NewSuitable for students at KET / A2 levelElementaryLanguage Practice

English Grammar and Vocabulary3rd Editionwith key&MACMILLAN

with CD-ROM

ElementaryLanguage PracticeMichael VinceEnglish Grammar and Vocabulary3rd EditionMACMILLAN

Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford 0X4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the worldISBN 978 0 2307 2694 9 without key ISBN 978 0 2307 2693 2 with keyText Michael Vince 2010Design and illustration Macmillan Publishers Limited 2010First published 1999 This edition published 2010All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.Designed by Macmillan Layout and composition by xen Cover design by Andrew OliverIllustrated by:ODI pp 99, 109, 111, 112, 129, 153, 185, 220, 222, 235, 236;Julian Mosedale pp 11, 29, 43, 49, 82, 116, 129, 151, 169, 243;Nick Kobyluch pp 27, 55, 57, 83, 103, 175, 231;Joanna Kerr pp 7, 9, 35, 54, 82, 104, 117, 155, 224The author would like to thank the many schools and teachers who have commented on these materials. Also special thanks to Kevin McNicholas and Sarah Curtis.The publisher would like to thank Clare Shaw for her editorial support.Printed in Thailand201420132012201120101098765432ContentsGrammar 1 Grammar 2 Grammar 3 Grammar 4 Grammar 5 Grammar 6Checkpoint 1 Grammar 7Grammar 8Grammar 9Grammar 10Grammar 11Grammar 12Checkpoint 2 Grammar 13Grammar 14Grammar 15Grammar 16Grammar 17Introduction viiiGrammar starter test Present simple of beam, is, arePresent simple: affirmative; frequency adverbsI like, she plays; always, usually Present simple: negative and questionsI dont like... Do you walk?Present continuous: affirmativeIra waiting.Present continuous: negative and questionsVm not waiting. Is he waiting?Present continuous and present simpleI am watching; I watchUnits 1-6Past simple (regular verbs): affirmativeI watchedPast simple (regular verbs): negative and questionsI didnt start; did you start?Past simple (irregular verbs): affirmativeI wentPast simple (irregular verbs): negative and questionsWe didnt go. Did you go?Past simple of beI was, you werePast continuous: all formswas eating. He wasnt eating. Were you eating?Units 7-12Past continuous and past simple

was watching TV when Paul phoned.Past habits: used toused to play tennis.Present perfect: affirmativeIve lost my watch.Present perfect: negative and questionshavent visited China. Have you started?Present perfect and past simpleHes left. He left at 8.00.CONTENTSGrammar 18Checkpoint 3 Grammar 19

Grammar 20Grammar 21Grammar 22 Grammar 23 Grammar 24Checkpoint 4 Grammar 25Grammar 26Grammar 27Grammar 28Grammar 29Grammar 30Checkpoint 5 Grammar 31Grammar 32Grammar 33Grammar 34Grammar 35Grammar 36Present perfect and past simple: time expressions44ever, just, yet, already, since, for, agoUnits 13-1846Be going to: plans and predictions48Its going to rain.Will: predictions52I'll be late.Will: promises, decisions, refusing54Ill see you at 7.30.Will or going to?56Present continuous: future use58Future time words60Units 19-2462Reported speech and past perfect64She said that she was leaving. I had startedPassive 166a lot of money is spentPassive 2: agent68Peter was kidnapped by aliens.Imperatives70Stand up!Gerunds72Jogging is good fun!Contractions74Im, youre, he'sUnits 25-3076Zero conditional and conditional 178If I have a cold, I stay at home. If we miss the bus, well be late.Conditional 280If I knew the answer, I would tell them.Conditionals 1 and 282If you fall, youll hurt yourself.If you fell, youd hurt yourself.Yes/no questions and short answers86Did I pass the test?Yes, you did.Wh- questions; subject and object questions88Who is that? What eats fish?Tag questions90You like chips, dont you?ivCONTENTSCheckpoint 6Units 31-3692Grammar 37Modals: ability and possibility94can, cant, cannotGrammar 38Modals: obligation96must, have to, shouldGrammar 39Modals: negative obligation98mustn't, dont have to, shouldnt Grammar 40Modals: past100could, couldnt, had to, didn't have to Grammar 41Modals: possibility, uncertainty, impossibility, certainty102might, may, could, cant, must Grammar 42Modals: main points104Checkpoint?Units 37-42106Grammar 43Plural nouns108glasses, potatoes, families, knives, feet, sheep Grammar 44Countable and uncountable nouns 1110an, some, anyGrammar 45Countable and uncountable nouns 2112a coffee / some coffeeGrammar 46much, many114Grammar 47too much, too many, enough116Grammar 48Numbers120one, first, Vi, 1.5CheckpointsUnits 43-48122Grammar 49Prepositions of place and movement124

in, on, at, to, intoGrammar 50Prepositions and adverbials of place and position128inside, outside, owf of, near, opposite, next to, in front of, behind Grammar 51Articles 1132a/an, theGrammar 52Articles 2: zero article134Grammar 53Pronouns 1136I, me, mine, this, oneGrammar 54Pronouns 2138somebodyy anybody, nobody, everybody, none, nothingCheckpoint 9Units 49-54140CONTENTSGrammar 55Possession 1142This is my bike.Grammar 56Possession 2144Janes house; the roof of the house Grammar 57Adjectives146Grammar 58Order of adjectives; adjectives with -ed or -ing148happy; rich and famous; tired, tiringGrammar 59Making comparisons 1: comparative adjectives150Lisa is older than Clara.Grammar 60Making comparisons 2: superlative adjectives154She is the fastest runner.Checkpoint 10Units 55-60156Grammar 61Adverbs: formation and position158Jim wrote quickly.Grammar 62It and there as subjects160Grammar 63Have, have got, get162Grammar 64Make, do, go; phrasal verbs164go shopping; look it upGrammar 65Verbs with prepositions, gerund or infinitive166Grammar 66Be with adjectives and prepositions170Checkpoint 11Units 61-66172Grammar 67Functions 1: advice, agreeing/disagreeing, apologizing,replying174Grammar 68Functions 2: descriptions, directions, excuses, greetings176Grammar 69Functions 3: asking for information, invitations, offers,permission178Grammar 70Functions 4: preferences, promises, reminders, requesting,suggesting, warning180Grammar 71Calendar182Grammar 72Time184CheckpointsUnits 67-72186Grammar 73Punctuation188Grammar 74Spelling 1192Grammar 75Spelling 2194Grammar 76Spelling 3196Grammar 77Prefixes, suffixes, phrasal verbs, compound words198Checkpoint 13Units 73-77202viVocabulary1Personal details206Vocabulary2Family matters208Vocabulary3Free time210Vocabulary4Rooms212Vocabulary5Places214Vocabulary6Jobs216Vocabulary7Inside the house218Vocabulary8Food and drink220Vocabulary9Animals222Vocabulary10Clothes224Vocabulary11Weather226Vocabulary12The body228Vocabulary13Staying healthy230Vocabulary14The world around us232Vocabulary15Transport234Vocabulary16Useful things236Vocabulary17Other countries238Vocabulary18In the classroom240Vocabulary19Going out242Vocabulary20Shopping around244

Formation rules246

Irregular verbs248

Wordlist250

Grammar index261

Grammar answers265

Vocabulary answers290IntroductionThis book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Cambridge ESOL KET or Common European Framework level A2.The book can be used as a self-study reference grammar and practice book, or as supplementary material. If used for classwork, activities can be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or small groups. It provides a wide variety of practice, which includes both sentence-based and text-based formats.The grammar section includes units on word formation, punctuation and spelling. There are regular Checkpoint units which provide further consolidation. The vocabulary section covers essential topics and common errors.Grammar starter testUse this test to find out how much you know, and where to focus your practice.Units 1 to 6Underline the correct form.Do you like / Does you like jazz?What are you reading / you are reading?Does Helen lives / live here?They dont / doesn't speak French.What time do you usually / you usually do get up?Are you knowing / Do you know the answer?

Units 7 to 12Complete each sentence with a suitable tense of the verb in brackets.Peter (not go)to the cinema last night.Sorry, I (forget)to do my homework yesterday.What (you see)on TV last night? Sue (leave)Italy and travelled to France last month.(they enjoy)their holiday in Greece last year? While I (eat)my dinner, the phone (ring)

Units 13 to 18Complete each sentence with one word.Tinato have long hair, but now its short.you finished your work yet?Carol isnt here. Shegone home.Our teachernot arrived yet.Ive lived hereJanuary.Have youbeen to Paris?

Units 19 to 24Underline the correct words.Bye! ru see / Vm going to see you next week.Good news! Maria will have / is going to have a baby.What are you doing/ will you do tomorrow? Do you want to come to the beach?Its very cold. I think it will snow / its snowing tomorrow.I can t see you tomorrow. I will go / Vm going to the dentist s.Bye for now! Ill talk to you after / later.

ELEMENTARY LANGUAGE PRACTICEUnits 25 to 30Complete each sentence with one word.Sam told us that shearrive at 6.00.The missing paintingsfound yesterday.The windows were brokenfootball hooligans. Dontthere! Thats my seat! I like but Im not a very good swimmer!Dont worry. Ibe late.

Units 31 to 36Underline the correct words.If we leave / left now, well catch the train.

If I feel ill, I don't / wouldn't go to school.

If you check / checked your work, it would be much better.

Is Tony coming with us? No, he isnt / doesn't/

Who sits / does he sit here?You feel all right, isnt it / don t you?

Units 37 to 42Complete each sentence with one word.you help me? fm lost.Do weto be here at 8.00?Studentsnot leave bicycles here.Sorry I was absent yesterday. Ito go to the doctors.This answerbe right! Im sure its wrong!Would you like a sandwich? Yoube hungry.

Units 43 to 48Underline the correct words.We havent got a /any milk, Im afraid.How much / many people live here?I asked Jim for some advices / advice.This is / these are my furniture.There isnt too much / enough time to answer all the questions.Could you give me some / any help, please?

2GRAMMAR STARTER TESTUnits 49 to 54Complete each sentence with one word. Pat livesthe end of the street. Helen takes her dogthe park every morning. Can you buy meticket for the concert? This istallest building inworld.Ill let you read mine if I can readHave you eaten all the biscuits? There arein the box!

Units 55 to 60Underline the correct words.We stayed in an old beautiful / a beautiful old hotel.Whos / Whose books are these?Does this pen belong to / own you?I can t use this box. It isnt enough big / big enough.This film is better as / than the one we saw last week.This is the better / the best restaurant in the town.

