2
stapam khscd`bcla (0<f`gkoamcdc< CmBg' CmNr' CmC 8
khscd Cm>K'
sugecd Cm>R
‒ st`ncgmc su s`ik u ĉvrstki `orao`tmki st`mlu' u vkdamcir`stvkrci` kdladmki c pktpumk dcsprkpkrbckmcr`lu<
2Cm( >Cm&s# ( Cm2(
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 38/40
stapam khscd`bcla (><
R`ik dcf`gkoamcdc hklc su u stv`rc hkipgahsmc spklavc scstci nrklai Cm&C# c Cm&CCC# `tki` u ikgahugc CmCXCmCCCF`g4Y-
Rt`ncgmc s`ik u ĉvrstki st`mlu' u vkdamci r`stvkrci`dcsprkpkrbckmcr`lu u > stapam`<
>CmBg>&s# CmBg ( CmBg2
2CmBg >Cm&s# ( CmBg2
stapam khscd`bcla (2<
Qog`vmki skgc cmdcl`<
Cmdcl&CCC# khscd Cm>K2 ' cmdcl&CCC# fcdrkhscd Cm&KF#2 Cmdcl&CCC # h`rnkm`t Cm>&BK2#2' cmdcl&CCC# lkd`t Cm&CK2#2
Cmdcl&CCC# mctr`t Cm>&MK2#2 ' cmdcl&CCC# suge`t Cm>&RK4#2
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 39/40
T@GCL rclad`h agaiamt' ci` o` ~2 put` vcŠa maok cmdcl` `gc mch`d ma dkg`zc u
vadci hkgcĉcm`i` dkncv` sa prc praĉcŠd`v`mlu druocf iat`g`' Bd c Zn
pk czogadu sgcĉ`m kgkvu' vrgk iaf`h c g`hk sa raŽa mkŽai
khscdcr` m` vg`Žmki zr`hu p` sa ĉuv` u patrkgalu
r`stv`r` sa u hcsagcm`i` znko mao`tcvmko raduhbclshko pktambcl`g`<
Tg( ( a) Tg&s# A: 9 ):'24 U
hkrcstc sa z` czr`du pksanmko kptcĉhko st`hg` s vagchci cmdahskigki` c z` czr`du mahcf gaour`' ` mahc spklavc z` umcŠt`v`mla
pkglkprcvradmcf Štatkĉcm`
Or`dc spklava stapam` khscd`bcla (0' (>' c (2
7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/elementi-13-grupe 40/40
stapam khscd`bcla (0<
• M`lv`Žmclc spklavc' vrgk st`ncgmc' m`st`lu raduhbclki Tg&CCC#spklav`- • T`gcl&C# spklavc su lkmshko h`r`htar`'
• Tg( )ckm ma dcsprkpkrbckmcr` u vkdamci r`stvkrci`-
• sgcĉmc spklavci` `gh`gmcf iat`g`< &TgE' TgBg' TgNr' TgC' h`rnkm`t'
mctr`t' suge`t# c
• Tg&KF# l`h` n`z` h`k c `gh`gmc fcdrkhscdc
stapam khscd`bcla (><) u stv`rc hkipgahsma skgc s Tg( c Tg2( lkmci` TgXTgBg4Y
stapam khscd`bcla (2<
Tg&CCC# spklavc su l`h` khscd`bclsh` sradstv` p` su z`tk mast`ncgmc c
g`hk prag`za u Tg(
)lkm<Tg2( ( >a) Tg( A: 9 (0'>6 U
T`gcl&CCC#)khscd Tg>K2
dkncv` sa z`orcl`v`mlai iat`g` m` zr`hu cgc t`gkŽamlai Tg2( ckm` s
gh gcl dc fcd t Tg&KF#2 t lc