Units 61 to 66Underline the correct words.Martin works hard / hardly in his new job.It/ There is somebody at the door.How much money have you got / have you get?Sorry, I think Ive done / made a mistake.Do you fancy going / to go to the cinema?Are you interested for / in history?

Units 67 to 72Complete each sentence with one word.Whats ClaraV Shes really nice! If Iyou, Yd ask the teacher for help.Do youif I leave my suitcase here? Could you tell me theto the station? Paul is leaving today but he is coming backmonth. Idstay at home than go out.

31

GRAMMARPresent simple of beam, is, areUse the present simple of be:with age:Carlos is fifteen.with an adjective:with this and that:with nationality:with jobs:

StatementsYoure right.This is my bike. They are Turkish. Jim is a dentist.Im fourteen.It's easy.That is Helens house. We're French.Tony and Jill are teachers.I amhe iswe areVmheswereyou areshe isthey areyou reshesthey're

it is

its

igativeI am nothe is notwe are notI ra nothe isntwe arentyou are notshe is notthey are notyou arentshe isntthey arent

it is not

it isnt

Ym not wrong.You aren't French.It isn't cold.s/No Questions

Am I ... pIs he... ?Are we... ?Are you... Is she... ?Are they... ?

Is it... ?

Am I wrong?Are you French?Is it cold?- SEE ALSO

Grammar 30: Contractions

We arent late.Are we late?4GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT SIMPLE OF BEComplete each sentence with am, is, or are.ThisisThese

k$.my family.my parents.English.in the garden.LucyWe ...This,

her pen.Maria and Anna

students.My dogI

happy.happy.Change the sentences into negative sentences.Its hot today.Im at homeMy friends are hereYoure a teacher.Were at the cinemaThis is difficultSam is happy.

Change the statements into questions.fm lateAM.Mte?.Youre illWe re rightHes fifteenIts coldThe school is in this streetMy books are in your bag

Choose the most suitable answer (a-e) to each question (1-5).What s your name?Are you at school?How old are you?Is English difficult?Are you Portuguese?

No, its easy.Yes, Im a student.

52GRAMMARPresent simple: affirmative I like, she plays Frequency adverbs always, usuallyPresent simpleThe present simple describes general facts, repeated actions and habits, and things that are always true.General facts

like milk.Maria plays basketball.

Repeated actions and habits

Harry often arrives late.walk to school every day.

Things that are always true

They speak Turkish. We live in Australia.usually get up at 7.30.

My brother usually walks with me.The sun rises in the east.The earth goes round the sI walkwe walk

you walkthey walk

BUT he walksshe walksit walksSpellingVerbs ending in 0, 5, ch, shy X add -es for the he/she/it form.go goesmiss misseswatchwatcheswash washesrelax relaxesalways, usually, often, sometimes, neverWe often use the present simple with these frequency adverbs.always100%Tim always wears jeans.usually80%I usually go to bed at 9.30.often60%Sue often goes to the cinema.sometimes40%Sam sometimes walks to schoolnever0%It never rains here in August.The frequency adverb goes between the subject and the verb. Monday always comes after Sunday.

6

GRAMMAR 2 PRESENT SIMPLE: AFFIRMATIVE; FREQUENCY ADVERBSLook at the pictures. Complete each sentence with a verb from the box.arrivelikeliverainstartteach

1 Davidchocolate.Ithere in November.Lizwith her family in Italy.George oftenlate. The lesson at 6.00. Kate and JimEnglish in Spain.

Underline the correct word in each sentence.Juan and Carmen live / lives in Madrid.Harry watch / watches television every evening.I usually go / goes to school by bus.It never snow / snows in this city.Sam live / lives in that house.You never clean / cleans your teeth!Carol get / gets up early every day.All the buses leave / leaves from this bus-stop.

Complete each sentence. Use the verb and frequency adverb in brackets.Tina (sometimes, miss) ....SPWttMS..W5fS.... the bus to school.I (never, get up)before 6.00.We (usually, take)a holiday in August.Jim and Helen (often, go)to the theatre.I (often, sing)in the shower.Pat (sometimes, play)football on Sunday.You (never, finish)your homework!Our teacher (always, wear)a tie.

73GRAMMARPresent simple: negative I don't like...and questions Do you walk?NegativeWe use do not or dont with I, you, we and they when we make negatives in thepresent simple.We use does not or doesn't with he, she and it.We put do not/don t and does not/doesnt after the pronoun I, you, he etc.

don't like ice-cream. She doesn't eat chocolate.I do not walk.

He does not walk.We do not walk.I dont walk.He doesnt walkWe don't walk.You do not walk.She does not walk.They do not walk.You dont walk.She doesn't walk.They dont walk.

It does not walk.

It doesn't walk.

don't drink coffee. They don't speak Italian.Tom doesn't play tennis. We don't live in France.

Questions We use do with I, you, we and they when we make questions in the present simple. We use does with he, she and it.We put do or does before the pronoun I, you, he etc. Do you walk to school or do you take the bus?

Do I walk?Does he walk?Do we walk?Do you walk?Does she walk?Do they walk?

Does it walk?

Does Ana play basketball?Do they speak Italian?Does Harry often arrive late?Do you live in Australia?Wh- questionsWhere does Anna play basketball? When do you usually get up?SEE ALSO Grammar 35: Wh- questions

8GRAMMAR 3 PRESENT SIMPLE: NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONSComplete each sentence. Put the words in brackets into the correct order.Our (walk, not, teacher, does)to school.Where (Helen, live, does)?(do, not, go, we)to the cinema on Friday. (David, does, ride)a bike?(play, do, you)football after school?Kate (like, does, not)oranges. I (lunch, usually, have)at 1.30.

Complete each sentence. Use the words in brackets.Mary (like, not)baseball.(wash, Peter)his face every morning? (watch, you)television every day?I (eat, not, often)fruit.(teacher, usually, give)you homework? My friends (live, not)near my house.

Look at the pictures. Write ao a[=1

question or a negative sentence.

Alice and MikeJackJack - get up at 7.00 ?Jack - leave home at 8.00?Jack - not/leave home at 7.00Jack - not/wear school uniformAlice and Mike - walk to work?Alice and Mike - not/arrive lateAlice and Mike - watch TV in the evening?Alice and Mike - not/like tennis

9

4

GRAMMARPresent continuous: affirmative I'm waiting.Use the present continuous for actions happening at the moment.

am sitting in my car.Shes watching television.We form the present continuous with the present of be + verb + ing

am watching He is watchingI am waiting.

He is waiting.We are waiting.Im waiting.Hes waiting.Were waiting.You are waiting.She is waiting.They are waiting.Youre waiting.Shes waiting.They re waiting.

It is waiting.

Its waiting.

Im studying English. Were swimming in the sea.My brothers talking on the telephone now.Sue's reading a book at the momentSpellingVerbs with two vowels and ending in one consonant, add -ing.

wait waitingVerbs ending in e, drop e and add -ing.

make makingdecide decidingwrite writingVerbs ending with one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant.

sit sittingswim swimmingcut cuttingVerbs ending ie, change ie to y.

lie lyingtie tyingdie dyingVerbs ending in a vowel and y, add -ing.

stay stayingplay playingsay saying10GRAMMAR 4 PRESENT CONTINUOUS: AFFIRMATIVE1 Look at the pictures and write sentences.

I/eat2They/listen3Theteacher/come

Vim, ti^......You / move

Complete this postcard with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.Dear Jim,

We (1) (have)a terribleHoliday. It (2) (rain)I (3) (sit)in the apartment.I (4) (watch)television. Tom andPeter (5) (play)computergames. Alice (6) (read)a book.Susan (7) (make)a cup of coffee.The baby () (cry)I want to go home.See you soon,George11

GRAMMARPresent continuous: negative I'm not waiting and questions Is he waiting?NegativeI am not waiting.He is not waiting.We are not waiting.I m not waiting.He isnt waiting.We arent waiting.

(Hes not...)(Were not...)You are not waiting.She is not waiting.They are not waiting.You arent waiting.She isnt waiting.They arent waiting.(You re not...)(Shes not...)It is not waiting. It isnt waiting. (Its not waiting.)(Theyre not...)Vm not walking to school today.Ym not drinking milk, Vm drinking cola.They aren't playing football. Theyre playing rugby.QuestionsAm I waiting?Is he waiting?Are we waiting?Are you waiting?Is she waiting?Are they waiting?

Is it waiting?

Are you waiting for me?Are you reading? No, Vm not reading.Wh- questionsWhat are you doing?Where are you going?- SEE ALSOGrammar 34: Yes/no questions and short answers Grammar 35: Wh- questionsGRAMMAR 5 PRESENT CONTINUOUS: NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONSChange the statements into questions. Im making a lot of noise..... A KW..(. .k&fl ..KV. fl. lot. of'...Clare is reading.You are watching the news.It is snowing.We are waiting in the right place.You are sitting here.David is enjoying his holiday.The bus is stopping.

Change the statements into negative sentences.It is raining.Tim is studying.Were talking.Youre listening to me.Katherine is lying.They are waiting for us.Annas having a good time.Im reading at the moment.

Correct each sentence or question. Use the correct present continuous form.I playing tennis with my best friend.

\'WLt/s with kV/ best fritvyd;Youre coming to the cinema tonight?John and Mandy dont going to the beach.Is Emma and Sam flying to America?Wheres Ann? She is walk on the beach.We not studying French at school this year.You have a good time?I arent watching the TV. Turn it off.Fred are eating a sandwich for his lunch.Are waiting they for a bus?

13GRAMMARPresent continuous lam watching and present simple I watchPresent continuousUse the present continuous to describe things that are happening at the moment.Jim is watching television at the moment.Present simpleUse the present simple to describe habits and routines.Things we do often, every day, every week, etc.Things that always happen.

arrive at school at 8.30.The first lesson starts at 8.45.

The lesson finishes at 9.30.We generally use these verbs with the present simple, not the present continuous:

costThis bike costs 200.likeAnna likes rap music,knowDoyouknowtheanswer?understandI dont understand this,believeDo you believe me?Some verbs have one meaning in the present simple, but a different meaning in thepresent continuous.Do you have a bike? = Do you own a bike?(in general)Vm having a great time! = Its a great party!(at the moment)think this film is great\ = I like this film a lot.(in general)

Quiet! Vm thinking. = Im doing a difficult exercise.(at the moment)Joe lives in New York. (New York is his home. He lives there all the time.)We are living near the station at the moment. (We want to move to another house soon.)

14GRAMMAR 6 PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT SIMPLEChoose the best sentence for the situation.A Im in the bathroom! I wash my hair.

B Im in the bathroom! Im washing my hair. /A This maths problem is difficult. Do you know the answer?

B This maths problem is difficult. Are you knowing the answer?A Do you wait for the school bus? Youre in the wrong place!

B Are you waiting for the school bus? Youre in the wrong place!A Look at that bike! It costs 350.

B Look at that bike! It is costing 350.A Do you understand this exercise?

B Are you understanding this exercise?A Sorry, Im busy. I do my homework.

B Sorry, Im busy. Im doing my homework.Complete each sentence. Use the words in brackets. Use present simple or present continuous.1

Richard (always, get up)JiVY.#ys.0.&S.before 7.00.2Hurry up! The bus (wait)

for us!3Where (we, go)? This is the wrong road!4My friends (not believe)

my story.5Please be quiet! I (read)a very interesting book.6(like, Susan)

horror films?7Maria (usually, sit)at the front of the class.8Carlos cant talk to you at the moment. He (have)a shower.9Please wait for a moment, Jane. I (talk)

to Susan.10This bike (cost)

a lot of money.Choose the most suitable word or phrase for each space.

1Someone for you outside Who is it?

A waits B is waitingc waiting

2What... of this book? I think its fantastic!

A do you think B is you thinkc you do think

3in ghosts?

A Are you believe B Are you believingc Do you believe

4Kate is busy. Shefor a test.

A is study B is studyingc is studies

5a great time at the moment!

A We are have B Were havec Were having

6Tina usuallyat 7.00.

A get up B is getting upc gets up

15CHECKPOINT 1Units 1-6Correct each sentence or question.I oesivt- likes this film.MftWi't.AkteSWhat do you wants?Jim walk sometimes to school.When the lesson begins?I dont gets up early on Saturdays.Tina not like computer games.Alex watchs television every night.

Complete each sentence with one word. Contractions are one word.Whatdoyou usually eat for lunch?George and Terryspeak Portuguese. They speak English.Its 9.30 and the childrensitting at their desks. Kenlike tea. In fact, he hates it.When it rains,you take an umbrella? Whatit say on the board? I cant see from here.

Choose the most suitable word or phrase for each space.1

What time ,Qr to bed?

A usually do you go B do usually you goc do you usually go2Every day, Frankto work.

A goes B is goingCgo3Stop it!it!

A Im not liking B I dont likec I not like4What? Is it an orange?

A you are eating B are you eatingc do you eat5Anna feels ill, so shebasketball.

A doesnt play B isnt playc isnt playing6Pay attention, Philip!?

A Do you listen B Is it listeningc Are you listening7Excuse meto the city centre?

A This bus goes B Does this bus goc Is this bus go16CHECKPOINT 1 UNITS 1-6Rewrite each sentence using the words in brackets.Jo goes to school by bus. (usually)

Jo 1/tsutfllUj to school by touts...Im working hard, (not)Sara likes sport, (not)I get up at 6.30. (always)We speak German, (not)Peter goes to the beach, (often)George drinks beer, (never)Were having a good time, (not)

Present simple or present continuous? Change the verb if it is wrong.Are you having a motorbike?

h?.Y. Im staying in a hotel near the sea.Id like to buy this coat. How much is it costing?What you doing?Ym usually getting up at 6.00.This book is difficult. Im not understanding it.I watch a lot of TV every night.Excuse me. Are you knowing the way to the museum?

Think about grammar!Are the sentences true or false?Present simple questions always begin with the word do.I eat rice means the same as Vm eating rice.Some verbs have a different meaning in present simple and in present continuous.

177

GRAMMARPast simple (regular verbs): affirmativeI watchedWe use the past simple to describe finished events in the past.

7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pmYESTERDAY8pm 9pm 10pm-f-startedfinishedTODAYYesterday I watched a great film on TV. It started at 8pm and finished at 10pm. Regular verbs: add -ed to form the past simplewatch + ed start + edI startedhe startedwe startedyou startedshe startedthey started

it started

John played football last week.The bus arrived at 9.30.In 1998 I decided to move to Australia.Yesterday I walked to schoolKate stayed in Turkey last summer.SpellingOne-syllable verbs: double the final consonant.

fit fittedstop stoppedOne-syllable verbs ending consonant + y: change y to i.

cry criedtry triedOne-syllable verbs ending vowel + y do not change.

play playedstay stayedTwo-syllable verbs: double the final consonant when the stress is on the last syllable.

admit admittedTwo-syllable verbs with the stress on the first syllable do not double the final consonant.

answer answeredOther regular verbsanswerlisten startarrive livestopdecidemarry turnlikeopenwatch18GRAMMAR 7 PAST SIMPLE (REGULAR): AFFIRMATIVE1 Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets.Mv daw vesterdav1 My mother (call)me at 7.00.2 I (wash)and (dress)very quickly.3 I (walk)... to school.A After school I (watch) 'television.5 Then I (play)basketball with my friends.6 At 0.30 we (finish^the ame.7 before bedtime I (phone)my friend.

2 Complete the paragraph with the past simple form of the verbs from the box.arrivecontinuefinishlistenplayStarttalkworkMy first day at schoolremember my first day at school in 20011 i (1)at .30 andlessons at 9.00. We (5)from 9,00 to 1 2,00.

The teachers (4)to us a lot! Then we (5)feasketbalLfor an hour, in the afternoon Vie (6)the lessons and(7)to the teacher care fully. Then at 5.50 the lessons(8>)It was a long and tiring day!Change the sentences into past simple sentences.

Tom looks out of the window.

ToiM, ltep utt of the wliA/dow.We arrive at 6.30.Laura watches television all afternoon.The bus stops at the end of the street.I visit an old castle on Saturday.Sue waits for her friends for more than an hour.They decide to come to my party.

19GRAMMARPast simple (regular verbs): negativeI didn't startand questions did you start?NegativeWe use did not or didnt when we make negatives in the past simple. We put did not after the pronoun I, you, he etc. We do not add -ed.didn't start learning English last year. I started this year.I did not start

he did not startwe did not startI didnt starthe didnt startwe didnt startyou did not startshe did not startthey did not startyou didnt startshe didnt startthey didnt start

it did not start

it didnt start

Yes/No QuestionsWe use did when we make questions in the past simple. We put did before the pronoun I, you, he etc. We do not add -ed.Did you start learning English last year?Did I start?Did he start?Did we start?Did you start?Did she start?Did they start?

Did it start?

Did they arrive yesterday? No, they didn't arrive yesterday. They arrived on Monday.Did you finish your homework? No, I didn't finish my homework. It was very difficult.Wh- questionsWhen did you start learning English?When did you finish your homework?When did you start school? I started school in 1993.SEE ALSOGrammar 34: Yes/no questions and short answers Grammar 35: Wh- questionsGRAMMAR 8 PAST SIMPLE (REGULAR): NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONSChange the sentences into negative sentences.Our bus arrived on time.

Our bu.s rtuWt amy y tiiMg'.'Sue phoned last night.Maria finished work early yesterday.The train stopped at Harrys station.I wanted to go to bed early.Carlos answered my letter.John invited lots of people to his party.The shops opened on Sunday.Peter liked his new shoes.

Change the statements into questions.Tim arrived at 2.00.

rc Tim ae at ZL.OQ?Sam phoned home.Helen wanted to make a phone call.Paul visited the doctor.Bill missed the bus.George walked to school.Jim opened the window.Emma helped the teacher.Alice washed her hair.

219GRAMMARPast simple (irregular verbs): affirmativeI wentIrregular verbs do not have -ed endings for the past simple. Each verb has its own form and we have to learn these forms.go went eat atecomecamedo didhave hadget gottake tookbringbroughtgoeatI wentI ateyou wentyou atehe wenthe ateshe wentshe ateit wentit atewe wentwe atethey wentthey ateLast week we went to the cinema. Yesterday I drank ten colas.Pedro ate 10 cakes yesterday. We made dinner last night.TaskComplete the list. Use the words from the box.sentgotdid knew beganflew broughttookwent hadcametoldgave stood metmade foundworedrank ranVerbbeginbringcomedodrinkfindflygetgivegoPast simplebg^i,VerbhaveknowmakemeetrunsendstandtaketellwearPast simpleNow check your answers. Look at the list of irregular verbs on page 248.22

GRAMMAR 9 PAST SIMPLE (IRREGULAR): AFFIRMATIVEComplete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets.The last lesson (begin).fessftfkat 2.30.Joe (feel)ill after lunch. Suddenly a bird (fly)in the window!I think you (do)the wrong thing.Jane (get)ready very quickly.We (know)the answer. The students (stand)up when the teacher arrived.It was cold, but I (wear)two pullovers.Anna (eat)two plates of spaghetti.Rick (tell)us the time.

Choose the correct words to complete this article about Sally Green.A day in the life of Sally GreenYesterday was a normal day for Sally Green, the writer. She (1) .fk. up at 6.00.

She (2)to the bathroom, and then she (3)her clothes. After that she(4)breakfast and (5)the newspaper. Then she (6)her bed. From7.00 to 10.00 she (7)in the living-room and (8)television. Then she(9)shopping. At 1.00 she (10)home and (11)her lunch. Afterlunch she (12)work. She (13)from 2.00 to 9.00. She (14)a lot oftea. Then she (15)her friends at a nightclub.1AgetBgetscgot2AwentBgoedcgoes3Aput onBputted oncputs on4AeatBhavecate5AreadBsawcreaded6AmadeBmakecmaking7AsatBsitcwas8AwatchesBwatchedcwached9AdoesBwentcdid10AcornedBcomeccame11AhasBhadchave12AbeginBbeginnedcbegan13AwritesBwritecwrote14AdrinksBdrunkcdrank15AmeetsBmetcmeet23GRAMMARPast simple (irregular verbs): negative We didn't go and questions Did you go?NegativeI did not gohe did not gowe did not goI didnt gohe didnt gowe didnt goyou did not goshe did not gothey did not goyou didnt goshe didnt gothey didnt go

it did not go

it didnt go

We didn't go to school last week.Sam didn't eat an ice-cream yesterday. They didn't give Jack a present.didn't have breakfast.QuestionsDid I go?

Did he go?Did we go?Did you go?Did she go?Did they go?

Did it go?

Did you go to the cinema last night?Did you send me a letter last week?Where did you go yesterday?What did you do?In questions and negative sentences with did/didnt, the main verb is not in the past form.didnt go to the cinema last night.dttbrt-Tvent to the cinema. X

24GRAMMAR 10 PAST SIMPLE (IRREGULAR): NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONSRead the answers. Write a question for each answer.kkd.Mftte.fUj.tftYes,Nick flew to the USA.Yes, Anna went to Italy.Yes, Jack found the money.Yes, Helen knew the answer.Yes, Alex came to the party.Yes, Pat brought the flowers.Yes, Kate sent the letter.Yes, Alan made the cake.Yes, Tina wore a hat.Yes, Rick felt ill.

Change the statements into negative sentences.Tom and Anna had breakfastMike took the busMaria and Carlos did the homeworkCatherine got a prizePeter knew the teacherSam went to university.Paula ate a sandwichMurat and Soraya ran fastJoe made mistakesCarla came early.

Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets.1

When (you, come)did you. c-om,eto this country?2Jack (not, wear)

his raincoat.3Pat (leave)

his coat in the hall.4How many pages (you, write)...

?5What (the teacher, say)

?6(you, not, tell)

us your name.7(vou,go)to the basketball match yesterday?8\J ' O ' ) (lA/t try) It. IthliA/te, It's 0atA,0eroi/ts!(^) (you. rec-elve)w,y other postcards?Love, Nu>fe41GRAMMARPresent perfect He's left. and past simple He left at 8.00.ContrastPresent perfectSorry, he isrit here. Hes left.We know that this is recent. We do not know when exactly he left.

Past simpleSorry, he isnt here. He left at 8.00.We know exactly when he left.Present perfectRonaldo has scored a goal!We are interested that he has scored! We are not interested in when he did this.

Past simpleRonaldoscored a goal in the second minute of the match.We are interested in the time when he scored.Present perfectIve broken my pen. Now I cant write.This explains why we cant do something now.

Past simpleIbroke my pen at school in the maths test.This explains what happened, where it happened and when it happened.Present perfectHave you been to China?Yes.This is a question about our experiences in the past.

Past simpleWhen did you go to China? I went in 1998.This is a question about exactly when we went to China.been and goneKate has been to school (She went there and came back. Shes at home now.) Kate has gone to school. (Shes not at home now. Shes at school.)GRAMMAR 17 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE1 Choose the best picture (a-f) for each sentence (1 -6)I lived there for ten years.6I have lived here for ten years.Pat has gone shopping.Pat has been shopping.Weve missed the bus.We missed the bus.

Underline the correct verb form in each sentence.Can I have another book? Vve read read this one.Im not ready. I didnt finish / haven t finished my homework.I can t find my wallet. I think I ve lost / lost it.Did you eat / Have you eaten spaghetti last night?Harry left / has left at 10.30.Hurry up, Jim! You didnt start / haven t startedlDid you see / Have you seen the match on TV last night?

Complete the sentences with the past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.Where (you go)for your holidays last year?I cant play any more. I (just hurt)my foot.Jane is a famous writer, and (write)over fifty books. Sorry, I (not finish)my letters yet.We had a great party last week Who (you, invite)VWhere (you, meet)Sam? Was it at the sports centre? Peter (not play)basketball for a month.

43

GRAMMARPresent perfect and past simple: time expressionsever, just, yet, already, since, for, agoPresent perfectWe use the present perfect with:ever, never (any time / not any time)

Have you ever seen a lion? Vve never seen a lion.just (a short time ago)

Is Peter here? No, he's just gone out. There he is!yet (not finished - with negatives and questions)

Have you finished your homework yet? No, Ym still doing italready (finished - with statements)

Have a sandwich! No thanks, ve already eaten. I had lunch at 12.00.since (a point in time)

20032008wNOW

Started living here

V

JI've lived in this town since 2008. (I live here now.)Present perfect or past simplefor(a period of time)

-3 years -2 years w-1 yearNOWT. started living here

JIve lived in this town for three years.(I live here now.)

2003 2004 V2005wNOWT

V startedfinishedJI lived in that flat for two years, but I dont live there now.Past simpleagostarted learning English a year ago.

GRAMMAR 18 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE: TIME EXPRESSIONS1 Match each sentence (1-7) with an explanation (a-g).1Jim has just written a book. .2Has Jim written a book yet? 3Jim has already written a book. 4Jim wrote a book a year ago. 5Jim has never written a book. 6Has Jim ever written a book? 7Jim has written two books since 2006a)This is not his first book.b)Does Jim write books?c)He finished his book last year.d)He finished a few days ago.e)Jim started writing in 2006 and has written two books between then and now.f)Jim doesnt write books.g)Has he finished a book?Underline the correct word in each sentence.Have you ever / yet visited Slovenia?Tom has for /just come back from the USA.Ym not hungry. Ive already / since eaten.Jane lived in Greece since /for fifteen years.Brian and Claire got married ten years ago / since ten years.I cant come out. I havent done my homework already /yet.Mark has worked in Turkey ago / since 2008.

3 Complete each sentence with a time word from the box.alreadyeverforjustneversinceyetSue has been on the beachf.QKan hour, but she hasnt had a swim yet.I dont want to see this film. Iveseen it.Have youbeen to the Greek islands?Can you wait a moment? I havent finishedOuch! An insect hasbitten me!George haseaten Chinese food, so this is the first time for him!Rick has lived in Japan2008.

45CHECKPOINT 3Units 13-18Past continuous or past simple? Correct each sentence. When I wa-s-amvi-iig at Dans house, he was waiting outside^.YXkV. While we were doing a maths test, the head teacher was

coming into the room.While we swam, it started to rain.While I was having a bath, the lights were going out.Debra watched television when the storm began.While I was walking to the shop I was losing my bag!What were you doing when I was seeing you yesterday?I was walking up the stairs when I was hearing the phone.

Complete each sentence. Use one word in each space.Kate has ...Mfe.KV... twenty photos of the children so far. Have you everthis book? Its really good. Have you everto Egypt?The dogs not hungry. It hasntits dinner. Im going to bed. I think Ivea cold.Oh no! Ivemy bag on the bus.Jim has justa new mountain bike. It was very expensive.The washing machine has stopped working. I think Iveit.

Complete each sentence with the past simple or the present perfect form of the verbs in bracketsTina isnt here. She (just go)0|A/eto school.What time (you get up)this morning? Paul (have)a bad car accident three years ago.I (live)in the same house since 2005. What (you do)last night?Brian (not finish)his work yet.Tina (arrive)here in 2008. (you see)my watch? I can t find it.

CHECKPOINT 3 UNITS 13-18Complete each sentence or question with a time expression.Sam has worked for the same companythree years.Karen hasnt finished her projectA: Whats Madrid like?

B: I dont know. I havebeen there. I waited at the bus-stoptwo hours.Ivehad a phone call from my brother in Canada.Helen has lived here2008.Have youeaten Chinese food?

Rewrite each sentence so it has the same meaning. Use the words in bold.I last went to the cinema a long time ago.havent

haven'tbKvtothefor a long time.

Jane rode her bike to school when she was younger.ride

Janeto school.Peter is at school.has

Peterto school.Tim and Sue played in the garden every day.used

Tim and SueHow long were you in Turkey?stay

in Turkey?Joe started living here three years ago.for

Joethree years.Is this your first visit to Scotland?have

before?Correct each sentence or question. When have you arr-ived here?...did .you.. nry..What you were doing when I phoned you?I didnt do the shopping yet.When I was young I was wearing glasses.Dan arrived late because he was missing the bus.Peter, this is Mary. Did you meet before?I use to get up early every morning.

Think about grammar!Are the sentences true or false?We use the present perfect with exact times.When we use for, since and ago, we always use the present perfect.Used to is for things that happened a long time ago.

47

GRAMMARBe going to: plans and predictionsIt's going to rain.Plans or intentionsWhen you decide to do something in the future you make a plan or have an intention. A plan can change, so it is not 100% certain.Carol has bought her train ticket and booked her course.She is going to study in France next month.(Thisisherplanorintention.)Predictions from the situationSometimes we can see that something is going to happen.Look out! Those books are going to fall on your head.StatementsHes going to cook dinner. Linda is going to learn Chinese.Mike's going to run in the Marathon in April.Ym going to cookHes going to cookWere going to cookYoure going to cookShes going to cookTheyre going to cookIts going to cookNegativesClare isn't going to cook dinner.Im not going to cookHe isnt going to cookWe arent going to cookYou arent going to cookShe isnt going to cook They arent going to cookIt isrit going to cookYes/No QuestionsAre you going to cook dinner?Am I going to cook?Is he going to cook?Are we going to cook?Are you going to cook?Is she going to cook?Are they going to cook?Is it going to cook?Wh- questionsWhat are you going to do in the summer?When are you going to phone me? Is it going to rain?SEE ALSOGrammar 5: Present continuous: negative and questions Grammar 23: Present continuous: future use48GRAMMAR 19 BE GOING TO: PLANS AND PREDICTIONSLook at the pictures. Complete each sentence with a verb from the box.crash few hit miss rain win

1 Careful! You ar.tjQoivuqD.falL..2 I think it3 Look out! Youthe tree!4 Oh dear, I think he

6 Look! SheHurry up, we

the bus.49

ELEMENTARY LANGUAGE PRACTICE2 Complete each sentence. Use going to and the verb in brackets.1(you, buy) PMya new bike?2Tom (not study)history.3I (buy)some new shoes.4(Helen, travel)by train?5What (buy)at the shops?6Jim and Dinah (not get)married.7Sam (take)a holiday.8What time (you, phone)me?9Where (we, eat)tonight?10I (not give)Dave a birthday present!Rewrite each sentence or question with going to.Joe plans to buy a new computer next year.

Joe Is 0'I) to bty. iA,w w,'urijecWe dont plan to play tennis this weekend.Does Nick plan to join the sports club?What are your plans for next summer?Look! That tree is about to fall over!Do you plan to work hard this year?I dont intend to get a new car.The forecast for tomorrow is rain.Do Mike and Pat plan to make sandwiches for the party?I think it s about to snow.

50GRAMMAR 19 BE GOING TO: PLANS AND PREDICTIONSRead Tom's plans for his holiday. Complete the sentences.Saturday

am'ue ai 4.00pmSundaywalk around Ike lageMondayisii ike caslleTuesdays/7 /1 ihe beachWednesdaysee ike museumThursdayclimb Ike mountainFridaybuy pfesenis at Ike marketNOTES On Saturday .h.0/?kflc0.to Yxiv.t .fl t faOCfy/V on Sunday.On Monday on Tuesday.On Wednesdayon Thursday.On Friday

What are your plans for next summer? Write sentences..N fist.I Vi/C 'QP'i I/V20. tfi..8. JTftd LLy. gp.prt. Xto&. r. Wi. 0.&V.KV0. to......

5120GRAMMARWill: predictions I'll be lateA prediction is what you think will happen or wont happen.Jim will pass all his exams.It will rain tomorrow.Ill be late tonight.It won't rain tomorrow.We can show that we are not certain with perhaps, probably, I think or I expect> or I dont think, I dont expect. Some of these words show stronger uncertainty.

I dont know 0perhapsI thinkprobably I expect Im sure10Jim will probably pass all his exams. Perhaps ril be late tonight.I don't expect it will rain.I expect it will rain tomorrow.think he will come to the party.

don't think it will rain.

We can also show that we are certain with Vm sure.

Vm sure itll rain tomorrow.Vm sure it won't rain tomorrow.StatementsTheyll leave tomorrow.will leave tomorrow.Short form: ril leave tomorrow.I will leave

he will leavewe will leaveyou will leaveshe will leavethey will leave

it will leave

NegativesI won't be at school on Friday, wont = will notI wont leavehe wont leavewe wont leaveyou wont leaveshe wont leavethey wont leave

it wont leave

QuestionsWill the shop be open tomorrow?Will I leave?Will he leave?Will we leave?Will you leave?Will she leave?Will they leave?

Will it leave?

52- SEE ALSO Grammar 69: Functions 3 Grammar 70: Functions 4

GRAMMAR 20 WILL: PREDICTIONSComplete each sentence or question. Use will or won't and the verb in brackets.I (choose)will ehfthe team next week.You (not have)a lot of time to answer the questions. Mr Jones (be)back at about 7.30. Dimitri (not know)the answer. Im sure Jane (like)her birthday present. (you give)us any homework on Friday? There (not be)any lessons tomorrow. (we see)you tomorrow evening? I expect lots of people (buy)Alan Whites new book.I think our team (win)the match.

Rewrite each sentence using the words In bold.Itll be cold tomorrow.Im sure

I'm, sure it will b bold tomorrow.Well win.I expectIll leave now.I thinkJim wont be late.Im sureIt won t take long.I expectYou won t have any problems.Im sureYoull enjoy the party.I think They wont decide anything yet.I imagineThe train wont be late.Idontexpect Jane will cook the dinner.I imagine

5321GRAMMARWill: promises, decisions, refusingI'll see you at 7.30.We use will and wont when we make promises or decisions of the moment and when we refuse to do things. Meetings and appointments Promises

Ill see you outside the cinema at 7.30. Decisions of the momentCome here! No, I wont!I'll give you the money tomorrow. Refusing

Waiter:what would you like?Customer: Ill have chicken, please.- SEE ALSO Grammar 67: Grammar 68: Grammar 69: Grammar 70:Functions 1 Functions 2 Functions 3 Functions 454

GRAMMAR 21 WILL: PROMISES, DECISIONS, REFUSING1 Choose the most suitable reply (a-f) for each statement or question (1-6).1Bye for now!a)Dont worry, I won t forget.2Give me that piece of cake! \b)Ill bring it tomorrow, I promise!3Wheres your homework? \c)No, I wont! Its mine.4What would you like to eat? \V d)Ill have a sandwich, please.5Where are we going to meet?e)Bye, Ill see you later.6Please remember to call me.f)Ill see you outside the cinema.2 Look at the pictures and make sentences with will or won't.Decide to have the giant pizza. I'll have the 0liA,t plzzfl.

2 Promise to be home before midnight.3 Arrange to meet tomorrow at 6.30.4 Decide to take the red pair.

5 Refuse to do this!6 Promise to pay your friend back atthe end of the week.

55

GRAMMARwill or going to?Study these examples.Plan or intention

Do you want to go to the cinema this evening?No, Vm going to do lots of work this evening.What are you going to do on Friday evening?haven t decided yeti

Are you going to play basketball tonight?No, I dont think so.Prediction

What time will you be home tonight?Ill probably be late.Vm sure our team will win!dont expect itll rain.

Here is the weather forecast; tomorrow it will rain in the afternoon. In 2050, everyone in the world will have a computer.Prediction from cluesIts very dark, I think it's going to rain soon.Promise

You havent done your homework. Where is it?Ill do it this evening, and Ill give it to you tomorrow morning.Refusing

Will you wash the floor?No, I won't! You made it dirty!56GRAMMAR 22 WILL OR GOING TO?11

Tick (/) the most suitable sentence or question for each picture.2

Ill be back!

Im going to be back!

That tree is going to fall! /

That tree will fall!

Are you going to meet your friends today?

Will you meet your friends today?

a)b)6Im not going to eat it.wont eat it.

The King will arrive at 6.00.a)I wont be late tomorrow.The King is going to arrive at 6.00.b)Im not going to be late tomorrow.

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Jane (have).Q.Qk'frQt.Q. havea baby in the summer.Bye for now. Perhaps I (see)you later.Next summer I (stay)with my relatives in New York.I dont know my plans for the weekend. What (do you)?Jims tired, so he (have)an early night.Helen (move)to London next year.

23GRAMMARPresent continuous: future use

We can use the present continuous when we talk about arrangements for the future and give a time. Arrangements are plans, but we are sure they will happen. We often write them in our diaries.My parents are buying me a bike for my birthday. (Im sure about this.)Vm going to the doctors on Friday. (Its fixed. I have an appointment.)

appoinimeni Friday 6lh 9.30 amNightingale Surgery, Old Town Road, Hadlow, Suffolk, IP20 3AA'Are you doing anything on SaturdayV Tm having a party!(Its fixed. Ive invited my friends.)*What are you doing tomorrowV Tm staying at home and studying!come and goWe generally use present continuous future (not going to) with come and go. My brother is coming to stay.Vm going to Prague tomorrow.going to or present continuous?Vm having a party on Saturday.Fixed arrangementVm going to have a party soon.Plan/IntentionJean is going to get her hair cutPlan/Intention(She doesnt know when exactly.)Jean is getting her hair cut tomorrow.Fixed arrangement(She has an appointment at the hairdressers.)58GRAMMAR 23 PRESENT CONTINUOUS: FUTURE USELook at the diary. Write a sentence for each day. Use the verb in brackets.Saturday

4-.30Sundaystay at homeMondayBasketball 3 p.n/t.TuesdayT^o 0\M,t shoppliA/0 LiA/ fl-fteriA/OoiA,WednesdayL-ov^dov^ThursdayPartyFridayjlM, fliA/d Carol - Lu.iA.oh(see)thedtvyti&tat*4;30,stcray.(stay)(play)(do)(go)(have)(come)

Complete each sentence using the present continuous form of the verb in brackets.What (you do)arethis evening? I (not come)to school tomorrow.Tina (go)to Italy next week.(you have)a party this week?We (not go)home on the bus after school.(Mrs Simpson teach)us this afternoon?Catherine and George (not come)to the meeting.(John go)to the football matchtomorrow?Ann (not work)on Friday.(you leave)this afternoon?

59GRAMMARFuture time wordsHere are some examples of time words we use when we are talking about the future:tomorrowYm leaving for France tomorrow.next week

III see you at the meeting next week.soon

Goodbye! Ill see you soon.later, after

Ill phone you later.(noobject)Ill phone you after the film.(object)in a moment, etc.

Ill be back in a moment.I'll see you in two weeks.at (+ the time)

III be back at 6.00.Revision: contrastsIn the year 2100, people will live on the moon.Our school trip starts tomorrow. We're leaving at six.Ive forgotten my keys and we cant get in the house.What are we going to do now?Prediction Fixed arrangementPlan/IntentionGRAMMAR 24 FUTURE TIME WORDSChoose the most suitable ending to complete each conversation.Are you free tomorrow night?A

A Sorry, Im going to the cinema with Peter.B Sorry, Ill go to the cinema with Peter, c Sorry, I go to the cinema with Peter.What are your plans for the holidays?

A I have a good rest!B Thanks, Ill have a good rest! c Im going to have a good rest!What are the arrangements for the school trip tomorrow?

A Were meeting outside the front entrance at 8.30.B Well meet outside the front entrance at 8.30. c Weve met outside the front entrance at 8.30.Where are you going? I want to talk to you.

A Ill be back in a moment.B Im going to be back in a moment, c Im being back in a moment.Are you going to be here on Thursday?

A No, I leaving on Wednesday afternoon.B No, I going to leave on Wednesday afternoon, c No, Im leaving on Wednesday afternoon.Does your leg still hurt?

A Yes, Ive gone to the doctor s tomorrow.B Yes, Im going to the doctor s tomorrow, c Yes, I will to the doctors tomorrow.2 Complete each sentence with words from the box.latera minutetomorrowafteratinnext yearWhat are you doing the day aftertovKOYYQW',,., ?Kate is going to start learning FrenchThomas is leavingthe morning.Rita will be backThe new school will open8.30.Im just going to the library. Ill see you inGeorge wont be long. Hell be backlunch.

61CHECKPOINT 4Units 19-24Choose the most suitableword or phrase for each space.Do you have any plansfor your birthday? Yes,a party.

A Ill haveBIm havingI need some help with the shopping tomorrow. Dont worry,

A Ill helpBIm helpingWhatwhen you go on holiday?

A will you doBare you going to doDo you want to come to a football match on Saturday? Which teamsV

A are playingBare going to play Dont carry all those heavy books. Some of the children you.

A willhelpBare going to helpThe doctor is on his way. Hein fifteenminutes.

A willbe hereBis beingGood news. Anna baby.

A willhaveBis going to haveIm sorry I cant come to the lesson tomorrow.my dad in hospital.

A Ill visitBIm visitingComplete each sentence with the present continuous form of the verb in brackets. Then tick (/) the sentences which refer to the future.Next summer Kate (spend)a month in France. /Hurry up, All. Everyone (wait)for you.(you do)anything on Friday? Do you want to come to a party?Helen (read)in bedatthe moment.We (go)to the cinema this evening.I cant answer the phone. I (have)a bath.What (you do)later? Do you want to come for a walk?David (leave)tomorrow. Have you said goodbye to him?

3 Complete each sentence with a word from the box. More than one answer may be possible.atinlateronthistomorrowtonightIll be late .tpKV!k0toL but Ill be home before midnight.Can you wait, please? Ill be readya minute.Dont worry, Ill be here7.00.

62CHECKPOINT 4 UNITS 19-24Ive finished now. Ill be backafternoon.Its cold today, but itll be warmer Bye for now. Ill see you There wont be any lessonsMonday.

Correct each sentence or question.Well go to the cinema this evening. Do you want to come?

we're Qto the oygvvt this eveyliA0:..y0U; Wflwt to.QOtote?,Look out! That car will crash!Bye for now! Im going to see you tomorrow.Sorry I cant meet you. I will go to the doctors.Have you heard the weather forecast? Its raining tomorrow.Ive bought my ticket. Ill leave tomorrow.

Underline the correct word in each sentence.Tina will definitely be here at/on 6.00.Our new sports centre will be ready next year / the next year.Hurry up! The bus will be here later / soon.Ill see you after / later the lesson.Are you doing anything at night / tonight?I wont be long, m be ready after / in a minute.Everything will be different at / in the year 3500!

Think about grammar!Are the sentences true or false?There is only one way of talking about the future in English.The present continuous is for fixed arrangements.Wont means will not.6325

GRAMMARReported speech She said that she was leaving. and past perfect I had startedWhat is reported speech?Direct speech is the exact words that someone says. We can put he/she said before or after these words. We use speech marks to show the words they said.Tm leaving at six, she said.Hesaid,Ok,Illsee you here tomorrow!Indirect or reported speech is when someone tells us what another person said. We can put he/she said that before the reported words. We can leave out that. We do not use speech marks.She said (that) she was leaving at six. She said she was leaving at six.Tense changesWhen we use a past tense reporting verb (eg said) we change the tenses that follow.Present simple to past simple

Tim wants some coffee! He said (that) Tim wanted some coffee.Tim is late!He said (that) Tim was late.Present continuous to past continuous

Tm washing my hair! She said (that) she was washing her hair.Note the change of pronoun from my to her.Present perfect to past perfect

Helen has lost her walletHe said (that) Helen had lost her wallet. will to wouldTil be late:She said (that) she would be late.Past simple to past perfect

Kate took my keys! He said (that) Kate had taken his keys.Words that describe people, time and place may also change in reported speech.

Til see you here tomorrow, he said.He said he would see her there the following day.Past perfectForming the past perfect: had + past participleHad = *d (Vd started, hed started etc.)I had startedhe had startedwe had startedyou had startedshe had startedthey had started

it had started

64GRAMMAR 25 REPORTED SPEECH AND PAST PERFECTChange each sentence to direct speech. She said that she was leaving at six.T.W'.iZP.yi.M..t.....she said.He said Peter often went fishing. he said.She said she would be back later. she said. I said that I had just seen Mark. I said.Alan said that they had left at 6.00 Alan said.Helen said that she was working. Helen said.I said that we were late. I said. He said he would phone back. he said.David said that he felt all right. David said.She said she loved ice-cream. she said.

Change each sentence to reported speech.Tm leaving, she said.I saw the film on Monday, Tom said.

Tom saidIve missed the bus, Maria said.

Maria saidWe live in Marsden Street, they said.

They saidTil phone at 6.00, Anna said.

Anna saidTm having a good time, said Carol.

Carol saidWere arriving at 9.00, they said.

They saidI forgot to do my work, said Al.

A1 saidTm wrong, he said.

He saidT Ve hurt my arm, said Harry.

Harry said6526GRAMMARPassive 1 a lot of money is spent

When we make an active sentence passive, the object becomes the subject. We do this when we want to put information at the beginning of the sentence because it is more important.A lot of money is spent in London by tourists. (A lot of money is important) Tourists spend a lot of money in London. (Tourists is important).We use the passive more in writing and in formal speech.Passive formsPresent simple

is startedare started(regular)is eatenare eaten(irregular)ActiveArchaeologists often discover ancient coins.PassiveAncient coins are often discovered by archaeologists.will

will be started(regular)will be eaten(irregular)ActiveThey will finish the new road next year.PassiveThe new road will be finished next year.Present perfect

has been startedhave been started(regular)has been eatenhave been eaten(irregular)ActiveYour cat has eaten my pet mouse!PassiveMy pet mouse has been eaten by your cat! Past simplewas startedwere started(regular)was eatenwere eaten(irregular)ActiveThe whole class wrote the play.PassiveThe play was written by the whole class.66GRAMMAR 26 PASSIVE 1Underline the correct words in each sentence.Last year more than a million cars were stolen / are stolen.Helen has decided / has been decided to visit China.America visited / was visited by the Vikings.The police have not found / have not been found the missing dog.More interesting facts are discovered / are discover every year.The basketball team is chosen / chooses by the captain.The next meeting will hold / will be held on 14 December.

Complete each sentence in the passive.The police arrested fifteen people.

Fifteen people.Yy&tfS.fiXKSSJfi#!by the police.They have found little Jimmy safe and well.

Little Jimmysafe and well.We plant hundreds of trees every year.

Hundreds of treesevery year.We will sell most tickets on the day of the match.

Most ticketson the day of the match.They took the injured people to hospital.

The injured peopleto hospital.They have discovered a new planet.

A new planetRewrite each sentence in the passive. Do not change the meaning.They built the bridge in 2006.

The orlc0 VVS built yA dog has eaten my sandwich!Theyll deliver the letter tomorrow.They have cancelled our train.One of the students broke a window in the classroom.People eat millions of bars of chocolate every day!

6727

GRAMMARPassive 2: agent Peter was kidnapped by aliens.by + agentThis tells us who does the action.Peter was kidnapped by aliens from another galaxy.In this sentence; who did it = aliens.with + agentThis tells us what was used to do the action.The door was opened with a special key.In this sentence; what was used = a special key.Without an agentAn agent is not always necessary. The agent may be unknown, not important or obvious, or we may want to be impersonal and not say who did the action.Agent unknown

The window was broken last night.We do not know who broke it.Agent not importantThe castle was built in the 18th century.We are interested in the date, but not in the builder.Agent obvious

The man was arrested and taken to prison.It is obvious that he was arrested by the police.He was arrested by a tally thin policeman with red hair.In this case, the policeman who arrested him is interesting.Impersonal sentenceThe match has been cancelled.The person or people who decided to cancel the match are not named.

bornis always passiveJim was born in Australia."IPA verb may be used in the passive in one language, but not in another. Check in a dictionary.

68GRAMMAR 27 PASSIVE 2: AGENTRewrite each sentence using with or by. Do not change the meaning.A friend gave Tina a lift to school.

Tina was.givt'ifr a.Lift,I.by. a.Tom Smooth will play the part of Hamlet.

The part of HamletThey used a screwdriver to open the window.

The windowA team of archaeologists has found an ancient city.

An ancient cityA ball broke the classroom window.

The classroom windowA Japanese millionaire bought the painting.

The paintingHoward Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922.

The tombMillions of people enjoy Susans books.

Susans booksHeavy traffic causes a lot of pollution.

A lot of pollutionChange each sentence to the passive. Do not use the words underlined.Workers build thousands of new houses every year.

hus i/ycte oflA/fw hfiWLfg K6 buXlt.jThe two teams will play the match on Sunday.Nowadays people cut down many trees for no reason.The police asked Jim to go to the police station.Someone has stolen my bike.People delivered our new washing-machine yesterday.Three masked men kidnapped the bank manager.A firm of builders will rebuild the museum next year.

6928GRAMMARImperativesWe use imperatives to give orders, instructions and directions. They are also used togive advice in informal English. We do not use the imperative to make polite requests.OrdersWe give an order when we tell someone to do something.Stand up!Stop talking!Stop!Dont stop!Listen!Dont listen!Go away!Come back!Sit down!Come here!Go over there!InstructionsInstructions tell us how to do something.Press escape to cancelChoose the most suitable word for each space.DirectionsDirections are instructions for finding places.Turn right at the bank.Go straight on.Informal adviceIn some informal situations (e.g. with good friends) we can use the imperative to giveadvice or make suggestions.Don't buy that one.Come and see us some time!Sit down, you look tired!

70GRAMMAR 28 IMPERATIVES1 Write an instruction for each situation. Use a verb from the box.closecomestopopensitlendtaketurn offA young child is reading in bed late at night. His mother says to him: T&KYy pff. tty? Light!.A mans dog is running away. The man shouts at the dog:It is the first class of the day and the students have their books on their tables. The teacher says:The front door of the house is open. The father says to his son:Lots of students are standing up in a class. The teacher says:You are going to the cinema with some friends. Your sister is bored.

You say to her:You are talking to your friend in class. The teacher says:Your friend asks where the disco is. You know its in the next street on the left. You say:

Write the opposite.Stand up!Go away!Turn on the light!Start work!Open the window!Go to sleep!...Pull the door!Get off the bus!

Complete the sentences. Use one word in each space.Pleasedown! I want to start the lesson.I dont want to talk to you! Pleaseaway. here, please. I want to talk to you.This computer is easy to use. Justit on, and its ready. please! Silence in the library! left at the end of the road, and the station is in front of you. the plate! Its very hot!Ill see you laterfor me outside the cinema.

7129GRAMMARGerunds Jogging is good fun!The gerund is the noun form of the verb, ending in -ing. We can use it as a subject or an object.Subject

Jogging is good fun!Cycling is good exercise.Speaking is forbidden during the examination.Cycling is not allowed on the pavement.Object

Do you like jogging?Are you interested in cycling?Do you like camping?love studying!

cant stand getting up early.

FormFor spelling rules see also Grammar 4.VerbGerundreadreadingrunrunningcyclecyclingplayplayingcrycryingVerbGerundeateatingswimswimmingwritewritingprayprayingflyflyingSEE ALSO Grammar 4: Present continuous72GRAMMAR 29 GERUNDSComplete each sentence with a gerund (-ing). Use the verb in brackets.Kate is good at (run).K&KrfMXVg(take)a long walk is relaxing.What do you think of (collect)stamps?(eat)too much isnthealthy.All my friends like (play)basketball. (shout)at people is rude!Is Harry interested in (sail)? (cross)the road here is dangerous.Do you feel like (go)to the cinema?(jog)is good for you.

Change each sentence so that it starts with a gerund {-ing).Its tiring to study late at night.

Stu-dLjliA^j ltat^Qt is tlrii/0.Its hard to get up early.It takes time to learn a language.You are forbidden to park here.Its interesting to visit other countries.You are not allowed to talk.Its wrong to copy other people!Its relaxing to listen to music.

Complete each sentence using the gerund (-/ng) form of a verb in the box, and your own ideas.drink listen read get up play collect travel runwrite watch

.Uy&QKVfl(.C.. is not allowed in the classroom.is a good way to relax.is a good way to learn a language.is bad idea, in my opinion!doesnt interest me very much.costs a lot of money.

7330GRAMMARContractions I'm, you're, he'sWhen we speak we often shorten words like am, are, have, has, had, would in verb forms (auxiliary or helping verbs). When we write these short forms (contractions) we put an apostrophe o to show that letters are missing. We also shorten not to rit.Contractions with beI amyou arehe isshe isit iswe arethey areYmyourehesshesitsweretheyreVm leaving tomorrow.Jacks going home in a momentNegative

We can say he/she/it isn't or hes/shes/its not; you/we/they arerit or you re/were/theyre notContractions with haveI haveyou havehe hasshe haswe have they haveIveyouvehesshesweve theyveVve eaten your sandwiches.Anna's left her books at school.he's and shes = he has, she has or he is, she is.With the modal have to we do not make contractions.

have to leave, (no contraction possible)Negative

We can say I/you/we/they haven't or Ive/youve/weve/theyve not; he/she/it hasrt or hes/shes/its not.Contractions with other auxiliariescan and couldcannotcould not

cantcouldntdodo notdoes not

dontdoesntwillwill notshall not

wontshan'twouldI would / you would / he would etc.would not

Id/youd/ hed etc.wouldn'tVd, etc. can also be a contraction for I had in the past perfect.

74GRAMMAR 30 CONTRACTIONSWrite the full form of the words underlined.Its very cold today.IfcXsrn be back tomorrow.Whats the time?Pont worry. It wont rain.I cant see the blackboard.My bike! Its been stolen.If I were you, rd leave.lanes got two sisters.

Write each sentence with contractions. I will not be home early.I W0iA/t: beearly.Who is coming to your party?We are interested in footballI would not do that if I were youPaula could not lift the chair.They have sent me a letter.Helen has got a dogIt is very cold today.

Correct the sentences. Add apostrophes if necessary.Its time for the newsIve decided to buy some bootsWhose books are these? Are they yours?Sues borrowed my paintsThis new boats ours. Its got sails and oarsI think the dogs hurt one of its legsThese are my photos. Id like to see yoursMy names Toby. Whats yours?

Write each sentence with contractions.If I was ill, I would not goI do not know where he has goneYou have not done it yetI will see you when you are backJane has not finished her homeworkWe were not ready so we could not beginIf you are nervous, do not worry.

CHECKPOINT 5Units 25-30Change each sentence to reported speech.Til be late, said Jim.

Jim saidKate knows the answer, said Bill.

Bill saidMary is leaving at 8.00 said Alan.

Alan saidI cant find the keys, said Dave.

Dave saidThe bus is going to be late! said Mark.

Mark saidIve lost my books said Mr Green.

Mr Green saidTm ready! said Tina.

Tina saidUnderline the correct words in each sentence.The window has been broken / was been broken.The match will played / will be played on Monday, not Sunday.Toms new book is published / publishes by Smith and Co.The book was filmed / was film in 2007.Some fingerprints were find / were found on the gun.The new swimming pool will been opened / will be opened tomorrow.TV programmes are often changed / are often change at the last minute.An ancient tomb has been discovered / is been discovered.Underline the unnecessary words in each sentence. Not all sentences contain unnecessary words.The car was stolen by someone.This photo was taken by a famous photographer.The book was written by a writer in the 18th century.My cheese was eaten by mice.Three men have been arrested by the police.My suitcase has been opened by someone.The bikes are produced by workers in our Nottingham factory.Millions of newspapers are read by people every day.

76CHECKPOINTS UNITS 25-30Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.We waste a lot of water.

A lot ofwater is wasted.They have introduced a new law.

A new lawThey will open the new sports centre next week.

TheA falling tree injured three people.

Three peopleSomeone has stolen my wallet!

My walletSomeone will meet you at the airport.

YouA French person teaches my sister.

My sisterComplete the sentences. Use one word in each space.Please come into the room anddown.books in a foreign language is a good way to learn.Stop bothering me andaway!right at the church, then go straight on.is not allowed in the examination room.letters takes a long time, so I usually phone people.up early in the morning can be difficult!park outside this building. It is forbidden.

Write the contractions in full.Theyre building a new cinema.1Weve forgotten our books.Its a nice day today.I wont be late.Its started to rain.Id like some tea, please.Jim doesnt live here.Marys broken her arm.

Think about grammar!Are the sentences true or false?A passive sentence has the same meaning as an active sentence.Contractions are not used in formal writing.The gerund is for continuous activities.

7731

GRAMMARZero conditional If I have a cold, I stay at home. and conditional 1 If we miss the bus, we'll be late.Zero conditionalSome if sentences describe what always or usually happens, or give instructions. Things that usually or always happenIn this type of sentence we use the present simple in both clauses.clause 1clause 2If + present simple,present simpleIf I have a cold, I (usually/always) stay at home.Instructions in situationsIn this type of sentence we use the present simple after and an imperative in the other clause.

clause 1clause 2If + present simple,imperativeIf you feel tired, have a rest.Conditional 1: real situationsConditional sentences describe possible situations and their results. In real situations we are certain that something will happen if someone does something.We use the present simple after if..., and will in the other clause.clause 1clause 2If + present simple,willIf we miss the bus, well be late. If we don't catch thebus,we'll be late.If we catch the bus, we won't be late. If we don't missthebus,wewon't be late.This type of if-sentence is often a warning.

If you ride your bike like that, you'll fall off!Reversing the clausesWe can reverse the clauses in if sentences and conditional sentences. Note the use of commas.If you miss the bus, your teacher will be angry.(comma used)Your teacher will be angry if you miss the bus.(no comma)4 SEE ALSOGrammar 32: Conditional 2 Grammar 28: Imperatives78GRAMMAR 31 ZERO CONDITIONAL AND CONDITIONAL 1Underline the correct word(s) in each sentence.If you press / will press that button, a bell rings.If you wear your coat tomorrow, you arent / wont be cold.If I feel / will feel tired, I go to bed early.If you will come / come back next week, David will be here.If it rains / will rain tomorrow, well stay at home.If I go to university when I am older, 17/ work / work very hard.

Complete each sentence. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.If Jack (not leave)leavenow, he (miss)WkU,.

his bus. If Helen (work)hard, she (pass)

her exams.If it (rain) we (go)into a shop.If Mary (not practise)her French,

she (not improve)If it (rain)tomorrow, we (not go)

swimming. If George (come)late, the teacher

(be)angry.If I (see)Joe tomorrow, I (tell)

him your news.Read the situation, then complete each sentence.A friend wants you to play basketball in the classroom. You are worried about breaking the window. You say:

If we..y..-KV. th.WkkvMavy.-....You want to leave the party now, because you are worried about missing the last bus. You say:

If weYour dog bites people. A friend wants to touch the dog, so you say:

If youIts raining. You want to stand under a tree, because you are worried about getting wet. You say:

If weYou want to take the bus to the city centre. Your friend wants to walk. You are worried about getting tired. You say:

If weYou are walking to school with a friend. You dont want to be late. You suggest hurrying. You say:

If we dont79GRAMMARConditional 2 If I knew the answer, I would tell themImaginary conditionsConditional sentences describe possible situations and their results. In imaginary situations we imagine a different situation now, and a different result.In this type of sentence, we use the past simple after if..., and would/ wouldn't in the other clause.clause 1clause 2If + past simple,would + verbIf I knew the answer; I would tell you.In the real situation, I do not know the answer.The past simple here does not describe past time. It imagines a different present time.

If I had a helicopter, Vdfly to schoolIf I landed my helicopter at school, my teacher wouldn't like it!If I were... or If I was...If I were... is used in written/formal English.

If I were a rock star, Vd live in New York.If I were the head teacher; Id give the class a holiday!If I was ... is possible in informal speech.

If I was a rock star, Vd live in New York.If I was rich, Id buy you a drink!We can use If I were you... to give advice.

A: Ive got a terrible headache!B: If I were you, Vd take an aspirin.A: I feel really tired.B: If I were you, I wouldn't go to bed late!GRAMMAR 32 CONDITIONAL 2Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple form or would.1

If I (have)WAthe time, I (go)M.Q&l.&.......to the cinema

more often.

2If I (find)some money, I (take)it to the police.3If I (have)a dog, I (take).. it for a walk every day.4If I (meet)an alien. (trvto talk to it.5If everyone (speak)Spanish, nobody (learn)

English!

6If I (see).... a snake, I (run )... away.Complete each sentence with a verb from the box.met robbed had slept were won would a3k would be would buywould catch would fly would visit

If Ia famous person, I wpttlgj.flsfo.... them some questions.If Ia helicopter, Ito school.If Ia bank, the policeme.If Ia lot of money, Ipresents for my family.If Iin the classroom, my teachervery angry!If Ian astronaut, Iother planets.

Read the situations. Complete the advice. Use the verb n brackets.Your friend has bad toothache.

If .1wpulrt.00tothedentists, (go)Your friend can t decide whether to go to the cinema, or stay at home.

Ifcinema, (go)Your friend wants to buy a new bike, but hasnt got any money.

Ifyour parents, (ask)Your friend is having problems studying.

Ifteacher, (talk to)Your friend always feels tired in class, and sometimes falls asleep!

Ifbed early, (go)Your friend wants to take more exercise and be fit.

Ifa sports club, (join)8133GRAMMARConditionals 1 and 2If you fall, you'll hurt yourself.If you fell, you'd hurt yourself.Situation 1Conditional 1You are on the roof of a block of flats. You arevery near the edge. This is dangerous!

say:

If you fall, you'll hurt yourself.

Conditional 2We are walking past a block of flats, lookingup at the roof. There is no danger. I imagine adangerous situation and say:

If you fell, youd hurt yourself!Conditional 2Situation 2Conditional 1It is a cold day in winter. We are going to leavethe house. I have got a coat for you. I say:

If you wear this coat, you won't be cold.Conditional 1Conditional 2It is a cold day in winter. We are outside. Iam wearing a coat. I am warm. You are notwearing a coat. You are cold. I say:

If you wore a coat, you wouldn't be cold!

Conditional 1

82Conditional 2GRAMMAR 33 CONDITIONALS 1 AND 2Tick (/) the best sentence for each picture.If we miss the bus well be late for school. / .If we missed the bus, we would be late for school.

If you drop that, itll break!

If you dropped that, it would break.

If I have a helicopter, Ill fly to work.If I had a helicopter, Id fly to work.

If he eats all that ice cream, hell be sick.If he ate all that ice cream, hed be sick.

If we live at the North Pole, wella)IfIm taller, Ill be in the team,

feel cool.b)IfI were taller, Id be in the team.If we lived at the North Pole, wed feel cool.

83

ELEMENTARY LANGUAGE PRACTICEComplete each sentence. Use either conditional 1 or conditional 2.Sue doesnt ride a bike to school, because she doesnt have one.

If Sue MA.btet.sk.MQAld.ti.ka&cMQLChris will pass his exams, but he has to work hard.

If ChrisJohn isnt fat, because he doesnt eat a lot.

If JohnEllen doesnt have a car, so she walks to work.

If EllenAlis English will improve, but he has to practise.

If AllPat wont be late but she has to hurry.

If PatRita doesnt like swimming so she doesnt go to the beach.

If RitaPaulo will get better, but he has to take his medicine.

If PauloDavid doesnt get up early because he lives near the school.

If DavidCarol will catch the bus but she has to leave now.

If CarolChoose the most suitable word or phrase for each space.If I were you, I .&. on holiday and relax.

A will goB would goc go If you dont have any money, a job!

A getB you would getc you will getIf Ia car, I wouldnt walk to work.

A did ownB ownedc ownIf he werent tired, hego to the party.

A wouldBwillcdidIf youthe door, the cat wont escape.

A closeBclosedcwill closeIf weby plane, wed get there much quicker.

A goBwill gocwentIf Suenow, she will miss the bus.

A didnt leave B won t leave c doesnt leaveIf my brother had an expensive car, hereally happy.

A would beB will bec wasIf Ia pop star, I would buy an enormous house.

A beB wasc will beIf it rains, the children usuallyinside.

A playedB will playc play84GRAMMAR 33 CONDITIONALS 1 AND 2Complete these conditional sentences. Use will or would and the present simple or past simple. We re going to the beach after school. If you (want)MlWifeto come with

us, IwLll.flsfemy mum if it is OK. I always ride my bicycle to work. If I (walk)it (take)

a lot longer!Its amazing! Everyone in the class passed the exam! If I (be)the

teacher, I (be)really pleased. It is a very easy machine to use. If you (place)the fruit in the top,

the juice (appear)at the bottom ready to drink.Weve been waiting for almost an hour now. If they (not come)

soon, we (not see)the start of the concert. Look at the sky! If it (start)raining, the race (finish)

early. Let s walk to the railway station. If we (wait)here any longer for

the bus, we (miss)our train.If I (have)enough money I (buy)a new bike,

but Ive only got 10.Jack doesnt go to the gym and exercise. If he (go)to the gym, Im

sure he (feel)healthier and more energetic. But he refuses to go!Choose the best sentence for each situation.A friend is riding his bike dangerously. You say:

@If you ride too fast, youll fall off.B If you rode too fast, youd fall off.You are working hard in the garden of your house, cutting the grass. You say:

A If we live in a flat, I wont have to work so hard in the garden!B If we lived in a flat, I wouldnt have to work so hard in the garden!A friend at school wants you to help with their maths homework. You say:

A If I know the answer, Ill tell you.B If I knew the answer, Id tell you.A friend is going to buy you some ice-cream and is checking her pockets for money. You say:

A Dont worry. If you havent got enough money, Ill pay.B Dont worry. If you hadnt got enough money, I(d pay.You are writing a project on your computer, but you are worried that you have made too many spelling mistakes. A friend says:

A Dont forget, if you use the spellchecker, itll correct all the words.B Dont forget, if you used the spellchecker, it would correct all the words.Its a cold day in winter, and you are watching a TV programme which shows people on the beach in Australia. You say:

A If we live in Australia, well be on the beach today.B If we lived in Australia, wed be on the beach today.8534GRAMMARYes/no questions Did I pass the test?and short answers Yes, you did.Yes/No questionsYes/no questions are questions with Yes or No as the answer.Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous willgoing to be (present) be (past)Do you like swimming?Are you reading this?Have you ever been to Italy? Did you post my letter?Were you working?Will it rain tomorrow?Are you going to pay me? Are you American?Was that your money?Yes.No.Short answersWe usually add a short answer after Yes or No. The short answer is made of a pronoun + the auxiliary used in the question.Have we won?Did I pass the test?Yes, we have. Yes, you did.

Did I pass the test?Yes, you didNo, you didnt.Are you waiting?Yes, I am.No, fm not.Does Jim like swimming?Yes, he does.No, he doesnt.Is Maria reading this?Yes, she is.No, she isnt.Was it working?Yes, it was.No, it wasnt.Have we won?Yes, we have.No, we haven t.Have they finished?Yes, they have.No, they haven't.86

GRAMMAR 34 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS1 Choose the correct response (a-h) for the questions (1-8).1Was Ann driving?a)Yes, I do.2Did you see Tom yesterday? \b)No, he isnt.3Do you know the answer? \c)No, I havent.4Have you seen this film? \. d)Yes, I was.5Are you reading this?^-e)No, she wasnt.6Were you sitting here?f)No, she hasnt.7Is George leaving?g)Yes, I did.8Has Helen finished yet?h)No, Im not.Use the prompts and the verb forms in brackets to write questions.they / work hard(past continuous)

.VYCKP. .t.klfcy.. to..rc?.Jim / eat yet(present perfect)

you / read a lot(present simple)Tom / writing a letter(present continuous)Tina / leave yesterday(past simple)we / meet before(present perfect)Sam / watch TV(past continuous)Write a short answer for each question.1

Have you seen my wallet?No,2Is David studying French?Yes,3Did it rain yesterday?No,4Do you like Indian food?Yes,5Have you ever been to Prague?Yes,6Are you having a good time?No,7Does Mary work here?No,8Was Tom bothering you?No,8735GRAMMARWh- questions Who is that?Subject and object questionsWhat eats fish?Wh- questionsWe use:who with people what with things when with time where with placesWho is that? Its Jack.What are you looking for? A pen.When are you leaving? At 6.00.Where do you live? In that house.Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous FutureShort answersWhen do you usually get up?What are you doing?Why have you come?How did you feel?Where were you going?When do you usually get up? What are you doing?Why have you stopped?How did you feel?Where were you going?Who are you going to meet? When will you come home? Why are you leaving?At 7.30.Writing a letter.To give you a present. Terrible.Home.Subject and object questionsWe use What and Who to ask questions about the subject or the object. Questions about the subject do not use the auxiliary do (does, did).subjectverbobjectCatseatfishSubject question: Object question:What eats fish? What do cats eat?Cats eat fish. Cats eat fish.Subject question short answersWhat makes people happy?Love makes people happy!Who is sitting in this seat?Helen is sitting in this seat.Object question short answers What do you wear in winter? What are you reading?

wear an overcoat.Im reading (Oliver Twist\

Love does. Helen is.An overcoat Oliver Twist.88

GRAMMAR 35 WH- QUESTIONS; SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONSUse the prompts and the verb forms in brackets to write questions.Why / you cry?(present continuous)How / you get here(pastsimple)

What / Jack usually do / on Saturdays(present simple)How long / you live here(present perfect)Where / David / go(past continuous)Who / you talk to(present continuous)What / you do(past continuous)When / you usually / get up(present simple)What / Jack / do(present perfect)What / Mark and Sue / buy(past simple)Complete each question. Whatyp. it: tirzdV Running makes me tired.WhoV I talked to the manager. WhatV I read a newspaper.WhoV Kate brought the ice-cream.WhatV Joe decided to take the jobWhoV I answer most of the questions WhichV This house is mine.5WhoV Pat looks after the children.5 WhatV Helen studies chemistry.WhatV A spider has eight legs

Change the answers in brackets into short answers.What are you eating? (Im eating a sandwich.)....A.SQ&dw.ibh:....Who helps you? (My teacher helps me.)What do you watch? (I watch cartoons.)Who do you write to? (I write to my penfriend.)What makes you laugh? (You make me laugh!)Who loves you? (Somebody loves me!)

8936GRAMMARTag questions You like chips, don't you?We can put tag questions at the end of statements and make the statements intoquestions.The tag is made of the auxiliary + pronoun in question form. When there is noauxiliary, use do/does/did.Positive questions have a positive verb + negative tag.You like chips, don't you?Negative questions have a negative verb + positive tag.You don't like chips, do you?You like chips, don't you?You don't like chips, do you?Were arriving soon, aren't we?We aren't leaving, are we?Shes finished, hasn't she?She hasnt arrived yet, has she?You bought some milk, didn't you?You didn't buy any bread, did you?Tina was running quickly; wasn't she?Tina wasn't wearing running shoes, was she?You won't be late, will you?You'll be careful, won't you?You're going to have a party; aren't you?We aren't going to be late, are we?Tom is good fun, isn't he?You weren't late, were you?You've got a brother, havent you?You haven't got a sister; have you?Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous willgoing to behave gotIntonation and meaningReal questions (Im not sure of the answer)

You like swimming, dont you*You don't like swimming, do you? Checking (I think I know the answer)You like swimming, don't you?You don't like swimming, do you?90

GRAMMAR 36 TAG QUESTIONSUnderline the correct tag in each sentence.Jim got lost, did he / didnt he?You dont know the answer, do you / dont you7.The children were making a lot of noise, wasnt it / weren't they?Harry doesnt feel well, isnt it / does he?George didnt complain, did he / didnt he?Something has gone wrong, /as / /SttY if?You arent sitting here, isnt it / are yw?You will read this, will you / wont you?Paul likes Jill, isnt it / doesn't he?Youre waiting for Sue, isnt it / aren't you7.

Complete the questions. Choose the correct tag (a-j)forthe statements (1-10).Ann catches the bus,a) wasnt she?

Jan is leaving in the morning,\ b) is she?

Kate finished the book,e)will she?Sue hasnt got a bike,f)did she?Tina isnt a French teacher,g)does she?Paula didnt say a lot,h)hasnt she?Mary was sitting next to you,i)has she?Pam doesnt like classical music, j)isnt she?

Write a tag for each sentence.Harry has been helping you,M?You dont eat